Wikipedia

Baker Island

(Redirected from History of Baker Island)
For other uses, see Baker Island (disambiguation).

Baker Island, formerly known as New Nantucket,[1] is a small, uninhabited atoll located just north of the Equator in the central Pacific Ocean, approximately 1,920 miles (3,090 kilometres) southwest of Honolulu. Positioned almost halfway between Hawaii and Australia, its closest neighbor is Howland Island, situated 42 mi (68 km) to the north-northwest. Both Baker and Howland Islands have been claimed as territories of the United States since 1857, though the United Kingdom regarded them as part of the British Empire between 1897 and 1936.[2]

Baker Island
Nickname: New Nantucket
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service aerial view of Baker Island
Baker Island is located in Oceania
Baker Island
Baker Island
Location of Baker Island in the Pacific Ocean
Geography
LocationPacific Ocean
Coordinates0°11′45″N 176°28′45″W / 0.19583°N 176.47917°W / 0.19583; -176.47917
Area2.1 km2 (0.81 sq mi)
Length1.81 km (1.125 mi)
Width1.13 km (0.702 mi)
Coastline4.8 km (2.98 mi)
Highest elevation8 m (26 ft)
Administration
StatusUnincorporated
Demographics
Population0 (2000)
Additional information
Time zone
Baker Island National Wildlife Refuge
Map
Designated1974
Websitewww.fws.gov/refuge/baker-island

Covering an area of 0.81 sq mi (2.1 km2),[3] with 3.0 mi (4.8 km) of coastline,[3] Baker Island experiences an equatorial climate, characterized by average temperatures around 80 °F (27 °C), minimal rainfall, persistent winds, and strong sunlight. The terrain is flat and sandy, surrounded by a narrow fringing reef. Unlike many atolls, Baker Island lacks a central lagoon, with its highest point being 26 ft (7.9 m) above sea level.[3][4]

Today, Baker Island is part of the Baker Island National Wildlife Refuge, an unincorporated and unorganized territory of the U.S. The island is managed by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and is visited annually for conservation purposes. Statistically, Baker Island is grouped with the United States Minor Outlying Islands and, along with Howland Island, is among the last places on Earth to experience the New Year, operating in the UTC−12:00 time zone. It is one of the most remote U.S. possessions in the equatorial Pacific.[5]

Description

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A cemetery and remnants from previous settlements are located near the middle of Baker Island's west coast, where the boat landing area is situated. There are no ports or harbors on the island, and offshore anchorage is prohibited. The narrow, fringing reef surrounding Baker Island presents a significant maritime hazard, making access to the shore difficult. To aid in navigation, a day beacon is positioned near the site of the former village.[6]

Baker Island's abandoned World War II runway, which measures 5,463 ft (1,665 m) in length, is now completely overgrown with vegetation and is unserviceable.[7]

The United States asserts an exclusive economic zone (EEZ) extending 200 nautical miles (370 km) and a territorial sea of 12 nmi (22 km) around the Island.

During a colonization attempt from 1935 to 1942, Baker Island was likely operating on Hawaii time, which was then 10.5 hours behind UTC.[8] Today, the island remains uninhabited, and its time zone is unspecified, though it falls within a nautical time zone 12 hours behind UTC (UTC−12:00).

History

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Orthographic projection over Baker Island

Baker Island was first discovered in 1818 by Captain Elisha Folger of the Nantucket whaling ship Equator, who named the island "New Nantucket". In August 1825, it was sighted again by Captain Obed Starbuck aboard the Loper, another Nantucket whaler. The island later took its name from Captain Michael Baker, who visited it in 1834.[9] Some accounts suggest that Baker visited the island earlier, in 1832, and returned on August 14, 1839, aboard the whaler Gideon Howland, where he reportedly buried an American seaman.[10] Captain Baker formerly claimed the island in 1855 and subsequently sold his interest to a group that later established the American Guano Company.[11][12]

The United States officially took possession of Baker Island in 1857 under the Guano Islands Act of 1856.[13] The island's guano deposits were mined by the American Guano Company from 1859 until 1878. Workers from various parts of the Pacific, including Hawaiʻi, were brought in for the mining operations. The Hawaiian laborers referred to Baker Island as "Puaka‘ilima", named after the ilima flower.[14] The scale of guano extraction can be illustrated by ship movements in late 1868, where several ships, including the British vessel Montebello and the American ship Eldorado, transported tons of guano to Liverpool, England.[15]

In February 1869, the British ship Shaftsbury, captained by John Davies, was wrecked on Baker's Island reef after a sudden wind shift and squall caused the ship to drag its moorings.[16] Later that year, the American ship Robin Hood was destroyed by fire while loading guano.[17]

 
 
 
Settlers erected makeshift campsites on Baker Island during the American Equatorial Islands Colonization Project.

During the American Equatorial Islands Colonization Project, settlers set up temporary camps on Baker Island. On December 7, 1886, the American Guano Company sold its rights to the British firm John T. Arundel and Company. The company then used Baker Island as its headquarters for guano operations in the Pacific from 1886 to 1891. Believing that the U.S. had abandoned its claim, Arundel applied to the British Colonial Office in 1897 for a license to work the island. While the United Kingdom considered Baker Island a British territory, they never formally annexed it. The U.S. reasserted its claim in the early 1920s, and after diplomatic discussions, they initiated the American Equatorial Islands Colonization Project in 1935. In May 1936, Executive Order 7358 was issued to reaffirm U.S. sovereignty.[18]

As part of the colonization effort, American settlers arrived on Baker Island aboard the USCGC Itasca, which also brought colonists to neighboring Howland Island, on April 3, 1935, establishing a settlement named Meyerton to mine the guano deposits. The settlers built a lighthouse and dwellings and attempted to cultivate plants. However, most of these efforts were unsuccessful due to the island's harsh conditions, including its dry climate and the impact of seabirds.[19] Meyerton's population was recorded as three American civilians in the 1940 U.S. Census.[20] The settlement was eventually evacuated in 1942 following Japanese attacks during World War II, and the U.S. military forces subsequently occupied the island.[21] The town was named for Captain H. A. Meyer, United States Army, who assisted in establishing living quarters and rainwater cisterns for the colonists. It was located on the west side of the island, at an elevation of 13 feet (4.0 m) above sea level.[22]

Airfield

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Baker Island Day Beacon
 
Baker Island Light
 
LocationBaker Island, Baker Island, US
Coordinates0°11′45″N 176°29′03″W / 0.19578°N 176.48428°W / 0.19578; -176.48428
Tower
Constructed1935  
Constructionbrick  
Height5 m (16 ft)  
Shapecylindrical tower, no lantern[23]
Markingswhite  
Light
Deactivated1942  

On August 11, 1943, a U.S. Army defense force arrived on Baker Island as part of the broader Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign during World War II. By September 1943, the Army had constructed a 5,463-foot (1,665 m) airfield on the island. This airfield served as a crucial staging base for the Seventh Air Force, allowing B-24 Liberator bombers to launch attacks on Japanese positions, including Mili Atoll in the Marshall Islands.[24] Additionally, the 45th Fighter Squadron operated P-40 fighters from Baker Island's airfield from September 1 to November 27, 1943. However, the strategic importance of the airfield diminished quickly, and by January 1, 1944, it was abandoned as military operations shifted further west.[25][26]

LORAN Station Baker

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The LORAN (Long Range Navigation) radio station on Baker operated from September 1944 until July 1946. This station, designated as Unit 91 with the radio call sign NRN-1, was a critical navigation aid for U.S. military operations in the Pacific during and immediately after World War II.[27] LORAN stations like the one on Baker Island were part of a network used to assist ships and aircraft in determining their positions accurately, particularly in the vast and often featureless expanse of the Pacific Ocean.[28]

Flora and fauna

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Baker Island is devoid of natural fresh water sources and receives minimal rainfall, making it an arid and inhospitable environment. The island, over 3700 feet wide, is remote and uninhabited despite its historical significance. It is designated as a wildlife refuge and is characterized by sparse vegetation, including four types of grass,[29] prostrate vines, and low-growing shrubs. The treeless landscape provides a crucial habitat for various seabirds, waders, and marine wildlife.

Baker Island has been recognized as an Important Bird Area (IBA) by BirdLife International due to its support for large breeding colonies of seabirds, such as lesser frigatebirds, masked boobies and sooty terns. The island is home to over one million seabirds, including significant populations of albatrosses.[30] Migratory waders, including ruddy turnstones, bar-tailed godwits, sanderlings, and Pacific golden plovers, visit the island seasonally. Additionally, endangered species like green turtles and hawksbill turtles, as well as gray reef sharks, spinner dolphins, monk seals, and hermit crabs, can be found along the surrounding reef.[31]

National Wildlife Refuge

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On June 27, 1974, Secretary of the Interior Rogers Morton established the Baker Island National Wildlife Refuge. In 2009, the refuge was expanded to include submerged lands extending 12 nautical miles (22 km) from the island's shoreline. The refuge now encompasses 531 acres (215 hectares) of land and 410,184 acres (165,996 hectares) of surrounding marine waters.[32] Baker Island, along with six other islands, is managed by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service as part of the Pacific Remote Islands National Wildlife Refuge Complex. In January 2009, this entity was redesignated as the Pacific Remote Islands Marine National Monument by President George W. Bush.[33]

Environmental challenges facing the refuge include remnants of abandoned military debris from World War II and the threat of illegal fishing in offshore waters.[34] Additionally, invasive species introduced by human activity, such as cockroaches and coconut palms, have displaced native wildlife. Feral cats, which were first introduced to the island in 1937, were eradicated by 1965.[35]

Public access to Baker Island is highly restricted and requires a special use permit issued by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Permits are typically granted only to scientists and educators. Although limited tour packages are available from early June to mid-August, unauthorized visits and activities such as swimming, fishing, and lighting fires are strictly prohibited. The atoll is only visited during daylight hours, and scuba diving is restricted to scientists affiliated with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Agency representatives visit the island approximately once every two years, often coordinating transportation with a NOAA vessel.[36]

Human debris and remnants

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Debris from past human activity, particularly from the U.S. military's occupation of Baker Island during World War II, is scattered across the island and in the surrounding offshore waters. The most prominent remnant is the 5,400-by-150-foot (1,646-by-46-metre) airstrip, which is now completely overgrown with vegetation and is unusable.[7] On the western coast of the island, a day beacon remains from the wartime era, although it has not been maintained since World War II. This beacon is now primarily used by albatross birds and hermit crabs for breeding, and it also serves as a landmark for the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service during their infrequent visits to the atoll.

In the northeast section of the island, which appears to have been the main camp area during the military occupation, the remains of several buildings and heavy equipment are still visible. Five wooden antenna poles, each approximately 40 feet (12 metres) tall, continue to stand. Additionally, debris from several crashed aircraft, along with large equipment such as bulldozers, can be found both on the island and underwater.

Numerous bulldozer excavations containing remnants of metal, fuel, and water drums are scattered throughout the north-central portion and along the island's northern edge. The U.S. Navy reported the loss of 11 landing craft in the surf during the wartime operations, contributing to the debris found in the waters surrounding the island.[37]

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  •  
    Baker Island coastline with red-footed booby
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    Fish and Wildlife sign
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    Hermit crabs taking shade in day beacon
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    Settlement remains, radio mast in the background
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    Masked booby on gravestone
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    Brown noddies with radio masts in the background
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    Landing craft wreckage on Baker Island coast
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    Baker Island satellite image

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Rauzon, Mark J. (2016). Isles of Amnesia: The History, Geography, and Restoration of America's Forgotten Pacific Islands. University of Hawai'i Press, Latitude 20. Page 110. ISBN 9780824846794.
  2. ^ "Baker, Howland, and Jarvis Islands | Facts & Information | Infoplease". www.infoplease.com. Retrieved September 3, 2024.
  3. ^ a b c "United States Pacific Island Wildlife Refuges". The World Factbook (2024 ed.). Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved April 25, 2014. (Archived 2014 edition.)
  4. ^ "Howland Island | Wildlife, Coral Reefs & Lagoons | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved September 3, 2024.
  5. ^ Rauzon, Mark J. (2016). Isles of Amnesia: The History, Geography, and Restoration of America's Forgotten Pacific Islands. University of Hawai'i Press, Latitude 20. Pages 38 and 104. ISBN 9780824846794.
  6. ^ "CIA - The World Factbook -- Baker Island". user.iiasa.ac.at. Retrieved September 3, 2024.
  7. ^ a b "Baker Island : History". U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service. Retrieved September 23, 2018.
  8. ^ Long, Elgen M.; Long, Marie K. (2000). Amelia Earhart: the mystery solved. Simon & Schuster. p. 206. Thursday, July 1, [1937] ... Howland Island was using the 10+30 hour time zone—the same as Hawaii standard time.
  9. ^ Henry Evans Maude (1968). Of islands and men: studies in Pacific history. Oxford University Press.
  10. ^ Bryan, 1941
  11. ^ "GAO/OGC-98-5 - U.S. Insular Areas: Application of the U.S. Constitution". U.S. Government Printing Office. November 7, 1997. Archived from the original on September 27, 2013. Retrieved March 23, 2013.
  12. ^ "The Guano Companies in Litigation--A Case of Interest to Stockholders". The New York Times. May 3, 1865. Archived from the original on May 10, 2013. Retrieved March 23, 2013.
  13. ^ Edwin Horace Bryan (1941). American Polynesia: coral islands of the Central Pacific. Honolulu, Hawaii: Tongg Publishing Company.
  14. ^ Quan Bautista, Jesi; Smith, Savannah (2018). Early Cultural and Historical Seascape of the Pacific Remote Islands Marine National Monument: Archival and Literary Research Report (Report). NOAA Fisheries Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center. p. 3. doi:10.25923/fb5w-jw23.
  15. ^ Baker's Island Report, H.L.R. Johnson, Pacific Commercial Advertiser, 19 Dec 1868
  16. ^ The loss of the British ship Shaftsbury, Pacific Commercial Advertiser, 12 Jun 1869
  17. ^ Report from the guano islands, Pacific Commercial Advertiser, 25 Dec 1869
  18. ^ Hull, Cordell; Roosevelt, Franklin D. (1936). "Memorandum of Secretary of State Cordell Hull to the president, February 18, 1936". Hyde Park, N.Y.: Franklin D. Roosevelt Library. Archived from the original on January 9, 2010. Retrieved March 18, 2010.
  19. ^ "Baker Island". Any Travels. Archived from the original on July 23, 2011. Retrieved February 5, 2016.
  20. ^ "Sixteenth Census of the United States: Population, Volume I, Number of Inhabitants, Hawaii (Table 4)", United States census, 1940; Washington, D.C.; page 1211,. Retrieved on October 29, 2021.
  21. ^ "Baker Island National Wildlife Refuge". fws.gov. United States Fish and Wildlife Service. Retrieved July 10, 2020.
  22. ^ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Meyerton
  23. ^ Rowlett, Russ. "Lighthouses of U.S. Pacific Remote Islands". The Lighthouse Directory. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Retrieved November 7, 2016.
  24. ^ Rottman, Gordon (2002). World War Two Pacific Island Guide. Greenwood Publishing. p. 332. ISBN 9780313313950.
  25. ^ Morison, Samuel (2001). History of United States Naval Operations in World War II: Aleutians, Gilberts and Marshalls, June 1942-April 1944. University of Illinois Press. p. 214. ISBN 9780252070372.
  26. ^ "Baker Island | Wildlife Sanctuary, Uninhabited, Pacific Ocean | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved September 3, 2024.
  27. ^ "Loran Station Baker - loran-history.info". Archived from the original on August 24, 2010. Retrieved December 3, 2010. LORAN STATION BAKER ISLAND 0 11 46.23 N 176 28 26.14 W
  28. ^ Coast Guard at War IV. Vol. II. Public Health Division. August 1, 1946.
  29. ^ U.S. Dept. of Interior. Baker Island. Archived April 19, 2012, at the Wayback Machine Retrieved July 6, 2008.
  30. ^ "Baker Island". BirdLife Data Zone. BirdLife International. 2021. Retrieved January 22, 2021.
  31. ^ "Redirect Page". www.fws.gov. Archived from the original on June 17, 2017. Retrieved April 29, 2018.
  32. ^ White, Susan (August 26, 2011). "Welcome to Baker Island National Wildlife Refuge". U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Archived from the original on March 27, 2012. Retrieved March 4, 2012.
  33. ^ Bush, George W. (January 6, 2009). "Establishment of the Pacific Remote Islands Marine National Monument: A Proclamation by the President of the United States of America". White House. Archived from the original on February 23, 2011. Retrieved March 4, 2012.
  34. ^ "Baker Island National Wildlife Refuge History". U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Archived from the original on May 28, 2013. Retrieved April 23, 2013.
  35. ^ Palawski, Donald (August 2007). "Baker Island National Wildlife Refuge: Draft Comprehensive Conservation Plan and Environmental Assessment §3.12" (PDF). U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 19, 2012. Retrieved March 5, 2012.
  36. ^ "Baker Island National Wildlife Refuge". U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Archived from the original on May 16, 2013. Retrieved April 23, 2013.
  37. ^ "Baker Island National Wildlife Refuge: Draft Comprehensive Conservation Plan and Environmental Assessment" (PDF). Pacific Remote Islands National Wildlife Refuge Complex. August 2007. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 11, 2009. Retrieved December 3, 2010.
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Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Baker Island.
 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Baker Island.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baker_Island&oldid=1252692982#History"
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