Haplogroup D-M55 (M64.1/Page44.1) also known as Haplogroup D1a2a is a Y-chromosome haplogroup. It is one of two branches of Haplogroup D1a. The other is D1a1, which is found with high frequency in Tibetans and other Tibeto-Burmese populations and geographical close groups. D is also distributed with low to medium frequency in Central Asia, East Asia, and Mainland Southeast Asia.
| Haplogroup D-M55 | |
|---|---|
| Possible time of origin | 45,357 (95% CI 52,258 - 39,364) ybp[1] 45,200 (95% CI 48,500 <-> 42,000) ybp[2] |
| Coalescence age | 21,434 (95% CI 24,812 - 18,513) ybp[3] 21,000 (95% CI 22,800 <-> 19,300) ybp[2] |
| Possible place of origin | possibly Japanese archipelago |
| Ancestor | D-M174 |
| Defining mutations | M55, M57, M64.1, M179, P37.1, P41.1, P190, 12f2b |
| Highest frequencies | Japanese people, Jōmon people, Ainu people、 Ryukyuan people |
Haplogroup D-M55 is found in about 33%[4][5][6][7][8] of present-day Japanese males. It has been found in fourteen of a sample of sixteen or 87.5% of a sample of Ainu males in one study published in 2004[9] and in three of a sample of four or 75% of a sample of Ainu males in another study published in 2005 in which some individuals from the 2004 study may have been retested.[5] It is currently the most common Y-DNA haplogroup in Japan if O1-F265 and O2-M122 (TMRCA approx. 30,000 ~ 35,000 ybp) are considered as separate haplogroups.
In 2017 it was confirmed that the Japanese branch of haplogroup D-M55 is distinct and isolated from other branches of haplogroup D since about 50,000 years ago. The split in D1a may have occurred near the Tibetan Plateau.[10]
History
edit
Among the subgroups of Haplogroup D, the ancestor of D-M55 went eastward to reach the Japanese archipelago.[11] According to Michael F. Hammer of the University of Arizona, haplogroup D originated near the Tibetan Plateau and migrated into Japan were it eventually became D-M55.[12] Mitsuru Sakitani said that Haplogroup D1 came from Tibet to northern Kyushu via the Altai Mountains and the Korean Peninsula more than 50,000 years ago, and Haplogroup D-M55 (D1a2a) was born in the Japanese archipelago.[11]
Recent studies suggest that D-M55 became dominant during the late Jōmon period, shortly before the arrival of the Yayoi, suggesting a population boom and bust.[13]
Frequency
editThe average frequency in Japanese is about 33%.[4][5][7][8] High frequencies are found in various places in Japan, especially in Hokkaidō, eastern Honshū, southern Kyūshū, and Okinawa.
- Ainu people: 87.5%（Tajima et al. 2004[9]）
- Asahikawa (Hokkaido): 63.7% (estimated from Y-STR haplotypes)[7]
- Chiba: 45.5%[14]
- Tokyo: 40.4% (21/57 = 36.8% JPT, 23/52 = 44.2%[14])
- Okinawa: 37.6% (0/7 Hateruma,[15] 1/20 = 5.0% Iriomote,[15] 8/29 = 27.6% Katsuren,[15] 10/32 = 31.3% Yomitan,[15] 16/49 = 32.7% Ishigaki,[16] 13/38 = 34.2% Miyako,[16] 13/36 = 36.1% Haebaru,[16] 7/19 = 36.8% Gushikami,[15] 35/87 = 40.2% Okinawa estimated from Y-STR haplotypes,[7] 38/80 = 47.5% Itoman,[15] 25/45 = 55.6% Okinawa[5])
- Kanto region: 37.6%[4]
- Kyushu: 35.0% (8/31 = 25.8% Fukuoka Prefecture,[17] 29/104 = 27.9% Kyushu,[9] 90/300 = 30.0% Nagasaki college students,[8] 39/129 = 30.2% Saga Prefectural Chienkan Senior High School students,[16] 34/102 = 33.3% Fukuoka adult men,[8] 7/21 = 33.3% Nagasaki Prefecture,[17] 13/37 = 35.1% Ōita Prefecture,[17] 95/270 = 35.2% Miyazaki Prefecture,[18] 470/1285 = 36.6% Miyazaki Prefecture,[17] 58/151 = 38.4% Kagoshima Prefecture,[17] 5/11 = 45.5% Saga Prefecture,[17] 22/47 = 46.8% Kumamoto Prefecture[17])
- Nagoya: 34.3% (estimated from Y-STR haplotypes)[7]
- Sapporo: 33.9% (100/302 = 33.1% Sapporo college students,[8] 72/206 = 35.0% Sapporo adult men[8])
- Kawasaki: 33.0%[8]
- Shizuoka: 32.8%[5]
- Kanazawa: 32.6% (97/298 = 32.6%,[8] 76/232 = 32.8%[8])
- Aomori: 31.1% (22/79 = 27.8%,[16] 11/27 = 40.7%[5])
- Shikoku: 30% (18/70 = 25.7% Tokushima,[5] 9/31 = 29.0% Shikoku,[17] 119/388 = 30.7% Tokushima college students[8]）
- Micronesia: 1/17 = 5.9％（Hammer et al. 2006[5]）
- South Korea: 3/75 = 4.0% (Hammer et al. 2006[5]), 12/317 = 3.8% (estimated from Y-STR haplotypes),[7] 8/506 = 1.6% (Kim et al. 2011[19])
- West Timor: 1/497 = 0.2%（Tumonggor et al. 2014[20]）
Ancient DNA
editA Jōmon period man excavated from Funadomari remains (about 3,800 - 3,500 YBP) in Rebun Island in Hokkaido belongs to Haplogroup D1a2a2a(D-CTS220).[21]
The analysis of a Jōmon sample (Ikawazu) and an ancient sample from the Tibetan Plateau (Chokhopani, Ch) found only partially shared ancestry, suggesting a positive genetic bottleneck regarding the spread of haplogroup D from an ancient population related to the Tibetan Chokhopani sample (and modern Tibeto-Burmese groups).[22]
Phylogenetic tree
editBy ISOGG tree（Version: 14.151）.[23]
- DE (YAP)
- D (CTS3946)
- D1 (M174/Page30, IMS-JST021355, Haplogroup D-M174)
- D1a (CTS11577)
- D1a1 (F6251/Z27276)
- D1a1a (M15) Tibet
- D1a1b (P99) Tibet, Mongol, Central Asia
- D1a2(Z3660)
- D1a2a (M64.1/Page44.1, M55) Japan(Yamato people、Ryukyuan people、Ainu people)
- D1a2b (Y34637) Andaman Islands（Onge people, Jarawa people）[24][25]
- D1a1 (F6251/Z27276)
- D1b (L1378) Philippines[26]
- D1a (CTS11577)
- D2 (A5580.2) Nigeria, African American, Saudi Arabia, Syria[27][28]
- D1 (M174/Page30, IMS-JST021355, Haplogroup D-M174)
- D (CTS3946)
References
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- ^ a b c Katoh, Toru; Munkhbat, Batmunkh; Tounai, Kenichi; et al. (2005). "Genetic features of Mongolian ethnic groups revealed by Y-chromosomal analysis". Gene. 346: 63–70. doi:10.1016/j.gene.2004.10.023. PMID 15716011.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Hammer, Michael F.; Karafet, Tatiana M.; Park, Hwayong; Omoto, Keiichi; Harihara, Shinji; Stoneking, Mark; Horai, Satoshi (2006). "Dual origins of the Japanese: Common ground for hunter-gatherer and farmer Y chromosomes". Journal of Human Genetics. 51 (1): 47–58. doi:10.1007/s10038-005-0322-0. PMID 16328082.
- ^ YOUICHI SATO, TOSHIKATSU SHINKA, ASHRAF A. EWIS, AIKO YAMAUCHI, TERUAKI IWAMOTO, YUTAKA NAKAHORI Overview of genetic variation in the Y chromosome of modern Japanese males.
- ^ a b c d e f Nonaka, I.; Minaguchi, K.; Takezaki, N. (February 2, 2007). "Y-chromosomal Binary Haplogroups in the Japanese Population and their Relationship to 16 Y-STR Polymorphisms". Annals of Human Genetics. 71 (Pt 4): 480–95. doi:10.1111/j.1469-1809.2006.00343.x. hdl:10130/491. PMID 17274803. S2CID 1041367.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Sato Y, Shinka T, Ewis AA, Yamauchi A, Iwamoto T, Nakahori Y (2014). "Overview of genetic variation in the Y chromosome of modern Japanese males". Anthropological Science. 122 (3): 131–136. doi:10.1537/ase.140709.
- ^ a b c Tajima, Atsushi; et al. (2004). ""(March 2, 2004). "Genetic origins of the Ainu inferred from combined DNA analyses of maternal and paternal lineages". Journal of Human Genetics. 49 (4): 187–193. doi:10.1007/s10038-004-0131-x. PMID 14997363.
- ^ Mondal, Mayukh & Bergström, Anders & Xue, Yali & Calafell, Francesc & Laayouni, Hafid & Casals, Ferran & Majumder, Partha & Tyler-Smith, Chris & Bertranpetit, Jaume. (2017). Y-chromosomal sequences of diverse Indian populations and the ancestry of the Andamanese. Human Genetics. 136. 10.1007/s00439-017-1800-0.
- ^ a b 崎谷満『DNA・考古・言語の学際研究が示す新・日本列島史』（勉誠出版 2009年）(in Japanese)
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- ^ a b Naitoh S, Kasahara-Nonaka I, Minaguchi K, Nambiar P (April 2013). "Assignment of Y-chromosomal SNPs found in Japanese population to Y-chromosomal haplogroup tree". Journal of Human Genetics. 58 (4): 195–201. doi:10.1038/jhg.2012.159. PMID 23389242.
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- ^ a b c d e Totsuka, Shoji; Sato, Youichi; Tanaka, Masashi (2016). "A study of the geographic distribution of y chromosomal and mitochondrial DNA haplogroups in Japanese population by Super Science High School Consortium (SSH)". Anthropological Science (Japanese Series). 124 (2): 85–91. doi:10.1537/asj.161018.
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