Greater Nepal is an irredentist concept in Nepal,[1] which claims current Indian and Bangladeshi territories beyond Nepal's present-day boundaries.[2] These claims typically include the areas controlled by Nepal between 1791 and 1816, a period that ended with the Anglo-Nepalese War and the signing of Sugauli Treaty.[3] In addition, extensive territories in the present-day Indian states of Uttarakhand, Himanchal Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, West Bengal and some parts of Bangladesh are also included in the claims of the activist organisation Greater Nepal Nationalist Front, which demands the "return" of these territories to Nepal.[2][4] A map similar to theirs was displayed by the mayor of Kathmandu in his office in June 2023, in reaction to an alleged "Akhand Bharat" map in the Indian Parliament building.[5][6]
Background
Nepal was originally the name of the Kathmadu valley, and, in this sense, the term had been in existence for 2000 years.[7][8] In the 18th century, the king of the Gorkha Kingdom, Prithvi Narayan Shah, started a process of expansion, conquering Kathmandu in 1768 and making it his new capital.[9] The expanded state continued to be called "Gorkha" or "Gorkhali" until the early 20th century,[10] with the term "Nepal" being officially adopted as the name only in the 1930s.[11]
After the death of Prithvi Narayan Shah, the Gorkha state continued to expand, conquering the Gandaki and Karnali basins, and then Kumaon and Garhwal (1792), halting at the Sutlej River where the Sikh Empire exerted its influence (1809–10).[12] In the east, the Gorkhas occupied the western half of Sikkim up to the Teesta River.[13][a]
Even though all of this was a straightforward military conquest with no national feelings of any kind, the modern Nepalese narrative retroactively treats it as the "unification" of a Nepalese "nation".[16][17] Some of these extended conquests came unstuck in 1815, when during the Anglo-Nepalese War, the British General Ochterloney compelled the Gorkhali commander Amar Singh Thapa to withdraw from Garhwal and Kumaon across the Sharda River (or Mahakali River).[18] Negotiations for a general settlement took place at Sugauli in Bihar and agreed in December 1815, but ratified only after Ochterlony advanced to Makwanpur, thirty miles short of Kathmandu.[18] Among the terms of the Treaty of Sugauli was also the Nepalese withdrawal from the territory of Sikkim east of the Mechi river, which was a British ally in the war.
The Gorkha rule over this "historical Greater Nepal" from Sutlej to Teesta was brief. The duration of Gorkhali presence in Garhwal was 12 years, Kumaon 24 years, and Sikkim 33 years.[19] It has been claimed that the Treaty of Sugauli caused Nepal's rulers to lose about 176,000 km2 of territory and left the country with only 147,516 km2 total area.[20][better source needed]
Advocacy
Greater Nepal Nationalist Front
The Greater Nepal Nationalist Front (GNNF, formerly "Unified Nepal National Front")[4][21] is a Nepalese NGO headed by Phanindra Nepal, which champions the cause of Greater Nepal. The organisation disowns the 1810 Sugauli Treaty and the 1950 Treaty of Peace and Friendship with India. It demands the return of the land that belonged to Nepal before the signing of the Sugauli Treaty. This involves land up to the Sutlej River in the west, the Teesta River in the east ("Shimla to Darjeeling" in the organisation's parlance) and extending up to Varanasi in the south.[4]
Scholars Mishra and Haque state that the organisation is rhetorically very powerful. The map of Greater Nepal produced by the organisation provides power to the movement by building "meanings and nostalgic longings". The movement has a web page in the Nepali language, a Facebook page and blog sites.[4]
An even more grandiose movement is said to talk about "Unified Gorkha-States of India Sub-Continent", which restructures the Indian subcontinent into five autonomous states, the largest of which is the so-called "Arya Autonomous State".[4]
Nepalese Maoists
A Maoist movement has published a 260-page Nepali book titled "Nepal: Teesta Dekhi Satlej Samma" ("Nepal: From Teesta to the Sutlej") which, while repeating similar demands to the GNNF, also provides copious references to alleged historical facts. Among others, it claims that the Indian prime minister Jawaharlal Nehru supported the idea of "Greater Nepal".[3] Their map includes the Indian towns of Varanasi, Ballia, Bahraich, Pilibhit and Jaunpur within Greater Nepal.[22] The Maoist leader Prachanda dismissed the claims in an interview with the Times of India as a "media-created stunt". But according to the Times of India the book was readily available in and around the Maoist camps along the Indo-Nepal border in 2005.[3] The Maoist-affiliated Indian Nepalis advocacy group Akhil Bharat Nepali Ekta Samaj is also supportive of the greater Nepali ideal according to some sources.[23]
Nepalese scholars
Scholars and retired officials such as Buddhi Narayan Shrestha (former Director of the Survey Department) and Dwarika Nath Dhungel (former secretary of Water Resources) have published scholarly articles with maps labelled "Greater Nepal".[24][25][26] Shrestha has also spoken in Greater Nepal gatherings[27][28] and made media comments in its favour, declaring "The land we lost to the East India Company should not belong to India. It is ours."[29]
Shreshta narrates that, before the Sugauli Treaty, Nepal extended up to the confluence of Gandak and Ganges Rivers in the south, and to Shigatse and Tashilhunpo in the north. "It was called the 'Greater Nepal'", he states, without mentioning who called it so.[30] British India apparently "did not like" Greater Nepal as a unified country and therefore dismembered it.[31] He alleges that the British wanted to expand trade into Tibet but, since Nepal stood in the way, they needed to cut it down.[32]
Official positions
No king of Nepal has ever discussed or approved of the concept of "Greater Nepal".[citation needed] However, upon forming a coalition government after the 2008 Nepalese Constituent Assembly election, the leader of the Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist) and then-prime minister Pushpa Kamal Dahal (popularly known as "Prachanda") stated that the 1950 Indo-Nepal Treaty of Peace and Friendship would be "scrapped".[33] However, the matter was pursued no further. He resigned nine months later for other reasons. Late Nepali Prime Minister Girija Prasad Koirala called the idea of Greater Nepal "a product of unstable minds". According to Kanak Mani Dixit, as of 1993, the mainstream Left of Nepal appears ambivalent: "They like the concept but are unwilling to do anything about it."[34]
In 2023 when the Mauryan Empire mural in India's new Parliament building appeared in the newspapers, some politicians of the ruling Bharatiya Janata Party started branding it an Akhand Bharat map. The fact that included some Nepalese towns such as Lumbini and Kapilavastu produced consternation in Nepal. The mayor of Kathmandu, Balen Shah placed a map of Greater Nepal in his office as a protest.[35][36]
See also
Notes
- ^ The occupation was in violation of the prevailing boundary treaty at that time,[14] but it might have been justified by the allegation that Tibet was opening an alternative trade route to India via the Chumbi Valley and Sikkim.[15]
References
- ^ Verma, Jai Kumar (19 September 2020), "Greater Nepal: A spark which could become a fire", Aviation and defence,
The growing concept of "Greater Nepal" is an irredentist notion which visualises to include several areas of India which were occupied by Gorkha army after conquering the neighbouring states between 1791 to 1804.
- ^ a b Amy Johnson, Don’t Break the State: Indivisibility and Populist Majority Politics in Nepal, Society for Cultural Anthropology, 16 March 2021.
- ^ a b c "Nepal Maoists produce maps to claim parts of India". Times of India. 25 October 2005.
- ^ a b c d e Mishra, Swasti Vardhan; Haque, Sk. Mafizul (2020), "Geographies of India-Nepal contestation", osf.io
- ^ Greater Nepal's map installed at Balen's office, The Himalayan Times, 9 June 2023.
- ^ In response to ‘Akhand Bharat’ mural in new Parliament, Kathmandu Mayor places map of ‘Greater Nepal’ in office, The Tribune (Chandigarh), 8 June 2023.
- ^ Whelpton, A History of Nepal (2005), p. 2: "Another manifestation of this nationalist approach is a wish to date as far back as possible the beginnings of the political connection between the Kathmandu Valley, to which the name ‘Nepal’ originally referred, and the much wider territory covered by the modern state.".
- ^ Mishra, Ethnicity and National Unification (2007), pp. 802-803: "Prior to [the Gorkhali expansion] the designation Nepal seems to have been applied only to the Kathamandu valley of the Gorkhas, the people that lived in the principality of the same name... References to Nepal in Mahabharat and Puranas and also in Buddhist and Jain scriptures establish the antiquity of the country as an independent political and territorial entity.".
- ^ Whelpton, A History of Nepal (2005), p. 35.
- ^ Whelpton, A History of Nepal (2005), p. 55: "When people did think of themselves as subjects of a single king or a single state, it was not ‘Nepal’ they thought of. This word retained its original meaning of the Kathmandu Valley and did not begin to replace ‘Gorkha’ or ‘Gorkhali’ in official use until early in the twentieth century.".
- ^ Whelpton, Political Identity in Nepal (1997), pp. 41–42: "These pre-existing cultural links were reinforced once the area had been brought within the Gorkha state — we need to say 'Gorkha' because the term 'Nepal' was not officially adopted for the entire kingdom until the 1930s.".
- ^ Whelpton, A History of Nepal (2005), pp. 39, 42.
- ^ Rose, Nepal – Strategy for Survival (1971), p. 38: "By this time [1784] the fighting in Tibet had reached a stalemate, and there was also a temporary cessation of hostilities in Sikkim which left Nepal in control of all of the state west of the Tista river.".
- ^ Pradhan, Gorkha Conquests (1991), pp. 127–128.
- ^ Pradhan, Gorkha Conquests (1991), p. 131.
- ^ Whelpton, Political Identity in Nepal (1997), p. 40: "The 'unification' of Nepal by King Prithvi Narayan Shah of Gorkha and his successors in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth century was in the first place a straightforward military conquest: there was certainly no demand for unity of the kind expressed by many Germans and Italians before German and Italian unification was achieved.".
- ^
Gellner, David N. (1997), "Caste, Communalism, and Communism: Newars and The Nepalese State", in David N. Gellner; Joanna Pfaff-Czarnecka; John Whelpton (eds.), Nationalism and Ethnicity in a Hindu Kingdom: The Politics of Culture in Contemporary Nepal, Routledge, p. 156, ISBN 978-90-5702-089-6,
The nationalist history of today styles him [Prithvi Narayan Shah] 'the Great': he is the Father of the Nation, and his conquests are referred to as the 'unification' of Nepal.
- ^ a b Whelpton, A History of Nepal (2005), p. 42.
- ^ Kanak Mani Dixit, Looking for Greater Nepal, Himal SouthAsian, 1 March 1993.
- ^ Pande, Puran Ch.; Pande, Ravindra K.; Pande, Rajnish (1998). The Himalayan Environment: Issues and Challenges. Daya Publishing House. p. 76. ISBN 978-81-7035-187-0.
- ^ Shambhu Bhujel, Nepali teacher campaigns for "Greater Nepal", Xinhua News Agency, 4 July 2009. ProQuest 451767580
- ^ Nayak, Nihar (2010). "India–Nepal Peace and Friendship Treaty (1950): Does it Require Revision?". Strategic Analysis. 34 (4). page 591, note 20. doi:10.1080/09700161003802778. S2CID 154483196.
- ^ "Extremist Group - Akhil Bharat Nepali Ekta Samaj (ABNES)". www.satp.org. Retrieved 2023-11-11.
- ^ “My greater Nepal” released, People's Review (Kathmandu), 15 May 2019. "'My Greater Nepal', a compilation of patriotic articles of ten senior writers was released on Thursday last week amidst a function in Kathmandu. Edited and published by senior journalist Rajan Karki, the compilation in English includes analytical articles on Nepal by Bharat Dahal, Nepal's border expert Buddhinarayan Shrestha, senior journalist N.P Upadhaya, author Prof. Dr. Shastra Dutta Pant, water resource expert Ratna Sansar Shrestha, patriotism campaigner Dirgharaj Prasai, citizenship awareness campaigner Sadhya Bahadur Bhandari, analysts Premsagar Poudel and Basanta Khadka."
- ^ Shrestha, Demarcation of the International Boundaries of Nepal (2013), p. 151.
- ^ Dhungel, Dwarika Nath; Pun, Santa Bahadur (2014), "Nepal-India Relations: Territorial/Border Issue with Specific Reference to Mahakali River", FPRC Journal, New Delhi: Foreign Policy Research Centre – via academia.edu
- ^ Looking For Greater Nepal, greaternepal.asia.np, retrieved 20 October 2020.
- ^ Buddhi Narayan Shrestha Speaking, Buddhi Narayan Shrestha blog site, 16 March 2010. "Border researcher Buddhi Narayan Shrestha delivering speech in Shanti Batika, Ratna Park during displaying the Hoarding Board of the Map of Greater Nepal by United Nepal National Front on 7 March 2009."
- ^ Buddhi Narayan Shrestha: ‘We could regain Greater Nepal’, The Kathmandu Post, 6 January 2008.
- ^ Shrestha, Demarcation of the International Boundaries of Nepal (2013), p. 149.
- ^ Shrestha, Demarcation of the International Boundaries of Nepal (2013), p. 150.
- ^ Shrestha, Demarcation of the International Boundaries of Nepal (2013), p. 154.
- ^ Maoists to scrap 1950 Indo-Nepal Friendship Treaty, Rediff News, 24 April 2008.
- ^ Kanak Mani Dixit, Looking for Greater Nepal, Himal SouthAsian, 1 March 1993.
- ^ "Amid Akhanda Bharat map row, KMC Mayor Balen Shah displays a map of 'Greater Nepal' at his office". My Republica. 8 June 2023.
- ^ "बालेन शाहले राखे आफ्नाे कार्यकक्षमा ग्रेटर नेपालकाे नक्सा, के ग्रेटर नेपाल सम्भव छ ? - लुम्बिनी टुडे". 8 June 2023.
Bibliography
- Mishra, Ratneshwar (2007), "Ethnicity and National Unification: The Madheshis of Nepal (Sectional President's Address)", Proceedings of the Indian History Congress, 67: 802–833, JSTOR 44148000
- Pradhan, Kumar (1991), The Gorkha Conquests of Eastern Nepal and Sikkim, Calcutta: Oxford University Press – via dspace.cus.ac.in
- Rose, Leo E. (1971), Nepal – Strategy for Survival, University of California Press, ISBN 978-0-520-01643-9
- Shrestha, Buddhi N. (2013), "Demarcation of the International Boundaries of Nepal" (PDF), in Haim Srebro (ed.), International Boundary Making, Copenhagen: International Federation of Surveyors, pp. 149–182, ISBN 978-87-92853-08-0
- Whelpton, John (1997), "Political Identity in Nepal: State, Nation and Community", in David N. Gellner; Joanna Pfaff-Czarnecka; John Whelpton (eds.), Nationalism and Ethnicity in a Hindu Kingdom: The Politics of Culture in Contemporary Nepal, Routledge, pp. 39–78, ISBN 978-90-5702-089-6
- Whelpton, John (2005), A History of Nepal, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-80470-7
External links
- "Important Dates in the History of Uttarakhand". Bell Infotech Systems. Archived from the original on 20 December 2016.
- Border Nepal – Border Management of Nepal
- "The Gurkhas – origin, exploration and expansion". Darjeeling Times. 16 April 2011. Archived from the original on 3 November 2013.
- "Greater Nepal official site" (in Nepali).