Wikipedia

Hazaras

(Redirected from Hazara people)
This article is about the ethnic group of Afghanistan. Not to be confused with the Hindko-speaking Hazarewal people of the Hazara region in Pakistan, or with the historic Khazars.

The Hazaras (Persian: هزاره, romanized: Hazāra; Hazaragi: آزره, romanized: Āzrə) are an ethnic group and a principal component of Afghanistan’s population. They are one of the largest ethnic groups in Afghanistan, primarily residing in the Hazaristan (Hazarajat) region in central Afghanistan. Hazaras also form significant minority communities in Pakistan, mainly in Quetta, and in Iran, primarily in Mashhad. They speak the Dari and Hazaragi dialects of Persian. Dari, also known as Dari Persian, is one of the two official languages of Afghanistan.

Hazara
هزاره
Azra
آزره
Hazara school girls in Bamyan
Regions with significant populations
 Afghanistan6,000,000[1][2]
 Pakistan2,000,000[3][4][5]
 Iran500,000[6]
 Europe130,000[7]
 Australia41,766[8]
 Turkey26,000[9]
 Indonesia3,800[10]
 Canada3,580[11]
Languages
Religion
[12][13]
Related ethnic groups
[14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23]

The Hazaras are one of the most persecuted groups in Afghanistan.[24] More than half of the Hazara population was massacred by the Emirate of Afghanistan between 1888 and 1893,[25] and they have faced persecution at various times over the past decades[26] Widespread ethnic discrimination[27][28][29] religious persecution[30][31][32] organized attacks by terrorist groups[33][34] harassment, and arbitrary arrest have affected Hazaras for various reasons[35][36] There have been numerous cases of rape and torture of Hazara women[37][38][39] land and home seizures[40][41][42] deliberate economic restrictions,and economic marginalization of the Hazara region[43][44][45] and appropriation of Hazara agricultural fields and pastures[46][47][48][49][50] These and many other human rights violations have led to the displacement and forced migration of many Hazaras from Afghanistan[51][52][53][54]

Etymology

The etymology of the word "Hazara" is disputed, with differing opinions on its origin.

Historian Abdul Hai Habibi considers the word "Hazara" (Hazāra هزاره) is very old, derived from "Hazala" (həzālə هزاله), which evolved into "Hazara" over time and originally meant "good-hearted."[55][56] Some believe that in ancient times, the Hazara people were called "Hazara" (Hazāra هزاره) due to their large population. The name "Hazara" is thought to derive from the Persian word "Hazar" (həzār هزار), meaning "thousand," as a metaphor for a population numbering over a thousand.[57]

 
a Hazara boy and Australian soldier in Daykundi

The name "Hazara" (Hazāra هزاره) is thought to derive from the Persian word "Hazar" (Hazār هزار), meaning "thousand." It may be a translation of the Mongolic word mingghan, which referred to a military unit of 1,000 soldiers during the time of Genghis Khan.[58][59][60] The term might have been used as a substitute for the Mongolic word to represent the group of people.[61] In their native language, the Hazara people refer to themselves as "Azra" (āzrə آزره) or (əzrə ازره).[62]

Origin

 
A miniature of Emir Muhammad Khwaja

Despite being one of the principal population groups in Afghanistan,[63] the origins of the Hazara people have not been fully reconstructed. Genetic and linguistic analyses describe Hazaras as an ethnically mixed group,[64] with varying degrees of ancestry linked to contemporary Mongolic,[21][22][23] Turkic,[65][66][67][68][69] and Iranic populations.[70][71] The physical characteristics of some Hazaras and Char Aimaks are Mongolian, likely a legacy of the Mongol invasion.[72] Additionally, Hazaras share a common racial structure and physical resemblance with the Turkic people of Central Asia.[73][74][75] Babur, the founder of the Mughal Empire in the early 16th century, mentioned the Hazaras in the Baburnama, referring to some as "Turkoman Hazaras."[76][77]

Over the centuries, various Mongol (Turco-Mongol) and Turkic groups, notably the Qara'unas, Chagatai Turco-Mongols, Ilkhanate, and Timurids, merged with local indigenous Turkic and Iranic populations. Scholars agree that the Hazaras are ultimately the result of a blend of several Turkic, Mongolic, and Iranic tribes.[78]

Although the Hazaras are a mix of multiple distinct ethnicities, many researchers focus on their Mongolic component. Some authors, including Elizabeth Emaline Bacon,[22][79] Barbara A. West,[80] Yuri Averyanov,[81] and Elbrus Sattsayev,[82] refer to them as "Hazara Mongols." According to historian Lutfi Temirkhanov, Mongolian detachments left in Afghanistan by Genghis Khan or his successors became the foundational layer of Hazara ethnogenesis,[21] with Turkic elements playing a secondary role.[83] In the Ghilji neighborhood, Hazaras are called Mongols.[84] Evidence for the Mongol influence in Hazara ethnogenesis includes linguistic data, historical sources, toponymy,[85] and population genetics studies.[86] Scholars such as Vasily Bartold,[87] Ármin Vámbéry,[88] Vadim Masson, Vadim Romodin,[89] Ilya Petrushevsky,[90] Allah Rakha, Fatima, Min-Sheng Peng, Atif Adan, Rui Bi, Memona Yasmin, and Yong-Gang Yao have written about the historical use of the Mongolian language by the Hazaras.[91]

Genetics

 
Hazara old men in Behsud, Maidan Wardak. These farmers' skin has darkened due to constant work under the sun at an altitude of 2500 to 3,000 meters above sea level in the Behsud, Maidan Wardak.
 
Hazaras on the anniversary of Abdul Ali Mazari's death in 2021 in Kabul

Genetically, the Hazaras have a mix of West Eurasian and East Eurasian components. Genetic data shows that Hazaras in Afghanistan cluster closely with the Uzbek population, while both groups are notably distinct from Afghanistan's Tajik and Pashtun populations.[92][93] There is evidence of both paternal and maternal connections to Turkic, Mongolic, and Iranic peoples.[94]

The frequency of ancestral components among the Hazaras varies according to tribal affiliation. They show a high genetic affinity to present-day Turkic populations of Central Asia and East Asia, as well as to Mongolic populations. In terms of their overall genetic makeup, approximately 49% of the average gene pool of the Hazaras is derived from East Asian sources, around 48% from European sources, and approximately 0.17%, 0.47%, and 2.30% from African, Oceanian, and Amerindian sources, respectively. The genetic makeup of the Hazaras is similar to that of Uzbek, Uyghur, Kazakh, Kyrgyz, and Mongol populations.[95][96][97][98][99][100]

Some analyses suggest that the Hazaras are more closely related to the Turkic populations of Central Asia than to Mongolians, East Asians, or Indo-Iranians.[101]

In another study, results from pairwise genetic distances, MDS, PCA, and phylogenetic relationship reconstruction demonstrate that present-day Hazaras are genetically closer to Turkic-speaking populations (such as Uyghur, Kazakh, and Kyrgyz) residing in northwest China than to other Central and South Asian populations or Mongolians. Outgroup and admixture analyses, including f3, f4, f4-ratio, qpWave, and qpAdm results, further show that Hazaras share more alleles with East Asians than with other Central Asians, carrying approximately 57.8% Mongolian-related ancestry. The Hazaras have undergone genetic admixture with local or neighboring populations, forming their current East-West Eurasian admixed genetic profile after their separation from the Mongolians.[100][102]

Paternal haplogroups

The most common paternal DNA haplogroups among Hazaras from Afghanistan are the East Eurasian haplogroup C-M217 (33.33%) and the West Eurasian haplogroup R1a1a-M17 (6.67%), followed by the West Eurasian haplogroups J2-M172 and L-M20. Some Hazaras were also found to belong to the haplogroups E1b1b1-M35, L-M20, and H-M69, which they share with Tajiks, Pashtuns, and Indian populations. Additionally, one individual with the haplogroup B-M60, typically found in Eastern Africa, was identified.[103][104]

Haplogroup C2 (previously known as the C3-Star cluster) is the most frequent haplogroup among Pakistani and Afghan Hazaras.[102] Pakistani Hazaras have a high frequency of haplogroup C-M217 at approximately 40% (10/25) and haplogroup R1b at around 32% (8/25). A relatively high frequency of R1b has also been found among Eastern Russian Tatars and Bashkirs, and all three groups are thought to be associated with the Golden Horde.[105] Haplogroup C-M217, or C2, is the most common haplogroup in Mongol and Kazakh populations.[102] Studies indicate that Y-DNA haplogroup C2 among Hazaras is linked to the expansion of the Mongols[98] and supports the Mongolian origin of the Hazaras.[99]

Maternal haplogroups

The Hazaras share approximately 35% of their maternal haplogroups with contemporary East Asian populations, while about 65% are shared with West Eurasian populations.[106] Overall, the Hazaras predominantly have West Eurasian mtDNA.[107][108][109]

History

The first mention of the Hazaras appears in Babur's Baburnama in the early 16th century, particularly referring to tribes such as the Sultan Masaudi Hazaras,[72] Turkoman Hazaras,[110][111] and Kedi Hazaras.[72] Later, the Hazaras were referenced by the court historians of Shah Abbas of the Safavid dynasty.[citation needed]

It is reported that the Hazaras embraced Shia Islam between the end of the 16th century and the beginning of the 17th century, during the Safavid period.[112][113] Hazara men, along with those from other ethnic groups, were recruited into the army of Ahmad Shah Durrani in the 18th century.[114]

19th century

Further information: 1888–1893 Hazara uprisings, Battle of Uruzgan, Persecution of Hazaras, and List of massacres against Hazaras

During the second reign of Dost Mohammad Khan in the 19th century, Hazaras from Hazarajat were taxed for the first time. However, for the most part, they managed to maintain their regional autonomy until the 1892 Battle of Uruzgan[115] and the subsequent subjugation by Abdur Rahman, which began in the late 19th century.[116]

When the Treaty of Gandomak was signed and the Second Anglo-Afghan War ended in 1880, Abdur Rahman set a goal to bring Hazaristan, Turkistan, and Kafiristan under his control. He launched several campaigns in Hazaristan in response to resistance from the Hazaras, during which his forces committed atrocities. The southern part of Hazaristan was spared, as its inhabitants accepted his rule, while other regions rejected Abdur Rahman and supported his uncle, Sher Ali Khan. In response, Abdur Rahman waged war against the tribal leaders who opposed his policies and rule. This conflict is known as the Hazara Uprisings.[112]

These campaigns had a catastrophic impact on the demographics of the Hazaras, resulting in the massacre of over sixty percent of the total Hazara population, with many being displaced and exiled from their own lands. The Hazara lands were distributed among loyalist villagers from nearby non-Hazara communities. The repression following the uprising has been characterized as genocide or ethnic cleansing in the history of modern Afghanistan.[117][118][119]

After these massacres, Abdul Rahman forced many Hazara families from the Hazara areas of Uruzgan and other parts of Hazaristan to leave their hometowns and ancestral lands, prompting many Hazaras to flee to neighboring countries such as Central Asia, Iran, British India, Iraq, and Syria. Those Hazaras living in the northern Hindu Kush migrated to Tsarist Russia, primarily settling in the southern cities, while some moved to Iran. Over time, many Hazaras living in Tsarist Russian regions lost their language, culture, and ethnic identity due to the similarities in racial background and physical appearance of the local population, leading them to assimilate. The fleeing Hazaras settled in former Tsarist Russia regions, including Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan, and Dagestan. Meanwhile, the Hazaras from northwestern Afghanistan migrated to Iran, settling in neighborhoods in and around Mashhad, where they later became known as Khawari or Barbari. Another group of Hazaras from the southeastern regions of Afghanistan moved to British India, where they reside in Quetta (present-day Pakistan) and parts of present-day India. Additionally, some Hazaras settled in Syria and Iraq. Unlike those who migrated to Tsarist Russia, the Hazaras in Pakistan, India, Iran, Syria, and Iraq were unable to integrate fully due to differences in physical appearance, allowing them to retain their language, culture, and ethnic identity.[120]

20th and 21st century

 
Abdul Khaliq, a Hazara school student who assassinated Muhammad Nadir Shah, the king of Afghanistan

In 1901, Habibullah Khan, Abdur Rahman's eldest son and successor, granted amnesty to the Hazaras and invited those exiled by his predecessor to return. However, few returned, settling instead in Turkistan and Balkh province, as they had lost their previous lands. The Hazaras continued to face social, economic, and political discrimination throughout most of the 20th century. In 1933, Muhammad Nadir Shah, the King of Afghanistan, was assassinated by Abdul Khaliq Hazara, a school student. The Afghan government later captured and executed him, along with several of his family members.[121]

Mistrust of the central government among the Hazaras and local uprisings persisted. In particular, from 1945 to 1946, during Zahir Shah's rule, a revolt led by Ibrahim Khan, known as "Ibrahim Gawsawar," erupted in response to new taxes that were imposed exclusively on the Hazaras. Meanwhile, the Kuchis were not only exempted from these taxes but also received allowances from the Afghan government.[112] The angry rebels began capturing and killing government officials. In response, the central government sent a force to subdue the region and subsequently removed the taxes.[citation needed]

 
Ibrahim Khan known as "Ibrahim Gawsawar", The leader of the armed uprising of Hazaras in protest against taxes during Zahir Shah's rule
 
Abdul Ali Mazari, the leader of Hazaras during and following the Soviet–Afghan War

The repressive policies[clarification needed] of the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA) after the Saur Revolution in 1978 led to uprisings throughout the country. Fearing Iranian influence, the Hazaras were particularly persecuted. In October 1979, President Hafizullah Amin published a list of 12,000 victims of the Taraki government, among whom were 7,000 Hazaras who had been shot in the notorious Pul-e-Charkhi prison.[122]

During the Soviet-Afghan War, the Hazarajat region did not experience as much heavy fighting as other parts of Afghanistan. Most of the Hazara mujahideen engaged in combat against the Soviets in regions on the periphery of Hazarajat. There was a division between the Tanzeem Nasle Nau Hazara, a party based in Quetta comprising Hazara nationalists and secular intellectuals, and the Islamist parties in Hazarajat.[112] By 1979, the Hazara Islamist groups had already liberated Hazarajat from the central Soviet-backed Afghan government and subsequently took full control of the region away from the secularists. By 1984, the Islamist dominance in Hazarajat was complete. As the Soviets withdrew in 1989, the Islamist groups recognized the need to broaden their political appeal and shifted their focus toward Hazara nationalism.[112] This shift led to the establishment of Hizbe-Wahdat, an alliance of all Hazara resistance groups, except for Harakat-e Islami.

In 1992, with the fall of Kabul, Harakat-e Islami sided with Burhanuddin Rabbani's government, while Hizb-e Wahdat aligned with the opposition. Hizb-e Wahdat was eventually forced out of Kabul in 1995 when the Taliban captured the city and killed their leader, Abdul Ali Mazari. Following the Taliban's capture of Kabul in 1996, all Hazara groups united with the Northern Alliance against this common enemy. However, despite fierce resistance, Hazarajat fell to the Taliban in 1998. The Taliban isolated Hazarajat from the rest of the world, even preventing the United Nations from delivering food to the provinces of Bamyan, Ghor, Maidan Wardak, and Daykundi.[123]

In 1997, a revolt broke out among the Hazaras in Mazar-e Sharif when they refused to be disarmed by the Taliban, resulting in the deaths of 600 Taliban fighters in the subsequent fighting.[124] In retaliation, the Taliban adopted the genocidal policies reminiscent of Abdur Rahman Khan's era. In 1998, six thousand Hazaras were killed in the north, with the intent of carrying out ethnic cleansing against the Hazara population.[125] In March 2001, the two giant Buddhas of Bamiyan were destroyed, despite widespread international condemnation.[126]

 
Taller Buddha of Bamiyan, 55 metres (180 ft) before and after destruction
 
Smaller Buddha of Bamiyan, 38 metres (125 ft) before and after destruction
 
Qazi Muhammad Isa, Jinnah's close associate and a key figure of the All-India Muslim League in Balochistan, Pakistan

Hazaras have also played a significant role in the creation of Pakistan. One notable Hazara was Qazi Muhammad Isa of the Sheikh Ali tribe, who was a close friend of Muhammad Ali Jinnah; they met for the first time while studying in London. Qazi Muhammad Isa was the first person from his native province of Balochistan to obtain a Bar-at-Law degree and played a key role in establishing the All-India Muslim League in Balochistan.[127][128]

Though Hazaras played a role in the anti-Soviet movement, some Hazaras also participated in the new communist government, which actively courted Afghan minorities. Sultan Ali Kishtmand, a Hazara, served as the Prime Minister of Afghanistan from 1981 to 1990, with a brief interruption in 1988.[129] The Ismaili Hazaras of Baghlan Province likewise supported the communists, and their pir (religious leader), Jaffar Naderi, led a pro-Communist militia in the region.[130]

During the following years, the Hazaras suffered severe oppression, and numerous ethnic massacres, genocides, and pogroms were carried out by the predominantly Pashtun Taliban. These events have been documented by organizations such as Human Rights Watch.[131]

Following the September 11, 2001 attacks in the United States, American and Coalition forces invaded Afghanistan. After the fall of the Taliban, many Hazaras emerged as important figures in the country.[132] Hazaras pursued higher education, enrolled in the army, and held various top government positions.[133] Notable Hazaras in leadership roles included Vice Presidents, ministers, and governors, such as Karim Khalili, Sarwar Danish, Sima Samar, Muhammad Mohaqiq, Habiba Sarābi, Abdul Haq Shafaq, Sayed Anwar Rahmati, Qurban Ali Urozgani, Muhammad Arif Shah Jahan, Mahmoud Baligh, Mohammad Eqbal Munib, and Mohammad Asim Asim. Azra Jafari, the mayor of Nili, Daykundi, became the first female mayor in Afghanistan. Other notable Hazaras include Sultan Ali Keshtmand, Abdul Wahed Sarābi, Akram Yari, Ghulam Ali Wahdat, Sayed Mustafa Kazemi, Ghulam Husain Naseri, Abbas Noyan, Daoud Naji, Abbas Ibrahim Zada, Ramazan Bashardost, Ahmad Shah Ramazan, Ahmad Behzad, Nasrullah Sadiqi Zada Nili, Fahim Hashimy, Maryam Monsef, and others.[134]

Although Afghanistan has historically been one of the poorest countries in the world, the Hazarajat region has remained underdeveloped due to past government neglect. Since the ousting of the Taliban in late 2001, billions of dollars have been invested in Afghanistan for reconstruction, and several large-scale projects began in August 2012. For instance, more than 5,000 kilometers of road pavement have been completed across the country, with little done in central Afghanistan (Hazarajat). Conversely, the Band-e Amir in Bamyan Province became the first national park in Afghanistan. A road from Kabul to Bamyan was also constructed, along with new police stations, government institutions, hospitals, and schools in Bamyan, Daykundi, and other provinces predominantly inhabited by Hazaras. Additionally, the first ski resort in Afghanistan was established in Bamyan Province.[135][136]

Discrimination is evident in the treatment of Kuchis (Pashtun nomads who historically migrate from region to region depending on the season), who are allowed to use the pastures of Hazarajat during the summer months. It is believed that this practice began during the rule of Abdur Rahman Khan.[137] Living in mountainous Hazarajat, where arable farmland is scarce, the Hazara people rely on these pasture lands for their livelihood during the long and harsh winters. In 2007, some Kuchi nomads entered parts of Hazarajat to graze their livestock. When the local Hazaras resisted, a clash ensued, resulting in several deaths on both sides from gunfire. Such events continue to occur, even after the central government, including President Hamid Karzai, was compelled to intervene. In late July 2012, a Hazara police commander in Uruzgan Province reportedly rounded up and killed nine Pashtun civilians in retaliation for the deaths of two local Hazaras. The Afghan government is currently investigating this matter.[137]

 
Hazara women condemning the September 2022 Kabul school bombing

President Hamid Karzai's efforts after the Peace Jirga to negotiate a deal with Taliban leaders caused deep unease among Afghanistan's minority communities, who had fought the Taliban the longest and suffered the most during their rule. Leaders of the Tajik, Uzbek, and Hazara communities vowed to resist any return of the Taliban to power, recalling the large-scale massacres of Hazara civilians during the Taliban's previous rule.[138] The 2021 Kabul school bombing _targeted a girls' school in Dashte Barchi, a predominantly Shia Hazara area in western Kabul.[139] The Dashte Barchi district had frequently been attacked by the Islamic State – Khorasan Province.[140]

Following the fall of Kabul to the Taliban in 2021, which marked the end of the war in Afghanistan, concerns were raised about whether the Taliban would reimpose the persecution of Hazaras as they did in the 1990s. An academic at Melbourne's La Trobe University stated that "The Hazaras are very fearful that the Taliban will likely reinstate the policies of the 1990s," despite Taliban reassurances that they would not revert to their previous oppressive practices.[141][142] On 6 September 2022, Human Rights Watch reported that since the Taliban took over Afghanistan in August 2021, ISIS–K has claimed responsibility for 13 attacks against Hazaras and has been linked to at least three more, resulting in the deaths and injuries of at least 700 people. The Islamic State affiliate has repeatedly _targeted Hazaras and other religious minorities at mosques, schools, and workplaces.[143]


Demographics

Further information: Demographics of Afghanistan and Ethnic groups in Afghanistan
 
Ethnic groups in Afghanistan

Some sources claim that Hazaras comprise about 20 to 30 percent of the total population of Afghanistan.[144][61][132][145] They were, by far, the largest ethnic group in the past. During the 1888–1893 uprisings, over sixty percent of Hazaras were massacred, and many were displaced. Meanwhile, they lost a significant portion of their territory to non-Hazaras, which could have doubled their land size today.[117]

Geographic distribution

Afghanistan

Further information: Hazaristan, Demographics of Afghanistan, and Ethnic groups in Afghanistan
 
Afghanistan and the geographical area of Hazaristan in 1890

The Hazaras are one of the largest ethnic groups in Afghanistan, primarily residing in the Hazaristan region in central Afghanistan, with a significant presence throughout the country.[146]

Until the 1880s, the Hazaras were completely autonomous and controlled the entire Hazaristan region. Today, the vast majority of Hazaras reside in Hazaristan, while many others live in various cities across the country.[citation needed]

Central Asia

Further information: Demographics of Central Asia

After the massacre and genocide of the Hazaras by Abdur Rahman from 1888 to 1893, many Hazaras migrated to Central Asian regions under Tsarist Russian occupation, including Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Kazakhstan, with a significant number settling in Samarkand and Bukhara. Over time, many Hazaras living in these regions lost their accent, language, and ethnic identity due to the similarities in racial structure and appearance with the local populations, leading to their assimilation.[120][147]

Pakistan

Further information: Demographics of Pakistan and Ethnic groups in Pakistan
 
General Musa Khan, who served as Commander-in-Chief of Pakistan Army

During the period of British colonial rule in the Indian subcontinent in the 19th century, Hazaras worked in coal mines, road construction, and other working-class jobs during the winter months in various cities of what is now Pakistan. The earliest record of Hazaras in Pakistan dates back to Broadfoot's Sappers Company, which was established in 1835 in Quetta and also participated in the First Anglo-Afghan War. Additionally, some Hazaras worked on agricultural farms in Sindh and contributed to the construction of the Sukkur Barrage.[citation needed] In 1962, the government of Pakistan officially recognized the Hazaras as one of the country's ethnic groups.[148]

Most Pakistani Hazaras are native to Balochistan, Pakistan. Localities in the city of Quetta with prominent Hazara populations include Hazara Town and Mariabad. The literacy level among the Hazara community in Pakistan is relatively high compared to that of Hazaras in Afghanistan, and they have integrated well into the local society's social dynamics. Saira Batool, a Hazara woman, was one of the first female pilots in the Pakistan Air Force. Other notable Hazaras include Qazi Muhammad Isa, General Musa Khan, who served as the fourth Commander-in-Chief of the Pakistan Army from 1958 to 1968, Air Marshal Sharbat Ali Changezi, who served in the Pakistan Air Force from 1949 to 1987, Hussain Ali Yousafi, the slain chairman of the Hazara Democratic Party,[149] and Sayed Nasir Ali Shah, a Member of the National Assembly from Quetta, along with his father Haji Sayed Hussain Hazara, who was a senator and member of the Pakistan Parliament during the Zia-ul-Haq era.[citation needed]

Despite this, Hazaras are often _targeted by militant groups such as Lashkar-e-Jhangvi and others. Activists report that at least 800 to 1,000 Hazaras have been killed since 1999, and the pace is quickening. According to Human Rights Watch, more than one hundred have been murdered in and around Quetta since January.[150] The political representation of the community is served by the Hazara Democratic Party, a secular liberal democratic party headed by Abdul Khaliq Hazara.[151][152]

Iran

Further information: Demographics of Iran and Ethnic groups in Iran
 
Muhammad Yusuf Khan Hazara, the leader of Hazaras and the first Sunni representative member in the Iranian Parliament

The Hazara people in Iran are also referred to as Barbari (Persian: بربری),[153] or Khāwari (خاوری).[154] Over many years, due to political unrest in Afghanistan, some Hazaras have migrated to Iran. The local Hazara population is estimated to be around 500,000, with at least one-third having spent more than half their lives in Iran.[6] Before Iran was forced to relinquish the Herat region according to the Treaty of Paris in 1857 during the reign of Naser al-Din Shah, the country possessed a much larger part of Greater Khorasan. One of the tribes that roamed this area prior to the cession was the Hazaras. After the border between Iran and Afghanistan was drawn, the tribe settled on both sides of the border. The leadership of this tribe at the end of the Qajar period and during the Pahlavi period was held by Muhammad Yusuf Khan Hazara, known as "Sulat al-Sultanah Hazara." He was a Sunni Hazara, a politician, and the first Sunni representative in the Iranian Parliament, as well as the only Sunni Iranian to represent Mashhad in the history of Iran's legislatures.[155][156]

India

Main article: Attarwala

The Attarwala claim to be Hazaras who mainly inhabit the state of Gujarat, India. They are descended from a group of Mughal soldiers who were initially settled in Agra during the rule of Mughal Emperor Jahangir.[157] According to their recorded documents, they then migrated to Ahmedabad via Gwalior, Ratlam, and Godhra. This migration followed their participation in the community during the 1857 Indian War of Independence. Once settled in Gujarat, the community took up the occupation of manufacturing perfumes known as ittars.[157] The term "attarwala" means "manufacturer of perfumes." A second migration occurred in 1947 from Agra after the partition of India, with some members immigrating to Pakistan, while others joined their co-ethnics in Ahmedabad.[157]

Diaspora

Main articles: Hazara diaspora, Afghan diaspora, Hazaras in Europe, and Hazara Australians

Alessandro Monsutti argues in his recent anthropological book[158] that migration is a traditional way of life for the Hazara people, referring to the seasonal and historical migrations that have never ceased and do not seem to be dictated solely by emergencies such as war.[159] Due to decades of conflict in Afghanistan and sectarian violence in Pakistan, many Hazaras have left their communities and settled in Australia, New Zealand, Canada, the United States, the United Kingdom, and particularly the Northern European countries such as Sweden and Denmark. Some migrate as exchange students, while others do so through human smuggling, which sometimes costs them their lives. Since 2001, about 1,000 people have died at sea while attempting to reach Australia by boat from Indonesia, many of whom were Hazaras.[150] A notable case was the Tampa affair, in which a shipload of refugees, mostly Hazaras, was rescued by the Norwegian freighter MV Tampa and subsequently sent to Nauru.[160]

Culture and society

Main article: Hazara culture
Further information: Culture of Afghanistan
 
Clothing of Hazara men c. 1840 from villages near Ghazni. Painting by James Atkinson
 
 
Hazara girls in traditional clothing

Hazara culture is a combination of customs, traditions, behaviors, beliefs, and norms that have developed over many years through interactions with and confrontations against surrounding phenomena. Today, it is displayed as a distinct cultural identity. The Hazara culture is rich in heritage, featuring many unique elements and sharing common influences with various cultures of Central Asia and South Asia. Outside of Hazarajat, the Hazaras have adopted aspects of the cultures of the cities where they reside, resembling the traditions of Afghan Tajiks and Pashtuns. Traditionally, the Hazaras are highland farmers. In Hazarajat, they have retained many of their own customs and traditions, which are more closely related to those of Central Asians than to those of Afghan Tajiks. Historically, Hazaras have lived in houses, but some groups, such as the Aimaq Hazara and a few others, are semi-nomadic and primarily reside in felt yurts rather than traditional homes.[161][162][163]

Attire

Main article: Hazara clothing
Further information: Clothing in Afghanistan, Central Asian clothing, and Islamic clothing

Hazara clothing plays an important role in supporting the cultural, traditional, and social identity of the Hazara ethnicity. Hazara garments are produced both manually and by machine. In Afghanistan, these types of clothing are sewn in various parts of the country, especially in the central provinces.[164][165]

Male clothing

Further information: Barak (cloth)

Hazara men traditionally wear a barak, also called a barag, along with a hat. The barak is an important component of Hazara clothing. It is a soft, thick garment made from the first wool of special sheep raised in Hazarajat. In addition to being stylish and regal, the Hazara barak is also a warm winter garment that is resistant to moisture, allowing it to remain dry in snow and rain. Furthermore, the barak has unique properties; its softness helps reduce muscle pain and can provide relief for joint pain. Nowadays, the most common attire among Hazara men is the perahan o tunban, often paired with a hat or turban.[164][165][166]

Female clothing

The traditional clothing of Hazara women includes a pleated skirt with a tunban or undergarment. The lower tunbans are made from fabrics such as flowered chits, while the upper skirts are crafted from finer materials like velvet, zari, or net, often adorned with a border or decoration at the bottom. The women's shirt is calf-length, with a close collar and long sleeves, featuring slits on both sides that fit over the skirts, which are appreciated for their modesty in accordance with Islamic customs.

Hazara women's clothing varies according to social, economic, and age factors. Young Hazara women typically wear outfits made from different fabrics in vibrant colors and cheerful designs, complemented by beautiful and colorful chadors. In contrast, older women prefer darker fabrics with simple black and white patterns. Hazara women's chadors or head coverings are often embellished with ornaments, typically made of silver or gold, and sometimes paired with a hat. The adornments on their clothing include silver or gold necklace with colorful beads, buttons, bangles, and silver or gold bracelets.[164][165]

Headgear

Further information: Headgear

Hazaras traditionally wear headgear or hats, which differ for men and women. There are various types of Hazara hats and caps; some are made from animal skin, while others are crafted from barak. Additionally, some Hazara men wear the turban of Khorasan.[167][168]

Cuisine

Main article: Hazara cuisine
Further information: Central Asian cuisine, South Asian cuisine, and Persian cuisine

The Hazara cuisine is strongly influenced by Central Asian, South Asian, and Persian cuisines. However, there are unique foods, cooking methods, and styles that are specific to the Hazara people. They also have a hospitable dining etiquette, where it is customary to prepare special food for guests.[citation needed]

Language

Main articles: Dari and Hazaragi

The Hazaras speak Dari and the Hazaragi dialect of the Persian language.[169][170][171][172]

According to the Encyclopaedia of Islam, Hazaragi is a dialect of Persian infused with many Turkic and some Mongolic words or loanwords.[173] The Encyclopædia Britannica describes Hazaragi as an eastern variety of Persian containing numerous Mongolian and Turkic words.[174] Similarly, Encyclopaedia Iranica notes that Hazaras speak a Persian dialect with many Turkic and some Mongolic words.[175][145][176][177] Other sources describe the Hazara population as speaking Persian with some Mongolian words.[102][92] An Iranica article on the language of Hazaras states that the dialect consists of three linguistic layers: (1) pre-Mongol Persian, with its own substratum; (2) Mongolian; and (3) modern Tajiki, preserving elements of both (1) and (2).[170] The primary difference between Persian and Hazaragi lies in the accent.[170] Despite these variations, Hazaragi remains mutually intelligible with Dari,[169] the official language of Afghanistan.[178]

According to Dr. Lutfi Temirkhanov, a Doctor of Sciences, the ancestors of the Hazaras were originally Mongol-speaking[21][85] and only after resettling did they begin to mix with Persian-speaking and Turkic-speaking populations. Temirkhanov explains, "Hordes of Mongol princes and feudal lords found themselves in a Persian-speaking environment; they mixed with them, were influenced by Persian-Tajik culture, and gradually adopted the Persian language."[179] Some sources indicate that in the 16th century, during the time of Babur, some Hazaras still spoke a Mongolian language.[89][87][25] According to the Great Russian Encyclopedia and other sources, some Hazaras continued to speak Mongolian until the 19th century.[23][88][90][91] Temirkhanov notes that Mongolian elements make up about 10% of the Hazara vocabulary,[180] while Turkic and Mongolic words together constitute approximately 20% of the vocabulary of the Hazaragi dialect.[181]

Religion

Further information: Religion in Afghanistan and Islam in Afghanistan
 
A gathering of Hazaras on the final day of Ramadan in Daykundi province

Hazaras predominantly practice Islam, with most adhering to Shi'a Islam, a significant portion following Sunni Islam, and smaller groups practicing Isma'ili and Non-denominational Islam. Estimates suggest that about 90% of Hazaras in Afghanistan are Shi'a, 5% are Sunni, and 1% are Isma'ili.[182] [12][13] The majority of Afghanistan's population practices Sunni Islam, which may have contributed to the discrimination Hazaras face.[61]

Shia Hazaras

There is no definitive theory regarding the acceptance of Shi'a Islam by the majority of Hazaras. It is possible that most Hazaras adopted Shi'a Islam in the early 16th century, during the initial years of the Safavid dynasty.[183][12][13]

Sunni Hazaras

 
Sher Muhammad Khan Hazara, the chieftain of the Sunni Hazaras of Qala e Naw, Badghis

A significant portion of the Hazara population are Sunni Muslims. Sunni Hazaras have practiced Sunni Islam for a long time, predating Abdul Rahman's occupation of Hazara lands. However, some were converted from Shi'a to Sunni Islam following Abdur Rahman’s occupation and the Hazara uprisings of 1888–1893. In Afghanistan, they primarily inhabit the provinces of Kabul, Baghlan, Badghis, Ghor, Kunduz, Panjshir, Bamyan, Badakhshan, and Parwan.[184][185]

Sher Muhammad Khan Hazara, a Sunni Hazara and chieftain of the Hazaras of Qala e Naw in Badghis province, was a warlord who participated in the Sunni coalition that defended Herat in 1837. He was also one of those who defeated British forces around Qandahar and in the Maiwand desert during the First Anglo-Afghan War (1838–1842).[186]

Isma'ili Hazaras

Isma'ili Hazaras primarily reside in the provinces of Kabul, Parwan, Baghlan, Bamyan, Maidan Wardak, Samangan, and Zabul. They have historically been separated from other Hazaras due to religious beliefs and political reasons.[187]

Hazara tribes

Main article: List of Hazara tribes

The Hazara people are organized into various tribes. Some prominent Hazara tribes include Sheikh Ali, Jaghori, Jaghatu, Qara Baghi, Ghaznichi, Muhammad Khwaja, Behsudi, Daimirdadi, Turkmani, Uruzgani, Daikundi, Daizangi, Daichopan, Daizinyat, Naiman, Qarlugh, Aimaq Hazara, and others.[188] These tribes originate from Hazaristan (Hazara regions) such as Parwan, Bamyan, Ghazni, Ghor, Uruzgan, Daikundi, and Maidan Wardak. They are spread across Afghanistan, parts of Pakistan and Iran, as well as other Hazara-populated areas.[citation needed]

Art

 
Dawood Sarkhosh, a folklore Hazara musician
 
Faiz Muhammad Kateb, a prominent writer and historian

Writers and poets

Some well-known Hazara writers and poets include Faiz Muhammad Kateb, Amir Khosrow Dehlavi, Ismael Balkhi, Hassan Poladi, Kazim Yazdani, Ali Mohaqiq Nasab, Kamran Mir Hazar, Basir Ahang, Sayed Askar Mousavi, Ali Baba Taj, Sayed Abutalib Mozaffari, Rahnaward Zaryab, and Aziz Royesh, among others.

Music

Further information: Music of Central Asia, Music of Afghanistan, Dambura, and Ghaychak

Many Hazara musicians are widely recognized for their skill in playing the dambura, a native lute instrument also found in other Central Asian countries such as Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, and Tajikistan. Notable Hazara musicians and dambura players include Sarwar Sarkhosh, Dawood Sarkhosh, Safdar Tawakoli, and Sayed Anwar Azad, among others.[161] Revolutionary hymns are particularly common in Hazara dambura music, with Sarwar Sarkhosh being the first singer to popularize them. His main message centered on the uprising of the younger generation and the fight against oppression.[189] Additionally, the ghaychak, a traditional field instrument, is played similarly to a fiddle. Its resonance bowl is typically made from walnuts or berries, and its strings are metal, making it one of the stringed instruments in Hazara music.[190]

Renowned Pakistani musician Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan is also a descendant of the Hazara from the Behsudi tribe.

Cinema

 
Shamila Shirzad, Actress

Hazara cinema artists do not have a long history, but some of their famous actors and actresses today include Hussain Sadiqi, Abid Ali Nazish, Shamila Shirzad, Nikbakht Noruz, and others.

Sports

Further information: Sport in Afghanistan
 
Rohullah Nikpai, two-time Olympic bronze medalist in the sport of Taekwondo
 
Hussain Sadiqi, a martial artist and actor

Many Hazaras engage in various sports, including football, volleyball, wrestling, martial arts, boxing, karate, taekwondo, judo, wushu, Jujitsu, cricket, tennis, and more. Pahlawan Ebrahim Khedri, a 62 kg wrestler, was the national champion in Afghanistan for two decades. Another famous Hazara wrestler, Wakil Hussain Allahdad, was killed in the suicide bombing in Dashte Barchi, Kabul, on 22 April 2018.[191][192]

Rohullah Nikpai, won a bronze medal in Taekwondo at the 2008 Beijing Olympics, defeating world champion Juan Antonio Ramos of Spain 4–1 in the playoff final. This achievement marked Afghanistan's first-ever Olympic medal. He then won a second Olympic medal for Afghanistan at the London 2012 Games.[citation needed]

Another notable Hazara athlete, Sayed Abdul Jalil Waiz, was the first badminton player to represent Afghanistan in the Asian Junior Championships in 2005, where he secured the first win for his country against Iraq with scores of 15–13 and 15–1. He has participated in several international championships since 2005, achieving victories against competitors from Australia, the Philippines, and Mongolia. Hamid Rahimi is a Hazara boxer from Afghanistan who currently lives in Germany. Hussain Sadiqi is a Hazara Australian martial artist who won an award for the best fight scene in an Australian-made action movie.

Hazara football players include Zohib Islam Amiri, who currently plays for the Afghanistan national football team; Moshtaq Yaqoubi, an Afghan-Finnish footballer who plays for HIFK; Mustafa Amini, a Hazara Australian footballer who plays as a midfielder for Danish Superliga club AGF and the Australian national team; Rahmat Akbari, an Australian footballer who plays as a midfielder for Brisbane Roar. Other notable players include Rohullah Iqbalzada, Omran Haydary, Zelfy Nazary, Moshtaq Ahmadi, and Zahra Mahmoodi.[193]

Some Hazaras from Pakistan have also excelled in sports and received numerous awards, particularly in boxing, football, and field hockey.

Pakistani Hazara Abrar Hussain, a former Olympic boxer, served as the deputy director-general of the Pakistan Sports Board. He represented Pakistan three times at the Olympics and won a gold medal at the 1990 Asian Games in Beijing. Another Hazara boxer from Pakistan is Haider Ali, a Commonwealth Games gold medalist and Olympian who is currently retired.

Former captain of the Pakistan national football team, Qayyum Changezi, was the second Pakistani footballer to score a hat trick in an international game.[194][195] New Hazara youngsters are emerging in football in Pakistan, mostly from Quetta, including Muhammad Ali and Rajab Ali Hazara.[196]

Another notable figure is Kulsoom Hazara, a Pakistani female karate champion who has won several gold, silver, and bronze medals on national and international stages, including the Pride of Pakistan Award.[197] Other notable Hazaras in karate include Nargis Hameedullah, who became the first Pakistani woman to win an individual medal (a bronze) at the Asian Games karate championship, and Shahida Abbasi.[citation needed]

Cultural sports

The cultural sports of the Hazara people are those that have been passed down through generations from their ancestors.

Buzkashi

Main article: Buzkashi
 
Buzkashi in Afghanistan

Buzkashi is a Central Asian sport in which horse-mounted players attempt to place a goat or calf carcass into a goal. It is the national sport of Afghanistan and is one of the cultural sports of the Hazara people, who continue to practice this sport in Afghanistan.[198]

Tirandāzi

Further information: Archery

Tirandāzi is a form of archery and an ancient cultural sport of the Hazaras.[199]

Pahlawani

Further information: Pahlawani and Wrestling

Pahlawani, or Kushti, is a traditional wrestling sport practiced by the Hazaras. It has a long history in Afghanistan and is particularly significant among the Hazara community. During holidays, Pahlawani fields are set up for competitions, which are held across different age groups. This cultural sport features its own unique techniques. Due to its ancient roots and familiarity, Pahlawani has been passed down from generation to generation among the Hazaras.[200]

Notable people

Main article: List of Hazara people
  • Cultural
  •  
    Hazara girls from Ghazni province
  •  
    Hazara boy in cultural clothing with a dambura

See also

References

  1. ^ "سرور دانش درصد جمعیت شیعه و هزاره را در گزارش دولت آمریکا نادرست خواند". BBC News فارسی (in Persian). Retrieved 2023-01-08.
  2. ^ Garrison, V. David. "Global Peoples Profiles:: Hazara of Afghanistan and Deccanis of India". www.missionfrontiers.org. Retrieved 2024-01-08.
  3. ^ Siddique, Abubakar (21 February 2013). "Hazaras of Pakistan". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. Retrieved 22 Dec 2022.
  4. ^ Census of Afghans in Pakistan 2005, UNHCR Statistical Summary Report (retrieved August 14, 2016)
  5. ^ Yusuf, Imran (5 October 2011). "Who are the Hazara?". Tribune. Retrieved 1 September 2016.
  6. ^ a b Smyth, Phillip (3 June 2014). "Iran's Afghan Shiite Fighters in Syria". The Washington Institute for Near East Policy. Retrieved 22 June 2017.
  7. ^ "Austria holds refugee talks as young Hazaras flee persecution to make 'dangerous' journey to Europe – ABC News (Australian Broadcasting Corporation)". mobile.abc.net.au. 2016-02-29. Retrieved 2017-08-19.
  8. ^ "Cultural Diversity". Australian Bureau of Statistics. 2021-08-10. Retrieved 2022-06-28.
  9. ^ "Afghan Hazara Refugees Seek Justice in Turkey". 3 June 2014.
  10. ^ Afghan Hazaras' new life in Indonesia: Asylum-seeker community in West Java is large enough to easily man an eight-team Afghan football league, Al Jazeera, 21 March 2014, retrieved 5 August 2016
  11. ^ "Census Profile, 2021 Census – Ethnic or Cultural Background – Canada – provinces & territories". 14 July 2024.
  12. ^ a b c The Afghans, Their History and Culture, Religion Archived 2010-12-28 at the Wayback Machine
  13. ^ a b c "شناسنامه الکترونیکی،آخرین فرصت تثبیت هویت هزاره‌های سنی و اسماعیلی | سایت طرح نو، باشگاه اندیشه و گفتوگو". Retrieved 2021-02-02.
  14. ^ Brasher, Ryan (2011). "Ethnic Brother or Artificial Namesake? The Construction of Tajik Identity in Afghanistan and Tajikistan". Berkeley Journal of Sociology. 55: 97–120. JSTOR 23345249.
  15. ^ B. Campbell, Disappearing people? Indigenous groups and ethnic minorities in South and Central Asia in: Barbara Brower, Barbara Rose Johnston (Ed.) International Mountain Society, California, 2007.
  16. ^ "Sunni Hazaras of Afghanistan". September 17, 2020.
  17. ^ دلجو, عباس (2018). تاریخ باستانی هزاره‌ها. کابل، افغانستان: موسسه انتشارات مقصوی، کابل. pp. 37, 167, 257. ISBN 978-9936-624-00-9.
  18. ^ Babur, (Emperor of Hindustan) (1826). Memoirs of Zehir-Ed-Din Muhammed Baber: Emperor of Hindustan. Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, and Green.
  19. ^ Martínez-Cruz, Begoña; Vitalis, Renaud; Ségurel, Laure; Austerlitz, Frédéric; Georges, Myriam; Théry, Sylvain; Quintana-Murci, Lluis; Hegay, Tatyana; Aldashev, Almaz; Nasyrova, Firuza; Heyer, Evelyne (2011). "In the heartland of Eurasia: the multilocus genetic landscape of Central Asian populations". European Journal of Human Genetics. 19 (2): 216–223. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2010.153. ISSN 1476-5438. PMC 3025785. PMID 20823912. Our study confirms the results of Li et al's study that cluster the Hazara population with Central Asian populations, rather than Mongolian populations, which is consistent with ethnological studies. Our results further extend these findings, as we show that the Hazaras are closer to Turkic-speaking populations from Central Asia than to East-Asian or Indo-Iranian populations.
  20. ^ Chen, Pengyu; Adnan, Atif; Rakha, Allah; Wang, Mengge; Zou, Xing; Mo, Xiaodan; He, Guanglin (2019-08-18). "Population background exploration and genetic distribution analysis of Pakistan Hazara via 23 autosomal STRs". Annals of Human Biology. 46 (6): 514–518. doi:10.1080/03014460.2019.1673483. ISSN 0301-4460. PMID 31559868. S2CID 203569169. Overall, we genotyped 25 forensic-related markers in 261 Quetta Hazara individuals and provided the first batch of 23-autosomal STRs for forensic genetics and population genetics research. 23-autosomal STRs included in Huaxia Platinum were polymorphic in the Hazara population and could be used as powerful tool for forensic investigations. Population genetic comparisons based on two datasets via PCA, MDS and phylogenetic relationship reconstruction consistently indicated that the Quetta Hazara in Pakistan shared significant genetic components with Central Asians, especially for Turkic-speaking populations.
  21. ^ a b c d Temirkhanov L. (1968). "О некоторых спорных вопросах этнической истории хазарейского народа". Советская этнография. 1. P. 86. In Russian: "...монгольские отряды, оставленные в Афганистане Чингиз-ханом или его преемниками, стали исходным пластом, основой хазарейского этногенеза. "
  22. ^ a b c Bacon, Elizabeth Emaline (1951). The Hazara Mongols of Afghanistan: A Study in Social Organization. Berkeley: University of California.
  23. ^ a b c "Хазарейцы • Большая российская энциклопедия - электронная версия". bigenc.ru. In Russian: "Упоминаются с 16 в. До 19 в. говорили на монг. языке."
  24. ^ Emadi, Hafizullah (September 1997). "The Hazaras and their role in the process of political transformation in Afghanistan". Central Asian Survey. 16 (3): 363–387. doi:10.1080/02634939708400997. ISSN 0263-4937. Hazaras are one of the oppressed and dispossessed national minority communities of the country.
  25. ^ a b Alessandro Monsutti (15 December 2003). "HAZĀRA ii. HISTORY". Encyclopædia Iranica. Retrieved 16 December 2012.
  26. ^ Mousavi, S. A. (2018). The Hazaras of Afghanistan. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-136-80016-0.
  27. ^ "Hazaras in Afghanistan". Minority Rights Group. Retrieved 2024-06-20.
  28. ^ "Hazaras and Shias: Violence, Discrimination, and Exclusion Under the Taliban". www.jurist.org. 2024-05-14. Retrieved 2024-06-20.
  29. ^ "The Plight of Hazaras Under the Taliban Government". thediplomat.com. Retrieved 2024-06-20.
  30. ^ KabulNow (2024-10-27). "Taliban Intensifies Campaign Against "Banned" Books in Central Afghanistan". KabulNow. Retrieved 2024-11-01.
  31. ^ "hansard.parliament.uk/Commons/Hazaras(AfghanistanAndPakistan)".
  32. ^ "Afghanistan: ISIS Group _targets Religious Minorities | Human Rights Watch". 2022-09-06. Retrieved 2024-06-20.
  33. ^ "Deliberate Attacks On Civilians And Hazaras Are War Crimes, Says HRW". Afghanistan International. 4 May 2024. Retrieved 2024-06-20.
  34. ^ "Afghanistan: ISIS Group _targets Religious Minorities | Human Rights Watch". 2022-09-06. Retrieved 2024-06-20.
  35. ^ Taj, Zareen (2024-04-10). "Taliban Gender Apartheid: Genocide of Hazara Women". genocidewatch. Retrieved 2024-06-20.
  36. ^ Times, Zan (2024-01-22). "'I was arrested for the crime of being a Hazara and a woman': The Taliban's 'bad hijab' campaign _targets Hazara women". Zan Times. Retrieved 2024-06-20.
  37. ^ "/8am.media/eng/one-experience-two-perspectives-inside-the-lives-of-women-in-talibans-detention-centers-in-kabul/".
  38. ^ Manish, Abdul Wahed (2023-09-18). "The Taliban Abducted a Hazara Girl from Islamic Darul Uloom for Forced Marriage". Voice of Citizen News. Retrieved 2024-06-20.
  39. ^ "Strange Exiles; Taliban Tortured Hazara Girls under the Name of Unbelievers and Rejectionists | Jade Abresham". 2023-10-16. Retrieved 2024-06-20.
  40. ^ rmasumi1 (2023-10-13). "Taliban Confiscate Hazara Land". genocidewatch. Retrieved 2024-06-20.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  41. ^ "Afghanistan: Taliban Forcibly Evict Minority Shia | Human Rights Watch". 2021-10-22. Retrieved 2024-06-20.
  42. ^ Watch, Genocide (2024-07-19). "Intensifying persecution of Hazaras in Afghanistan". genocidewatch. Retrieved 2024-11-01.
  43. ^ "#6: Life under the Taliban". www.vidc.org. Retrieved 2024-06-20.
  44. ^ Iltaf, Maisam (2024-01-23). "Taliban's Disruption of Aid Programs Push Hazaras To the Brink". KabulNow. Retrieved 2024-06-20.
  45. ^ "Unfair Distribution of Humanitarian Aid in Afghanistan". Bamyan Foundation. Retrieved 2024-06-20.
  46. ^ Qazi, Shereena. "Why are Hazaras being evicted from their homes in Afghanistan's Daikundi?". Why are Hazaras being evicted from their homes in Afghanistan's Daikundi?. Retrieved 2024-06-20.
  47. ^ "8am.media/eng/the-massacre-of-hazaras-in-oruzgan-ethnic-prejudice-and-land-grab-politics/".
  48. ^ "Law of the Gun". KabulNow. 2024-01-23. Retrieved 2024-06-20.
  49. ^ "www.landinfo.no.The conflict between Hazaras and Kuchis over the pasture and land" (PDF).
  50. ^ "/kuchi-land-grabbers-speed-up-construction-works-on-hazara-settlements-in-ghaznis-jaghatu-district/".
  51. ^ "Opinion: The gradual genocide of Hazara in Afghanistan". www.massey.ac.nz. Retrieved 2024-06-20.
  52. ^ "Between a rock and a hard place: The Hazaras in Afghanistan". orfonline.org. Retrieved 2024-06-20.
  53. ^ ""Who are the Hazaras and what are they escaping By Reuters"". Reuters.
  54. ^ Baloch, Shah Meer (2021-08-29). "Hazara Shias flee Afghanistan fearing Taliban persecution". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2024-06-20.
  55. ^ یزدانی، حسینعلی. پژوهشی در تاریخ هزاره‌ها. چاپخانه مهتاب. ص 96
  56. ^ "هزاله – لغت‌نامهٔ دهخدا" [Dehkhoda Dictionary]. abadis.ir. Retrieved 2022-01-07.
  57. ^ "هزاره".
  58. ^ Schurmann, H. F. (1962). The Mon-gols of Afghanistan: An Ethnography of the Moghôls and Related Peoples of Afghanistan. La Haye. p. 115.
  59. ^ Poladi, Hassan (1989). The Hazâras. Stockton. p. 22.
  60. ^ Mousavi, Sayed Askar (1998). The Hazaras of Afghanistan [An Historical, Cultural, Economic and Political Study]. Richmond. pp. 23–25.
  61. ^ a b c Khazeni, Arash; Monsutti, Alessandro; Kieffer, Charles M. (December 15, 2003). "HAZĀRA". Encyclopædia Iranica. Retrieved December 23, 2007.
  62. ^ دلجو, عباس (2018). تاریخ باستانی هزاره‌ها. کابل، افغانستان: موسسه انتشارات مقصوی، کابل. p. 199. ISBN 978-9936-624-00-9.
  63. ^ Monsutti, Alessandro (2017-07-01), "Hazāras", Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE, Brill, retrieved 2022-05-07, The Hazāras are a principal component of the population of Afghanistan.
  64. ^ Bosworth, C. E. (2012-04-24), "Hazāras", Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Brill, retrieved 2022-05-08, The Hazāras are almost certainly an Ethnically mixed group, whose components may or may not be related to each other.
  65. ^ دلجو, عباس (2018). تاریخ باستانی هزاره‌ها. کابل، افغانستان: موسسه انتشارات مقصوی، کابل. pp. 37, 167, 257. ISBN 978-9936-624-00-9.
  66. ^ Babur, (Emperor of Hindustan) (1826). Memoirs of Zehir-Ed-Din Muhammed Baber: Emperor of Hindustan. Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, and Green.
  67. ^ Hartl, Daniel L.; Jones, Elizabeth W. (2009). Genetics: Analysis of Genes and Genomes. Jones & Bartlett Learning. p. 262. ISBN 978-0-7637-5868-4.
  68. ^ Martínez-Cruz, Begoña; Vitalis, Renaud; Ségurel, Laure; Austerlitz, Frédéric; Georges, Myriam; Théry, Sylvain; Quintana-Murci, Lluis; Hegay, Tatyana; Aldashev, Almaz; Nasyrova, Firuza; Heyer, Evelyne (2011). "In the heartland of Eurasia: the multilocus genetic landscape of Central Asian populations". European Journal of Human Genetics. 19 (2): 216–223. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2010.153. ISSN 1476-5438. PMC 3025785. PMID 20823912. Our study confirms the results of Li et al's study that cluster the Hazara population with Central Asian populations, rather than Mongolian populations, which is consistent with ethnological studies. Our results further extend these findings, as we show that the Hazaras are closer to Turkic-speaking populations from Central Asia than to East-Asian or Indo-Iranian populations.
  69. ^ Chen, Pengyu; Adnan, Atif; Rakha, Allah; Wang, Mengge; Zou, Xing; Mo, Xiaodan; He, Guanglin (2019-08-18). "Population background exploration and genetic distribution analysis of Pakistan Hazara via 23 autosomal STRs". Annals of Human Biology. 46 (6): 514–518. doi:10.1080/03014460.2019.1673483. ISSN 0301-4460. PMID 31559868. S2CID 203569169. Overall, we genotyped 25 forensic-related markers in 261 Quetta Hazara individuals and provided the first batch of 23-autosomal STRs for forensic genetics and population genetics research. 23-autosomal STRs included in Huaxia Platinum were polymorphic in the Hazara population and could be used as powerful tool for forensic investigations. Population genetic comparisons based on two datasets via PCA, MDS and phylogenetic relationship reconstruction consistently indicated that the Quetta Hazara in Pakistan shared significant genetic components with Central Asians, especially for Turkic-speaking populations.
  70. ^ Bosworth, C. E. (2012-04-24), "Hazāras", Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Brill, retrieved 2022-05-08
  71. ^ "HAZĀRA ii. HISTORY – Encyclopaedia Iranica". Iranicaonline.org. Retrieved 2021-03-12.
  72. ^ a b c Zahīr ud-Dīn Muhammad Babur (1921)."Memoirs Of Zehir-Ed-Din Muhammed Babur. Volume 1.". Oxford University Press. Pages 44, 243, 279."
  73. ^ Martínez-Cruz, Begoña; Vitalis, Renaud; Ségurel, Laure; Austerlitz, Frédéric; Georges, Myriam; Théry, Sylvain; Quintana-Murci, Lluis; Hegay, Tatyana; Aldashev, Almaz; Nasyrova, Firuza; Heyer, Evelyne (2011). "In the heartland of Eurasia: the multilocus genetic landscape of Central Asian populations". European Journal of Human Genetics. 19 (2): 216–223. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2010.153. ISSN 1476-5438. PMC 3025785. PMID 20823912. Our study confirms the results of Li et al's study that cluster the Hazara population with Central Asian populations, rather than Mongolian populations, which is consistent with ethnological studies. Our results further extend these findings, as we show that the Hazaras are closer to Turkic-speaking populations from Central Asia than to East-Asian or Indo-Iranian populations.
  74. ^ Chen, Pengyu; Adnan, Atif; Rakha, Allah; Wang, Mengge; Zou, Xing; Mo, Xiaodan; He, Guanglin (2019-08-18). "Population background exploration and genetic distribution analysis of Pakistan Hazara via 23 autosomal STRs". Annals of Human Biology. 46 (6): 514–518. doi:10.1080/03014460.2019.1673483. ISSN 0301-4460. PMID 31559868. S2CID 203569169. Overall, we genotyped 25 forensic-related markers in 261 Quetta Hazara individuals and provided the first batch of 23-autosomal STRs for forensic genetics and population genetics research. 23-autosomal STRs included in Huaxia Platinum were polymorphic in the Hazara population and could be used as powerful tool for forensic investigations. Population genetic comparisons based on two datasets via PCA, MDS and phylogenetic relationship reconstruction consistently indicated that the Quetta Hazara in Pakistan shared significant genetic components with Central Asians, especially for Turkic-speaking populations.
  75. ^ دلجو, عباس (2018). تاریخ باستانی هزاره‌ها. کابل، افغانستان: موسسه انتشارات مقصوی، کابل. p. 257. ISBN 978-9936-624-00-9.
  76. ^ Babur, Z. M. (1987). Babur-nama. Lahore. pp. 300, 207, 214, 218, 221, 251–53.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  77. ^ Babur, Zahīr ud-Dīn Muhammad (1826). Memoirs of Zehir-Ed-Din Muhammed Baber: Emperor of Hindustan. Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, and Green.
  78. ^ B. Campbell, Disappearing people? Indigenous groups and ethnic minorities in South and Central Asia in Barbara Brower, Barbara Rose Johnston (Ed.) International Mountain Society, California, 2007
  79. ^ Elizabeth E. Bacon. (1951). "The Inquiry into the History of the Hazara Mongols of Afghanistan". Southwestern Journal of Anthropology. Vol. 7. No. 3. pp. 230–247.
  80. ^ West, Barbara A. West (2010). Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania. New York: Infobase Publishing. p. 272. ISBN 978-1-4381-1913-7.
  81. ^ Аверьянов Ю. А. (2017). "Хазарейцы - ираноязычные монголы Афганистана"". Мир Центральной Азии. pp. 110–117.
  82. ^ Сатцаев Э. Б. (2009). "Монголы-хазарейцы Афганистана и аспекты "народного шиизма"". Единая Калмыкия в единой России: через века в будущее. pp. 413–415.
  83. ^ Temirkhanov L. (1968). "О некоторых спорных вопросах этнической истории хазарейского народа". Советская этнография. 1. P. 94. In Russian: "тюркские элементы ... по сравнению с монгольскими ... играли второстепенную роль."
  84. ^ Temirkhanov L. (1968). "О некоторых спорных вопросах этнической истории хазарейского народа". Советская этнография. 1. P. 91. In Russian: "Ближайшие соседи хазарейцев – гильзаи – называли и называют их «монголы»."
  85. ^ a b Temirkhanov L. (1968). "О некоторых спорных вопросах этнической истории хазарейского народа". Советская этнография. 1. P. 91. In Russian: "Об участии монголов в этногенезе хазарейцев свидетельствуют и данные лингвистики... также исторические источники (например, «Записки Бабура») и данные топонимики"
  86. ^ Sabitov Zh. M. (2011)."Происхождение хазарейцев с точки зрения ДНК-генеалогии". The Russian Journal of Genetic Genealogy. 2 (1): pp. 37–40.
  87. ^ a b Бартольд. В. В. (2022). Ислам. Культура мусульманства. Москва: Litres. p. 162. In Russian: "...еще в XVI веке говорили хазарейцы по-монгольски в северной части Афганистана..."
  88. ^ a b Ármin Vámbéry (2003). Путешествие по Средней Азии. Москва: Восточная литература. In Russian: "Говорят, что хазарейцы ... были перевезены Чингисханом из Монголии, своей прародины, на юг Средней Азии и благодаря влиянию шаха Аббаса II обращены в шиизм. Поразительно, что они заменили свой родной язык персидским, который даже в населенных ими областях не повсеместно распространен, и лишь небольшая часть, оставшаяся изолированной в горах поблизости от Герата и уже несколько столетий занимающаяся выжиганием угля, говорит на некоем жаргоне монгольского языка."
  89. ^ a b Массон В. М., Ромодин В. А. (1964). История Афганистана. Том I. С древнейших времен до начала XVI века. Москва: Наука. pp. 289–290. In Russian: "Еще в XVI в., по сообщению Бабура, среди хазарейцев был распространен монгольский язык, а небольшая часть их, по-видимому, и в XIX в. говорила на языке, близком к монгольскому."
  90. ^ a b Петрушевский И. П. (1952). Рашид-ад-дин и его исторический труд. Москва/Ленинград: Издательство Академии Наук СССР. P. 29. In Russian: "Как известно, большой массив монгольского населения (хезарейцы), отчасти сохранявшего свой язык еще в XIX в., сложился на территории Афганистана..."
  91. ^ a b Allah Rakha, Fatima, Min-Sheng Peng, Atif Adan, Rui Bi, Memona Yasmin, Yong-Gang Yao (2017)."mtDNA sequence diversity of Hazara ethnic group from Pakistan". Forensic Science International: Genetics. Volume 30: Pages e1-e5. In English: "Moreover, there are also lines of evidence that some of the remote tribes of Hazaras spoke Mongol language till last century. Their central Asian facial features including sparse beards, high cheekbones and epicanthic eye folds further supports their Mongol origin."
  92. ^ a b Haber, M; Platt, DE; Ashrafian Bonab, M; et al. (2012). "Afghanistan's Ethnic Groups Share a Y-Chromosomal Heritage Structured by Historical Events". PLOS ONE. 7 (3): e34288. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...734288H. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0034288. PMC 3314501. PMID 22470552.
  93. ^ Martínez-Cruz, Begoña; Vitalis, Renaud; Ségurel, Laure; Austerlitz, Frédéric; Georges, Myriam; Théry, Sylvain; Quintana-Murci, Lluis; Hegay, Tatyana; Aldashev, Almaz; Nasyrova, Firuza; Heyer, Evelyne (2011). "In the heartland of Eurasia: the multilocus genetic landscape of Central Asian populations". European Journal of Human Genetics. 19 (2): 216–223. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2010.153. ISSN 1476-5438. PMC 3025785. PMID 20823912. Our study confirms the results of Li et al's study that cluster the Hazara population with Central Asian populations, rather than Mongolian populations, which is consistent with ethnological studies. Our results further extend these findings, as we show that the Hazaras are closer to Turkic-speaking populations from Central Asia than to East-Asian or Indo-Iranian populations.
  94. ^ Rosenberg, Noah A.; et al. (December 2002). "Genetic Structure of Human Populations". Science. New Series. 298 (5602): 2381–85. Bibcode:2002Sci...298.2381R. doi:10.1126/science.1078311. PMID 12493913. S2CID 8127224.
  95. ^ Martínez-Cruz, Begoña; Vitalis, Renaud; Ségurel, Laure; Austerlitz, Frédéric; Georges, Myriam; Théry, Sylvain; Quintana-Murci, Lluis; Hegay, Tatyana; Aldashev, Almaz; Nasyrova, Firuza; Heyer, Evelyne (2011). "In the heartland of Eurasia: the multilocus genetic landscape of Central Asian populations". European Journal of Human Genetics. 19 (2): 216–223. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2010.153. ISSN 1476-5438. PMC 3025785. PMID 20823912. Our study confirms the results of Li et al's study that cluster the Hazara population with Central Asian populations, rather than Mongolian populations, which is consistent with ethnological studies. Our results further extend these findings, as we show that the Hazaras are closer to Turkic-speaking populations from Central Asia than to East-Asian or Indo-Iranian populations.
  96. ^ Chen, Pengyu; Adnan, Atif; Rakha, Allah; Wang, Mengge; Zou, Xing; Mo, Xiaodan; He, Guanglin (2019-08-18). "Population background exploration and genetic distribution analysis of Pakistan Hazara via 23 autosomal STRs". Annals of Human Biology. 46 (6): 514–518. doi:10.1080/03014460.2019.1673483. ISSN 0301-4460. PMID 31559868. S2CID 203569169. Overall, we genotyped 25 forensic-related markers in 261 Quetta Hazara individuals and provided the first batch of 23-autosomal STRs for forensic genetics and population genetics research. 23-autosomal STRs included in Huaxia Platinum were polymorphic in the Hazara population and could be used as powerful tool for forensic investigations. Population genetic comparisons based on two datasets via PCA, MDS and phylogenetic relationship reconstruction consistently indicated that the Quetta Hazara in Pakistan shared significant genetic components with Central Asians, especially for Turkic-speaking populations.
  97. ^ Xu, Shuhua; Wang, Sijia; Tang, Kun; Guan, Yaqun; Khan, Asifullah; Li, Jing; Zhang, Xi; Wang, Xiaoji; Tian, Lei (2017-10-01). "Genetic History of Xinjiang's Uyghurs Suggests Bronze Age Multiple-Way Contacts in Eurasia". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 34 (10): 2572–2582. doi:10.1093/molbev/msx177. ISSN 0737-4038. PMID 28595347.
  98. ^ a b Sabitov Zh. M. (2011)."Происхождение хазарейцев с точки зрения ДНК-генеалогии". The Russian Journal of Genetic Genealogy. 2 (1): pp. 37–40. In Russian: "Гаплогруппа СЗ безусловно связана с экспансией монголов..."
  99. ^ a b Жабагин М. К. (2017). Анализ связи полиморфизма Y-хромосомы и родоплеменной структуры в казахской популяции Москва. p. 71. In Russian: "...за счет высокой частоты гаплогруппы С2-М217, что согласуется с монгольским происхождением хазарейцев."
  100. ^ a b He, Guanglin; Adnan, Atif; Rakha, Allah; Yeh, Hui-Yuan; Wang, Mengge; Zou, Xing; Guo, Jianxin; Rehman, Muhammad; Fawad, Abulhasan; Chen, Pengyu; Wang, Chuan-Chao (September 2019). "A comprehensive exploration of the genetic legacy and forensic features of Afghanistan and Pakistan Mongolian-descent Hazara". Forensic Science International: Genetics. 42: e1–e12. doi:10.1016/j.fsigen.2019.06.018. ISSN 1872-4973. PMID 31257046. S2CID 195761020. The results from pairwise genetic distances, MDS, PCA, and phylogenetic relationship reconstruction demonstrate that present-day Hazaras are genetically closer to the Turkic-speaking populations (Uyghur, Kazakh, and Kyrgyz) residing in northwest China than with other Central/South Asian populations and Mongolian. Outgroup and admixture f3, f4, f4-ratio, qpWave, and qpAdm results further demonstrate that Hazara shares more alleles with East Asians than with other Central Asians and carries 57.8% Mongolian-related ancestry. Overall, our findings suggest that Hazaras have experienced genetic admixture with the local or neighboring populations and formed the current East-West Eurasian admixed genetic profile after their separation from the Mongolians.
  101. ^ Martínez-Cruz, Begoña; Vitalis, Renaud; Ségurel, Laure; Austerlitz, Frédéric; Georges, Myriam; Théry, Sylvain; Quintana-Murci, Lluis; Hegay, Tatyana; Aldashev, Almaz; Nasyrova, Firuza; Heyer, Evelyne (2011). "In the heartland of Eurasia: the multilocus genetic landscape of Central Asian populations". European Journal of Human Genetics. 19 (2): 216–223. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2010.153. ISSN 1476-5438. PMC 3025785. PMID 20823912. Our study confirms the results of Li et al's study that cluster the Hazara population with Central Asian populations, rather than Mongolian populations, which is consistent with ethnological studies. Our results further extend these findings, as we show that the Hazaras are closer to Turkic-speaking populations from Central Asia than to East-Asian or Indo-Iranian populations.
  102. ^ a b c d Adnan, Atif; Rakha, Allah; Nazir, Shahid; Alghafri, Rashed; Hassan, Qudsia; Wang, Chuan-Chao; Lu, Jie (2021). "Forensic features and genetic legacy of the Baloch population of Pakistan and the Hazara population across Durand line revealed by Y-chromosomal STRs". International Journal of Legal Medicine. 135 (5): 1777–1784. bioRxiv 10.1101/2020.11.21.392456. doi:10.1007/s00414-021-02591-2. ISSN 0937-9827. PMID 33818632.
  103. ^ Haber, Marc; Platt, Daniel E.; Bonab, Maziar Ashrafian; Youhanna, Sonia C.; Soria-Hernanz, David F.; Martínez-Cruz, Begoña; Douaihy, Bouchra; Ghassibe-Sabbagh, Michella; Rafatpanah, Hoshang; Ghanbari, Mohsen; Whale, John; Balanovsky, Oleg; Wells, R. Spencer; Comas, David; Tyler-Smith, Chris; Zalloua, Pierre A.; Consortium, The Genographic (28 March 2012). "Afghanistan's Ethnic Groups Share a Y-Chromosomal Heritage Structured by Historical Events". PLOS ONE. 7 (3): e34288. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...734288H. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0034288. PMC 3314501. PMID 22470552.
  104. ^ John William Whale. Mitochondrial DNA Analysis of Four Ethnic Groups of Afghanistan. http://eprints.port.ac.uk/9862/1/John_Whale_MPhil_Thesis_2012.pdf Archived 2017-08-02 at the Wayback Machine
  105. ^ Lkhagvasuren, Gavaachimed; Shin, Heejin; Lee, Si Eun; Tumen, Dashtseveg; Kim, Jae-Hyun; Kim, Kyung-Yong; Kim, Kijeong; Park, Ae Ja; Lee, Ho Woon; Kim, Mi Jin; Choi, Jaesung; Choi, Jee-Hye; Min, Na Young; Lee, Kwang-Ho (14 September 2016). "Molecular Genealogy of a Mongol Queen's Family and Her Possible Kinship with Genghis Khan". PLOS ONE. 11 (9): e0161622. Bibcode:2016PLoSO..1161622L. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0161622. PMC 5023095. PMID 27627454. "Eastern Russian Tatars, Bashkirs, and Pakistani Hazara were found to carry R1b-M343 at unusually high frequencies of 12.65%, 46.07%, and 32%, respectively, compared to other regions of Eastern Asia, which rarely have this haplotype"
  106. ^ Allah Rakha, Fatima, Min-Sheng Peng, Atif Adan, Rui Bi, Memona Yasmin, Yong-Gang Yao (2017)."mtDNA sequence diversity of Hazara ethnic group from Pakistan". Forensic Science International: Genetics. Volume 30: Page 3.
  107. ^ Quintana-Murci, L; Chaix, R; Wells, RS; et al. (May 2004). "Where West Meets East: The Complex mtDNA Landscape of the Southwest and Central Asian Corridor". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 74 (5): 827–45. doi:10.1086/383236. PMC 1181978. PMID 15077202.
  108. ^ "MtDNA sequence diversity of Hazara ethnic group from Pakistan". Retrieved 2021-03-12.
  109. ^ Quintana-Murci, L; Chaix, R; Wells, RS; et al. (May 2004). "Figure 1: Where west meets east: the complex mtDNA landscape of the southwest and Central Asian corridor". Am. J. Hum. Genet. 74 (5): 827–45. doi:10.1086/383236. PMC 1181978. PMID 15077202.
  110. ^ Babur, Z. M. (1987). Babur-nama. Lahore. pp. 300, 207, 214, 218, 221, 251–53.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  111. ^ Babur, Zahīr ud-Dīn Muhammad (1826). Memoirs of Zehir-Ed-Din Muhammed Baber: Emperor of Hindustan. Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, and Green.
  112. ^ a b c d e "HAZĀRA: ii. HISTORY". Alessandro Monsutti (Online ed.). United States: Encyclopædia Iranica. December 15, 2003. Retrieved 9 August 2012.
  113. ^ Sarabi, Humayun (2005). "Politics and Modern History of Hazara" [Sectarian Politics in Afghanistan]. Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy. Archived from the original on 2011-09-18. Retrieved 2011-11-02.
  114. ^ "Ahmad Shah and the Durrani Empire". Library of Congress Country Studies on Afghanistan. 1997. Retrieved 2010-08-25.
  115. ^ "THE AMEER CAPTURES URZAGHAN". The New York Times. 1892-10-02. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2022-08-21.
  116. ^ Mousavi, Sayed Askar (1998). The Hazaras of Afghanistan: an historical, cultural, economic and political study. Richmond, Surrey: Curzon. ISBN 978-1-315-02693-0. OCLC 1100424512.
  117. ^ a b دلجو, عباس (2013). تاریخ باستانی هزاره‌ها. کابل: انتشارات امیری. ISBN 978-9936-8015-0-9.
  118. ^ کاتب, فیض‌محمد (1913). سراج‌التواریخ. کابل: مطبعه دارالسلطنته.
  119. ^ Zamani, Ezzatullah (September 2019). "The 'Genocide of the Hazaras' in Afghanistan from 1884 to 1905 and subsequent genocidal campaigns and _target killings against them in the 21st century". Genocide of the Hazaras of Afghanistan.
  120. ^ a b "کوچ اجباری و اثرات فرهنگی واجتماعی آن بر جامعه هزاره". archive.mashal.org. Retrieved 2022-08-31.
  121. ^ Runion, Meredith L. (2017). The History of Afghanistan, 2nd edition. ABC-CLIO-LLC. p. 124. ISBN 978-1-61069-778-1.
  122. ^ Dorronsoro, Gilles (2005). Revolution Unending: Afghanistan, 1979 to the Present. London: Hurst & Company. p. 104. ISBN 1-85065-703-3.
  123. ^ Rashid, Ahmed (March 1, 2001). Taliban: Militant Islam, Oil and Fundamentalism in Central Asia (Paperback ed.). New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-08902-8.
  124. ^ Ahmed Rashid, Taliban: Militant Islam, Oil, and Fundamentalism in Central Asia, London and New Haven, 2000, p. 58
  125. ^ Ahmed Rashid, Taliban: Militant Islam, Oil, and Fundamentalism in Central Asia, London and New Haven, 2000, pp. 67–74
  126. ^ "Taliban blow apart 2,000 years of Buddhist history". The Guardian. 3 March 2001.
  127. ^ "Who is Justice Qazi Faez Isa?". DAWN.COM. June 19, 2020.
  128. ^ "Qazi Muhammad Isa and the reference against Justice Qazi Faez Isa". June 14, 2020.
  129. ^ Fida Yunas, S. (2008). Pg 33. Sultan Ali Kishtmand had remained Prime Minister of Afghanistan from 10 January 1981 to 26 May 1990, with a brief break of about nine months, when Dr Hassan Sharq replaced him from 20 June 1988 to .... Retrieved 2012-07-30.
  130. ^ Williams, Brian Glyn (2011-09-22). Afghanistan Declassified: A Guide to America's Longest War – Brian Glyn Williams – Google Books. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 978-0-8122-0615-9. Retrieved 2012-07-30.
  131. ^ "Afghanistan: massacres of Hazaras". Human Rights Watch. February 2001. Retrieved December 27, 2007.
  132. ^ a b Larson, Marisa (June 17, 2008). "Hazara People". National Geographic. Archived from the original on March 2, 2008. Retrieved August 9, 2012.
  133. ^ Sappenfield, Mark (August 6, 2007). "Afghanistan's success story: The liberated Hazara minority". Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved December 27, 2007.
  134. ^ "Many Karzai rivals find way to Parliament". Pajhwok.com. 2011-01-22. Archived from the original on 2012-03-13. Retrieved 2012-07-30.
  135. ^ "(27 February 2012) Afghanistan set to host second national ski race. wanderlust.co.uk". Wanderlust.co.uk. Archived from the original on 4 August 2017. Retrieved 30 October 2017.
  136. ^ Levinson, Charles (March 7, 2012). "Since Skiing Came to Afghanistan, It Has Been Pretty Much All Downhill". Wall Street Journal.
  137. ^ a b "Afghan nomad clashes raise fears of ethnic strife". Bangkok Post. Agence France-Presse. 7 August 2012.
  138. ^ "Afghan Overture to Taliban Aggravates Ethnic Tensions". The New York Times, 27 June 2010.
  139. ^ "Death toll rises to 85 in Afghanistan girls' school bomb attack". CNN. 10 May 2021.
  140. ^ "Blasts kill dozens near school in Afghan capital Kabul". Al Jazeera English. 8 May 2021. Retrieved 8 May 2021.
  141. ^ "Afghanistan's minority Hazaras see gains of past two decades 'falling apart'". France 24. 23 August 2021. Retrieved 31 August 2021.
  142. ^ Mogul, Rhea (29 August 2021). "Afghanistan's religious minorities live in fear of Taliban, brace for persecution". NBC News. Retrieved 31 August 2021.
  143. ^ "Afghanistan: ISIS Group _targets Religious Minorities". Human Rights Watch. 6 September 2022. Retrieved 6 September 2022.
  144. ^ The population of people with descent from Afghanistan in Canada is 48,090. Hazara make up an estimated 30% of the population of Afghanistan depending to the source. The Hazara population in Canada is estimated from these two figures. Ethnic origins, 2006 counts, for Canada Archived 2018-12-24 at the Wayback Machine
  145. ^ a b "AFGHANISTAN iv. Ethnography". L. Dupree (Online ed.). United States: Encyclopædia Iranica. December 15, 1983.
  146. ^ Dames, M. Longworth (2012-04-24), "Hazāra", Encyclopaedia of Islam, First Edition (1913–1936), Brill, retrieved 2023-08-09
  147. ^ موسوی, سید عسکر. هزاره‌های افغانستان. pp. 204–205.
  148. ^ پولادی, حسن (1387). هزاره‌ها.
  149. ^ "Hussain Ali Yousafi, chairman of the Hazara Democratic Party'", BBC News, 26 January 2009
  150. ^ a b Bigg, Matthew (2012-10-25). "Insight: Pakistani death squads spur desperate voyage to Australia". Reuters. Retrieved 8 December 2013.
  151. ^ "Balochistan's Hazaras speak out — Qurat ul ain Siddiqui interviews Secretary-General of the Hazara Democratic Party, Abdul Khaliq Hazara". Dawn.com. Retrieved 2012-07-30.
  152. ^ "List of Political parties". Hazarapress.com. Retrieved 2012-07-30.
  153. ^ Ed (2012-04-24), "Berberi", Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Brill, retrieved 2023-08-13
  154. ^ اینترنشنال, هزاره (2014-05-11). "ایل هزاره در خراسان و فرهنگ جعلی جلیل آریایی". هزاره اینترنشنال (in Persian). Retrieved 2023-08-13.
  155. ^ ""«شورش خراسان» در کتابفروشی‌ها شکل می‌گیرد"" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-05-17. Retrieved 2022-12-29.
  156. ^ بیات, کاوه (2016). شورش خراسان و صولت‌السلطنه هزاره (زمستان 1320). موسسه فرهنگی هنری جهان کتاب. ISBN 978-600-6732-68-8.
  157. ^ a b c Mohideen, AM (2003). "Attarwalla". In Singh, KS (ed.). Gujarat. People of India Part One. Vol. XXI. Popular Prakashan. pp. 78–81. ISBN 978-81-7991-104-4.
  158. ^ Monsutti, Alessandro (2005). War and migration: Social networks and economic strategies of the Hazaras of Afghanistan. New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-97508-7.
  159. ^ Monsutti, Alessandro (2005). War and migration: Social networks and economic strategies of the Hazaras of Afghanistan. Translated by Patrick Camiller. Routledge, New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-97508-7.
  160. ^ Australia ships out Afghan refugees BBC News.
  161. ^ a b Latham, Robert Gordon (1859). Eastern and northern Asia Europe. J. van Voorst. p. 333. Retrieved 2013-12-08.
  162. ^ افغانستان, روزنامه. "استقبال گسترده از روز فرهنگ هزارگی در کشور – روزنامه افغانستان". www.dailyafghanistan.com (in Persian). Retrieved 2022-09-10.
  163. ^ Spuler, B. (2012-04-24), "Aymak", Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Brill, retrieved 2023-08-15
  164. ^ a b c tebyan.net, موسسه فرهنگی واطلاع رسانی تبیان | (2017-06-09). "لباس های سنتی زنان و مردان هزاره". fa. Retrieved 2022-08-28.
  165. ^ a b c "Clothing of the Hazāra Tribes". Encyclopædia Iranica. Retrieved 31 August 2022.
  166. ^ "Barak". Encyclopaedia Iranica. Retrieved 31 August 2022.
  167. ^ Foundation, Encyclopaedia Iranica. "Clothing of the Hazāra tribes". iranicaonline.org. Retrieved 2023-09-24.
  168. ^ tebyan.net, موسسه فرهنگی واطلاع رسانی تبیان | (2017-06-09). "لباس های سنتی زنان و مردان هزاره". fa (in Persian). Retrieved 2023-09-24.
  169. ^ a b "Attitudes towards Hazaragi". pp. 1–2. Retrieved June 5, 2014.
  170. ^ a b c Kieffer, Charles M. "HAZĀRA" [iv. Hazāragi dialect]. Encyclopædia Iranica. Retrieved August 22, 2017.
  171. ^ Monsutti, Alessandro (2017-07-01), "Hazāras", Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE, Brill, retrieved 2022-05-07, They speak a Persian dialect with many Turkic and a few Mongolian words.
  172. ^ Bosworth, C. E. (2012-04-24), "Hazāras", Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Brill, retrieved 2022-05-08
  173. ^ Monsutti, Alessandro (2017-07-01), "Hazāras", Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE, Brill, retrieved 2022-05-07, They speak a Persian dialect with many Turkic and a few Mongolian words.
  174. ^ "Hazara people • Britannica" In English: "The Hazara speak an eastern variety of Persian called Hazaragi with many Mongolian and Turkic words."
  175. ^ Foundation, Encyclopaedia Iranica. "HAZĀRA". iranicaonline.org. Retrieved 2024-04-26. The Hazāras speak a Persian dialect with many Turkish and some Mongolian words.
  176. ^ Malistani, A. H. Tariq and Gehring, Roman (compilers) (1993) Farhang-i ibtidal-i milli-i Hazarah : bi-inzimam-i tarjamah bih Farsi-i Ingilisi = Hazaragi – Dari/Persian- English: a preliminary glossary A. H. Tariq Malistani, Quetta, OCLC 33814814
  177. ^ Farhadi, A. G. Ravan (1955). Le persan parlé en Afghanistan: Grammaire du kâboli accompagnée d'un recuil de quatrains populaires de la région de Kâbol. Paris.
  178. ^ "Languages in Afghanistan". The Swedish Committee for Afghanistan (SCA). Retrieved 2021-02-14.
  179. ^ Temirkhanov L. (1968). "О некоторых спорных вопросах этнической истории хазарейского народа". Советская этнография. 1. P. 93-94. In Russian: "орды монгольских царевичей и феодалов оказались в таджикском окружении; они смешивались с таджиками, подвергались влиянию персидско-таджикской культуры и постепенно принимали язык таджиков, отсюда и таджикская речь хазарейцев".
  180. ^ Temirkhanov L. (1968). "О некоторых спорных вопросах этнической истории хазарейского народа". Советская этнография. 1. P. 91. In Russian: "монгольские элементы составляют 10% хазарейской лексики".
  181. ^ خاوری, محمد جواد. امثال و حِکم مردم هزاره. مشهد: نشر عرفان. p. 16.
  182. ^ "Hazara Summary". eHRAF World Cultures. Retrieved 30 July 2024.
  183. ^ Dorronsoro, Gilles (2005). Revolution unending: Afghanistan, 1979 to the present, By Gilles Dorronsoro, pg.44. C. Hurst. ISBN 978-1-85065-703-3. Retrieved 2012-07-30.
  184. ^ پولادی, حسن (1387). هزاره‌ها: تاریخ، سیاست، اقتصاد و فرهنگ. ترجمهٔ علی عالمی کرمانی. انتشارات عرفان. pp. 205–206. ISBN 978--964-06-0527-1.
  185. ^ گیزابی, محمداکرم (1375). هزاره‌ها و هزارستان اثر گروه تحقیقی پیدی میتلند. ترجمهٔ محمداکرم گیزابی. مجمع نویسندگان افغانستان. p. 192.
  186. ^ دلجو, عباس (2018). تاریخ باستانی هزاره‌ها. کابل، افغانستان: موسسه انتشارات مقصوی، کابل. p. 222. ISBN 978-9936-624-00-9.
  187. ^ خواتی, شفق (1382). مجله طلوع. pp. 52–68.
  188. ^ Hazara tribal structure, Program for Culture and Conflict Studies, US Naval Postgraduate School
  189. ^ "The Hazara Nationalism: in Music and Historical Literature". 24 December 2014.
  190. ^ "قیچک – لغت‌نامه دهخدا [Dehkhoda Dictionary]".
  191. ^ Nordland, Rod; Faizi, Fatima (September 20, 2018). "'Suicider!' Came the Warning. For Afghans, Wrestlers' Deaths Resound. (Published 2018)". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 2022-01-03 – via NYTimes.com.
  192. ^ Mashal, Mujib (2018-04-23). "After Each Attack He Carried the Wounded. Then He Became a Victim. (Published 2018)". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 2022-01-03. Retrieved 2020-12-03.
  193. ^ "Islam Amiri Hazara – Afghan national football team captain and Fans "player of the year"". Hazara.net. 24 September 2013. Retrieved May 25, 2014.
  194. ^ Hyat, Kamila (2014-06-29). "The years of dreams | Special Report | thenews.com.pk". www.thenews.com.pk. Retrieved 2023-08-15.
  195. ^ Ahsan, Ali (2010-12-23). "A history of football in Pakistan — Part I". DAWN.COM. Retrieved 2023-07-21.
  196. ^ "Rajab Ali Hazara to lead under 16 Pakistan Football team as captain". www.hazara.net. 2013-09-24. Retrieved 2014-09-18.
  197. ^ Adil, Hafsa. "'Role model': Pakistan's Hazara woman packing a punch". www.aljazeera.com. Retrieved 2023-02-10.
  198. ^ YJC, خبرگزاری باشگاه خبرنگاران | آخرین اخبار ایران و جهان | (9 May 2017). "تاریخچه ورزش "بزکشی" در افغانستان + تصاویر" [History of "Buzkashi" sport in Afghanistan + Pictures]. fa (in Persian). Retrieved 2021-09-13.
  199. ^ "مسابقات تیراندازی با کمان در بامیان، میدان و غزنی" (in Persian). 3 February 2013. Retrieved 2022-09-09.
  200. ^ "کشتی محلی افغانستان؛ ورزشی پرهیجان با علاقمندان فراوان+تصاویر". af.shafaqna.com. Retrieved 2022-09-10.

Further reading

 
Hazaras test of Wikipedia at Wikimedia Incubator
 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hazara people.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hazaras&oldid=1255419054"
  NODES
design 1
Done 5
eth 57
games 4
News 8
orte 5
see 7
Story 18