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Guthlac of Crowland

Saint Guthlac of Crowland (Old English: Gūðlāc; Latin: Guthlacus; 674 – 714 AD) was a Christian hermit and saint from Lincolnshire in England. He is particularly venerated in the Fens of eastern England.

Saint

Guthlac of Crowland
St Guthlac holding the scourge given to him by St Bartholomew, with a demon lying at his feet.
A 15th-century statue from the second tier of the ruined nave of Croyland Abbey
Hermit
Born673
Kingdom of Mercia
Died714 (aged 40–41)
Croyland, Kingdom of Mercia
Venerated inRoman Catholic Church
Eastern Orthodox Church
Anglican Church
Major shrineCrowland Abbey
(until 1539)
Feast11 April

Biography

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Beginning of Felix's Life of St Guthlac, 8C, Parker Library, Corpus Christi College

Guthlac was the son of Penwalh or Penwald, a noble of the English kingdom of Mercia, and his wife Tette. Guthlac's sister is venerated as St Pega. As a young man, Guthlac fought in the army of King Æthelred of Mercia (r. 675–704). He subsequently became a monk at Repton Monastery in Derbyshire at the age of 24, under the abbess there (Repton being a double monastery). Two years later he sought to live the life of a hermit, and moved out to the island of Croyland, now called Crowland (in present-day Lincolnshire), on St Bartholomew's Day, 699. His early biographer, Felix, writing in the early 8th century, asserts that Guthlac could understand the strimulentes loquelas ("sibilant speech")[1] of British-speaking demons who haunted him there, only because Guthlac had spent some time in exile among Celtic Britons.[2]

Guthlac built a small oratory and cells in the side of a plundered barrow on the island. There he lived until his death on 11 April 714. Felix, writing within living memory of Guthlac, described his hermit's existence:

Now there was in the said island a mound built of clods of earth which greedy comers to the waste had dug open, in the hope of finding treasure there; in the side of this there seemed to be a sort of cistern, and in this Guthlac the man of blessed memory began to dwell, after building a hut over it. From the time when he first inhabited this hermitage this was his unalterable rule of life: namely to wear neither wool nor linen garments nor any other sort of soft material, but he spent the whole of his solitary life wearing garments made of skins. So great indeed was the abstinence of his daily life that from the time when he began to inhabit the desert he ate no food of any kind except that after sunset he took a scrap of barley bread and a small cup of muddy water. For when the sun reached its western limits, then he thankfully tasted some little provision for the needs of this mortal life.[3]

Guthlac suffered from ague and marsh fever.

Guthlac's pious and holy ascetic life became the talk of the land, and many people visited the hermit during his life to seek spiritual guidance from him. He gave sanctuary to Æthelbald, future king of Mercia, who was fleeing from his cousin Ceolred (r. 709–716). Guthlac predicted that Æthelbald would become king, and Æthelbald promised to build him an abbey if his prophecy became true. Æthelbald indeed became king (r. 716–757), and even though Guthlac had died two years before, Æthelbald kept his word and started to build Crowland Abbey on St Bartholomew's Day, 716. Guthlac's feast day is celebrated on 11 April.

 
St Guthlac, tormented by demons, is handed a scourge by St Bartholomew, Guthlac Roll, 1210, British Library
 
St Guthlac's cross from c. 1200, inscribed Hanc Petra Guthlac ..., marked the boundary of Crowland Abbey.

The 8th-century Latin Vita sancti Guthlaci, written by Felix, describes the entry of the demons into Guthlac's cell:[4][5]

[...] they were ferocious in appearance, terrible in shape with great heads, long necks, thin faces, yellow complexions, filthy beards, shaggy ears, wild foreheads, fierce eyes, foul mouths, horses' teeth, throats vomiting flames, twisted jaws, thick lips, strident voices, singed hair, fat cheeks, pigeon breasts, scabby thighs, knotty knees, crooked legs, swollen ankles, splay feet, spreading mouths, raucous cries. For they grew so terrible to hear with their mighty shriekings that they filled almost the whole intervening space between earth and heaven with their discordant bellowings.

Felix records Guthlac's foreknowledge of his own death, conversing with angels in his last days. At the moment of death a sweet nectar-like odour emanated from his mouth, as his soul departed from his body in a beam of light while the angels sang. Guthlac had requested a lead coffin and linen winding-sheet from Ecgburh, Abbess of Repton Abbey, so that his funeral rites could be performed by his sister Pega. Arriving the day after his death, she found the island of Crowland filled with the scent of ambrosia. She buried the body on the mound after three days of prayer. A year later Pega had a divine calling to move the tomb and relics to a nearby chapel: Guthlac's body is said to have been discovered uncorrupted, his shroud shining with light. Subsequently Guthlac appeared in a miraculous vision to Æthelbald, prophesying that he would be a future King of Mercia.[6]

The cult of Guthlac continued amongst a monastic community at Crowland, with the eventual foundation of Crowland Abbey as a Benedictine establishment in 971. A series of fires at the abbey mean that few records survive from before the 12th century. It is known that in 1136 the remains of Guthlac were moved once more, and that finally in 1196 his shrine was placed above the main altar.[7]

Other accounts

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A short Old English sermon (Vercelli XXIII) and a longer prose translation into Old English are both based on Felix's Vita. There are also two poems in Old English known as Guthlac A and Guthlac B, part of the tenth-century Exeter Book, the oldest surviving collection of English poetry. The relationship of Guthlac A to Felix's Vita is debated, but Guthlac B is based on Felix's account of the saint's death.

The story of Guthlac is told pictorially in the Guthlac Roll, a set of detailed illustrations of the early 13th century. This is held in the British Library, with copies on display in Crowland Abbey.

Another account, also dating from after the Norman Conquest, was included in the Ecclesiastical History of Orderic Vitalis, which like the Guthlac Roll was commissioned by the Abbot of Crowland Abbey. At a time when it was being challenged by the crown, the Abbey relied significantly on the cult of Guthlac, which made it a place of pilgrimage and healing. That is reflected in a shift in the emphasis from the earlier accounts of Felix and others. The post-conquest accounts portray him as a defender of the church rather than a saintly ascetic; instead of dwelling in an ancient burial mound, they depict Guthlac overseeing the building of a brick and stone chapel on the site of the abbey.[8]

The Yorkshire village of Golcar on the outskirts of Huddersfield is named after St Guthlac, who preached in the area during the 8th century. The name of the village is recorded in the Domesday Book of 1086 as Goullakarres.

It has been proposed that Shakespeare drew on a lost play based on St Guthlac when writing The Tempest.[9]

For a discussion of the name “Guthlac” see Paul Cavill's essay "The naming of Guthlac".[10]

St Guthlac Fellowship

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Crowland Abbey’s 13th-century quatrefoil with scenes from the life of St Guthlac.

Formed in 1987, St Guthlac Fellowship is a group of churches sharing a dedication to St Guthlac. Its fellows are these:[11]

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    Roundel from Guthlac Roll, 1210: Guthlac in contemplation
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    Roundel from Guthlac Roll, 1210: Guthlac builds a chapel at Crowland
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    Crowland Abbey
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    Coat of Arms at Crowland Abbey show scourges and the flaying knives of St Bartholomew
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    St Guthlac, stained glass, Crowland Abbey
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    St Guthlac's Church (12C), Little Cowarne, Herefordshire
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    St Guthlac's Church, Astwick, Bedfordshire
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    St Guthlac's Church, Stathern, Leicestershire
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    St Guthlac's Church, Market Deeping, Lincolnshire
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    St Guthlac's Church, Little Ponton, Lincolnshire
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    St Guthlac's Church, Fishtoft, Lincolnshire
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    All Saints' Church, Branston, Lincolnshire
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    St Guthlac's Church, Passenham, Northamptonshire

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Colgrave 1985
  2. ^ H. R. Loyn, Anglo-Saxon England and the Norman conquest, 2nd ed., 1991:11.
  3. ^ Compare: Felix (1848). Goodwin, Charles Wycliffe (ed.). The Anglo-Saxon version of the Life of St. Guthlac. Originally written in Latin, by Felix (commonly called) of Crowland. Translated by Goodwin, Charles Wycliffe. London: John Russell Smith. p. 27. Retrieved 7 November 2023.
  4. ^ Cohen, Jeffrey J. (2003), Medieval identity machines, Medieval cultures, vol. 35, University of Minnesota Press, p. 149, ISBN 0-8166-4002-5, Chapter IV, The Solitude of Guthlac
  5. ^ Colgrave, Bertram (12 September 1985) [1956], Felix's Life of Saint Guthlac, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 103, ISBN 0-521-31386-4
  6. ^ Williams 2006, pp. 205–206
  7. ^ Roberts 2005
  8. ^ Black 2007
  9. ^ Todd Andrew Borlik, ″Caliban and the fen demons of Lincolnshire: the Englishness of Shakespeare's Tempest″, Shakespeare, volume 9, 2013.<[1].
  10. ^ Cavill, Paul. "The naming of Guthlac", University of Nottingham
  11. ^ St Guthlac Fellowship.

Further reading

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Primary sources

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  • Felix, Vita Sancti Guthlaci, early 8th-century Latin prose Life of St Guthlac:
    • Colgrave, Bertram (ed. and tr.). Felix's Life of Saint Guthlac. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1956
  • Old English prose translation/adaptation (late 9th or early 10th century) of the Life of St Guthlac by Felix:
    • Gonser, P. (ed.). Das angelsächsische Prosa-Leben des heiligen Guthlac. Anglistische Forschungen 27. Heidelberg, 1909
    • Goodwin, Charles Wycliffe (ed. and tr.) The Anglo-Saxon Version of the Life of St. Guthlac, Hermit of Crowland. London, 1848
  • Two chapters from the Old English prose adaptation as incorporated into Vercelli Homily 23
    • Scragg, D. G. (ed.) The Vercelli Homilies and Related Texts. EETS 300. Oxford: University Press, 1992
  • Guthlac A and Guthlac B (Old English poems):
    • Roberts, Jane (ed.) The Guthlac Poems of the Exeter Book. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1979
    • Krapp, G. and E. V. K. Dobbie (eds.). The Exeter Book. Anglo-Saxon Poetic Records 3. 1936. 49–88
    • Bradley, S. A. J. (tr.) Anglo-Saxon Poetry. London: Everyman, 1982
    • Muir, Bernard J. (2000), The Exeter anthology of Old English poetry: an edition of Exeter Dean and Chapter MS 3501 (2nd ed.), University of Exeter Press, ISBN 0-85989-630-7
  • Harley Roll or Guthlac Roll (BL, Harleian Roll Y.6)
    • Warner, G. F. (ed.). The Guthlac Roll. Roxburghe Club, 1928. 25 plates in facsimile

Secondary sources

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  • Black, John R. (2007), "Tradition and Transformation in the Cult of St. Guthlac in Early Medieval England", The Heroic Age, 10
  • Cubitt, Catherine. "Memory and narrative in the cult of early Anglo-Saxon saints" The Uses of the Past in the Early Middle Ages, ed. Matthew Innes
  • Olsen, Alexandra. Guthlac of Croyland: a Study of Heroic Hagiography. Washington, 1981
  • Powell, Stephen D. "The Journey Forth: Elegiac Consolation in Guthlac B." English Studies 79 (1998), pp. 489–500
  • Roberts, Jane. "The Old English Prose Translation of Felix’s Vita Sancti Guthlaci" Studies in Earlier Old English Prose: Sixteen Original Contributions, ed. Paul E. Szarmach. Albany, 1986, pp. 363–379
  • Roberts, Jane. "An inventory of early Guthlac materials" Mediaeval Studies 32 (1970), pp. 193–233
  • Sharma, Manish. "A Reconsideration of Guthlac A: The Extremes of Saintliness". Journal of English and Germanic Philology 101 (2002), pp. 185–200
  • Shook, Laurence K. "The Burial Mound in 'Guthlac A'". Modern Philology 58, 1 (August 1960), pp. 1–10
  • Soon Ai, Low. "Mental Culturation in Guthlac B". Neophilologus 81 (1997), pp. 625–636
  • Roberts, Jane. "Guthlac of Crowland, a Saint for Middle England." Fursey Occasional Paper 3. Norwich: Fursey Pilgrims, 2009. 1–36 [2]
  • Williams, Howard (2006), Death And Memory in Early Medieval Britain, Cambridge Studies in Archaeology, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-84019-8
  • Roberts, Jane (2005), Brown, Michelle P.; Farr, Carol Ann (eds.), Hagiography and literature: the case of Guthlac of Crowland, Mercia: An Anglo-Saxon Kingdom In Europe, Continuum International, pp. 69–86, ISBN 0-8264-7765-8
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