The Hell–Volhard–Zelinsky halogenation reaction is a chemical transformation that transforms an alkyl carboxylic acid to the α-bromo derivative. It is a specialized and rare kind of halogenation.[1][2]
| Hell–Volhard–Zelinsky halogenation | |
|---|---|
| Named after | Carl Magnus von Hell Jacob Volhard Nikolay Zelinsky |
| Reaction type | Substitution reaction |
| Identifiers | |
| Organic Chemistry Portal | hell-volhard-zelinsky-reaction |
Examples
editAn example of the Hell–Volhard–Zelinsky reaction can be seen in the preparation of alanine from propionic acid. In the first step, a combination of bromine and phosphorus tribromide (catalyst) is used in the Hell–Volhard–Zelinsky reaction to prepare 2-bromopropionic acid,[3] which in the second step is converted to a racemic mixture of the amino acid product by ammonolysis.[4][5]
Mechanism
editThe reaction is initiated by addition of a catalytic amount of PBr3, after which one molar equivalent of Br2 is added. PBr3 converts the carboxylic OH to the acyl bromide. The acyl bromide tautomerizes to an enol, which reacts with the Br2 to brominate at the α position.In neutral to slightly acidic aqueous solution, hydrolysis of the α-bromo acyl bromide occurs spontaneously, yielding the α-bromo carboxylic acid. If an aqueous solution is desirable, a full molar equivalent of PBr3 must be used as the catalytic chain is disrupted.
If little nucleophilic solvent is present, reaction of the α-bromo acyl bromide with the carboxylic acid yields the α-bromo carboxylic acid and regenerates the acyl bromide intermediate. In practice a molar equivalent of PBr3 is often used anyway to overcome the slow reaction kinetics.
The mechanism for the exchange between an alkanoyl bromide and a carboxylic acid is below. The α-bromoalkanoyl bromide has a strongly electrophilic carbonyl carbon because of the electron-withdrawing effects of the two bromides.
By quenching the reaction with an alcohol, instead of water, the α-bromo ester can be obtained.
History
editThe reaction is named after the German chemists Carl Magnus von Hell (1849–1926) and Jacob Volhard (1834–1910) and the Russian chemist Nikolay Zelinsky (1861–1953).[6][7][8]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Allen, C. Freeman; Kalm, Max J. (1958). "2-Methylenedodecanoic Acid". Organic Syntheses. 38: 47. doi:10.15227/orgsyn.038.0047; Collected Volumes, vol. 4, p. 616.
- ^ Murata, Yumi; Takeuchi, Kentaro; Nishikata, Takashi (2019). "The synthetic protocol for α-bromocarbonyl compounds via brominations". Tetrahedron. 75 (18): 2726–2736. doi:10.1016/j.tet.2019.03.048.
- ^ Marvel, C. S.; du Vigneaud, V. (1931). "α-Bromoisovaleric acid". Organic Syntheses. 11: 20. doi:10.15227/orgsyn.011.0020; Collected Volumes, vol. 2, p. 93.
- ^ Tobie, Walter C.; Ayres, Gilbert B. (1937). "Synthesis of d,l-Alanine in Improved Yield from α-Bromopropionic Acid and Aqueous Ammonia". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 59 (5): 950. doi:10.1021/ja01284a510.
- ^ Tobie, Walter C.; Ayres, Gilbert B. (1941). "dl-Alanine". Organic Syntheses. doi:10.15227/orgsyn.009.0004; Collected Volumes, vol. 1, p. 21.
- ^ von Hell, Carl Magnus (1881). "Ueber eine neue Bromirungsmethode organischer Säuren" [About a new bromination method for organic acids]. Berichte (in German). 14: 891–893. doi:10.1002/cber.188101401187.
- ^ Volhard, Jacob (1887). "Ueber Darstellung α-bromirter Säuren" [On the Representation of α-Brominated Acids]. Annalen der Chemie (in German). 242 (1–2): 141–163. doi:10.1002/jlac.18872420107.
- ^ Zelinsky, Nikolay (1887). "Ueber eine bequeme Darstellungsweise von α-Brompropionsäureester" [About a convenient representation of an ester of α-bromopropionic acid]. Berichte (in German). 20: 2026. doi:10.1002/cber.188702001452.