Wikipedia

Cutlass

(Redirected from Hanger (sword))
This article is about the sword. For other uses, see Cutlass (disambiguation).

A cutlass is a short, broad sabre or slashing sword, with a straight or slightly curved blade sharpened on the cutting edge, and a hilt often featuring a solid cupped or basket-shaped guard. It was a common naval weapon during the early Age of Sail.

Cutlass
TypeSword (short sabre, single-edged)
Place of originEurope
Service history
In service17th, 18th, 19th, and early 20th century
Used bySailors, pirates, and privateers
Specifications
Length28 to 32 in (71 to 81 cm) (leadcutter cutlasses were up to 36 in (91 cm) in length).
Blade typeSingle-edged
Hilt typeCup hilted guards, half-basket cup guards, and branch guards were commonly seen with cylindrical hilts and wire-wrapped hilts which are common and found on most cutlasses.

Etymology

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The word "cutlass" developed from the 17th-century English use of coutelas, a 16th-century French word for a machete-like mid-length single-edged blade (the modern French for "knife", in general, is couteau; in 17th- and 18th-century English the word was often spelled "cuttoe"). The French word coutelas may be a convergent development from a Latin root, along with the Italian coltellaccio or cortelazo;[1] meaning "large knife". In Italy, the cortelazo was a similar short, broad-bladed sabre popular during the 16th century.[2] The root coltello, for "knife", derived ultimately from the Latin cultellus meaning "smaller knife"; which is the common Latin root for both the Italian and French words.[3]

In the English-speaking Caribbean, the word "cutlass" is also used as a word for machete.[4][5]

History and use

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Cutlasses aboard the frigate Grand Turk
 
François l'Olonnais with a cutlass

Origin

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The cutlass is a 17th-century descendant of the edged short sword, exemplified by the medieval falchion.

Woodsmen and soldiers in the 17th and 18th centuries used a similar short and broad backsword called a hanger, or in German a messer, meaning "knife". Often occurring with the full tang (i.e. slab tang) more typical of daggers than swords in Europe, these blades may ultimately derive through the falchion (facon, falcon, fauchard) from the Falx, Seax.[citation needed]

In England, about 1685 the rather long straight-bladed sword formerly in use began to be superseded by the "hanger". This weapon had a short and more or less curved single-edged blade with a brass hilt of a rather flat double-shell and knuckle-bow. The grip was generally of wood, bound with wire, but some specimens show a brass grip with spiral grooves. These are probably early models. The length of the blade is usually about 24 inches (61 cm).[6]

History

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Although also used on land, the cutlass is best known as the sailor's preferred weapon as it was robust enough to hack or cut through heavy ropes, thick canvas, and dense vegetation, and short enough to be used in relatively close quarters combat, such as during boarding actions, in the rigging, or below decks. Another advantage to the cutlass was its simplicity of use as it required less training than that required to master a rapier or small sword.

Cutlasses are famous for being used by pirates, although there is no reason to believe that Caribbean buccaneers invented them, as has occasionally been claimed.[7] However, the subsequent use of cutlasses by pirates is well documented in contemporary sources, notably by the pirate crews of William Fly, William Kidd, and Stede Bonnet. French historian Alexandre Exquemelin reports the buccaneer François l'Ollonais using a cutlass as early as 1667. Pirates used these weapons for intimidation as much as for combat, often needing no more than to grip their hilts to induce a crew to surrender, or beating captives with the flat of the blade to force their compliance or responsiveness to interrogation.[8][9][10][11]

Owing to its versatility, the cutlass was as often an agricultural implement and tool as it was as a weapon (cf. machete, to which the same comment applies) that was used commonly in rain forest and sugarcane areas, such as the Caribbean and Central America. In their most simplified form they are held to have become the machete of the Caribbean.

The lead cutter sword was a weapon modelled on the cutlass, designed for use in shows and demonstrations of swordsmanship in the late Victorian era. Wilkinson Sword made these swords in four sizes, no. 1 to no. 4, of increasing weight to suit the strength of the user. The lead cutter was so named because in demonstrations it was used to cut a lead bar in half.[12] Wilkinson included a mould for the lead bar with each purchase of their swords.[13]

Late naval examples

Modern history

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In 1830, after a constable of the London Metropolitan Police was shot and stabbed while on duty, the Home Secretary ordered that police officers in the force "should be issued with a cutlass for his defence"; training in their use was provided at Wellington Barracks. Initially carried while on night duty,[14] they were soon relegated to being kept in the local inspector's office for use in an emergency.[15] Provincial police forces sometimes deployed cutlasses during public disorder, using the hilts and flat edges of the blades to strike rioters, but there is no record of anyone being killed with one.[16] The last recorded issue of police cutlasses was during the Tottenham Outrage, an armed robbery in 1909.[15]

In 1936, the British Royal Navy announced that from then on cutlasses would be carried only for ceremonial duties and not used in landing parties.[17] The last recorded use of cutlasses by the Royal Navy is often said to be on 16 February 1940 during the boarding action known as the Altmark Incident. However, this is disbelieved by the majority of the HMS Cossack Association (Cossack was the ship that boarded Altmark) and the authors of British Naval Swords and Swordsmanship. The authors point to another claim, a boarding by HMS Armada in 1952, but disbelieve this one too. In their view, the last use of cutlasses by the Royal Navy was by a shore party in China in 1900.[18] Cutlasses continue to be worn in the Royal Navy by a Chief Petty Officer escorting the White Ensign and by Senior or Leading Ratings in an escort at a court martial.[19]

The cutlass remained an official weapon in the United States Navy, until it was stricken from the Navy's active inventory in 1949. The cutlass was seldom used for weapons training after the early 1930s. The last new model of cutlass adopted by the US Navy was known as the US M1917 cutlass during World War I, which was based on the Dutch M1898 klewang. Although cutlasses were still being made during World War II, they were called the US M1941 cutlass, this was only a slightly modified variant of the US M1917 cutlass.[20] A US Marine Combat Engineer NCO is reported to have killed an enemy combatant with a US M1941 cutlass at the Battle of Inchon during the Korean War.[21] A cutlass is still carried by the recruit designated as the Recruit Chief Petty Officer for each recruit division while at the US Navy Recruit Training Command. In a message released 31 March 2010, the US Navy approved optional wear of a ceremonial cutlass as part of the Chief Petty Officer dress uniform, pending final design approval.[22] That approval came in January 2011, and the cutlass was made available for ceremonial wear by Chief Petty Officers in August of that same year.[23]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Wedgwood, Hensleigh (1855). "On False Etymologies". Transactions of the Philological Society (6): 66.
  2. ^ Ossian, Rob, The Cutlass (accessed Jan. 25, 2015)
  3. ^ "Cutlass | Etymology, origin and meaning of cutlass by etymonline".
  4. ^ John Klein, "What Is a Machete, Anyway?", "The Atlantic, Oct 21, 2013 (accessed Jan 25 2015)
  5. ^ Teresa P Blair, A–Z of Jamaican Patois (Patwah), Page 49 Google Books Result
  6. ^ Hopkinson, E. C. (October 1932). "The Swords of the British Army". Journal of the Society for Army Historical Research. 11 (44): 238–247. JSTOR 44226060.
  7. ^ "Pirate Weapons". Brethren of the Coast. Archived from the original on 23 December 2007. Retrieved 30 March 2009. According to legend, buccaneers invented the cutlass, but this may not be factual. It is said to have evolved from the long knives used by the early buccaneers to butcher their meat.
  8. ^ Lawson, John Davis (1915). American State Trials. St. Louis: F.H. Thomas Law Book Co. p. 668. But as soon as they came up the shrouds, they clapped all hands to their cutlasses. Then I saw we were taken...
  9. ^ John Richard Stephens, ed. (2006). Captured by Pirates. New York City: Barnes & Noble. p. 6. ISBN 0-7607-8537-6. They immediately drew their weapons and, after beating us up severely with their cutlasses, drove us below.
  10. ^ John Richard Stephens, ed. (2006). Captured by Pirates. New York City: Barnes & Noble. p. 9. ISBN 0-7607-8537-6. [N]ine or ten men of a most ferocious aspect armed with muskets, knives, and cutlasses . . .ordered Captain Cowper, Mr. Lumsden, the ship's carpenter, and myself to go on board the pirate, hastening our departure by repeated blows with the flat part of their cutlasses over our backs.
  11. ^ John Richard Stephens, ed. (2006). Captured by Pirates. New York City: Barnes & Noble. p. 40. ISBN 0-7607-8537-6. [T]he man who gave the order commenced beating me severely with the broad side of his cutlass.
  12. ^ Mark Barton, John McGrath, British Naval Swords and Swordmanship, pp. 100–102, Seaforth Publishing, 2013 ISBN 184832135X
  13. ^ Mike Loades, Swords and Swordsmen, ch. 14, Casemate Publishers, 2011 ISBN 1848847033
  14. ^ Ingleton, Roy (1997). "Capter 1. Aux armes, citoyens!". Arming the British Police: The Great Debate. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0714647418.
  15. ^ a b Evans, Donald (2010). "Chapter Two: Policing the Metropolis". Jack the Ripper: Scotland Yard Investigates. Cheltenham, Gloucestershire: The History Press. ISBN 978-0750942294.
  16. ^ Emsly, Clive (2021). A Short History of Police and Policing. Oxford University Press. p. 110. ISBN 978-0198844600.
  17. ^ "Royal Navy". Official Appointments and Notices. The Times. No. 47514. London. 24 October 1936. col D, p. 17.
  18. ^ Mark Barton, John McGrath, British Naval Swords and Swordsmanship, p. 21, Seaforth Publishers, 2013 ISBN 184832135X.
  19. ^ "RN DRESS TABLES (39A-2)" (PDF). www.royalnavy.mod.uk. Royal Navy Digital. October 2013. Retrieved 26 March 2014.
  20. ^ Wagner, Rick. "Focus on the M1917/M1941 Cutlass". The Swordcollector. Retrieved 19 September 2008.
  21. ^ Gilkerson, Bill (1991). Boarders Away. Vol. 1: With Steel. Lincoln, Rhode Island: Andrew Mowbray Inc. ISBN 978-0-917218-50-7.
  22. ^ Press release (2010-03-31). Uniform Changes Include CPO Cutlass, Ball Caps. United States Navy. Retrieved 2011-01-11.
  23. ^ Press release (2011-01-25). NAVADMIN 025/11 - Uniform Board Update. United States Navy. Retrieved 2012-03-18.
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