According to Greek mythology, Ion (/ˈaɪ.ɒn/; Ancient Greek: Ἴων, lit. 'from Íon, gen.: Ἴωνος, Íonos, means ‘going') was eponymous ancestor of the Ionians.
Family
editIon was the illegitimate child of Creüsa, the daughter of King Erechtheus of Athens and wife of Xuthus.[1] His real father was the god Apollo.
Mythology
editOne story of Ion is told in the tragedy play Ion by Euripides. Apollo had visited Creusa in a cave below Propylaea where she conceived Ion. When the princess gave birth to the child, she abandoned him in the same cave but Apollo father asked Hermes to take Ion from his cradle. Ion was saved, raised and educated by a priestess of the Delphic Oracle. When the boy had grown, and Xuthus and Creusa came to consult the oracle about the means of obtaining an heir, the answer was, that the first human being which Xuthus met on leaving the temple should be his son. Xuthus met Ion, and recognized him as his son but, in fact, Apollo was giving him Ion as an adoptive son. Creusa, imagining the boy to be a son of her husband by a former beloved while she was childless, she caused a cup to be presented to the youth, which was filled with the poisonous blood of a dragon.
However, her plot was discovered, for as Ion, before drinking, poured out a libation to the gods, a pigeon which drank of it died on the spot. Creusa thereupon fled to the altar of the god. Ion dragged her away, and was on the point of killing her, when a priestess interfered, explained the mystery, and showed that Ion was the son of Creusa. Mother and son thus became reconciled, but Xuthus was not let into the secret. The latter, however, was satisfied, for he too received a promise that he should become a father, namely of Dorus and Achaeus.
Ionian tradition
editThe inhabitants of Aegialus, on the northern coast of the Peloponnese, were likewise Ionians, and among them another tradition was current. Ion was the son of Xuthus (rather than Apollo in this account)[2] who after being expelled from Thessaly or Attica was brought to the area during the reign of king Selinus. After his father’s death, Ion was on the point of marching against the Aegialeans, when Selinus offered him his only child Helice in marriage, as well as to adopt him as his son and successor. It so happened that the proposal found favour with Ion, and on the death of King Selinus he succeeded to the throne. He called the city he founded in Aegialus Helice (the modern Eliki) in honour of his wife and made it the capital of the kingdom, and called the inhabitants Ionians after himself. This, however, was not a change of name, but an addition to it, for the folk were named Aegialian Ionians.[3] By his wife, Helike, Ion became the father of Bura, eponym of the city of Bura.[4] Later he took an expedition against Eleusis (now Elefsina) with the help of the Athenians and in the battle he was killed near Eleusis.
Attic tradition
editOther traditions represent Ion as king of Athens between the reigns of Erechtheus and Cecrops; for it is said that his assistance was called in by the Athenians in their war with the Eleusinians, that he conquered Eumolpus, and then became king of Athens. He there became the father of four sons, Geleon (Teleon), Aegicores, Argades, and Hoples, according to whom he divided the Athenians into four classes or tribes, which derived their names from his sons: Hopletes (Hoplites), Teleonites (Geleontes), Aegicoreis, Argadeis (Ergadeis).[5][6] After his death he was buried at Potamus.[7]
Other stories
editAccording to some accounts, Ion was the father of Ellops, founder of Ellopia, and possibly of Aïclus (Aiklos) and Cothus (Kothos).[8] These last two founded the Euboean towns of Eretria and Cerinthus, respectively.[9]
Ion was also believed to have founded a primary tribe of Greece, the Ionians. He has often been identified with Javan, who is mentioned in the Hebrew Bible as the ancestor of the Greek people, but in the Bible, Javan is a son of Noah's son Japheth.[10] The earlier Greek form of the name was *Ἰάϝων "Iáwōn", which, with the loss of the digamma, later became Ἰάων Iáōn,[11] or plural Iáones, as seen in epic poetry.[12][13] In addition, Dionysius Periegetes, Dionysius the Voyager, of Alexandria, in his Description of the Known World ver. 416 [clarification needed] mentions a river in Arcadia called Iaon. This river Iaon is further alluded to in Hesiod's Hymns of Callimachus, Hymn to Jupiter 22. This river has also been connected to the earlier forms of the name.[14]
Genealogy of Hellenes
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See also
edit- Yona – covers other names for the Greeks derived from Ion and the Ionians, found from the Near East to India
Notes
edit- ^ Hesiod, Catalogue of Women fr. 10(a).
- ^ Apollodorus, 1.7.3
- ^ Pausanias, 7.1.3–4
- ^ Pausanias, 7.25.8
- ^ Herodotus, 5.66.2; Euripides, Ion 1575-1581; Pollux, 8.109
- ^ Compare with Strabo, 8.7.1 (p. 383) where “. . .At first Ion divided the people into four tribes, but later into four occupations: four he designated as farmers, others as artisans, others as sacred officers, and a fourth group as the guards.” while Plutarch, Solon 23.4 states the “. . . four tribes were originally named, not from the sons of Ion, but from the classes into which occupations were divided; thus the warriors were called Hoplitai, the craftsmen Ergadeis; and of the remaining two, the farmers were called Geleontes, the shepherds and herdsmen Aigikoreis.”
- ^ Euripides, Ion 1572-1581; Strabo, 8.7.1 (p. 383); Conon, 27; comp. Herodotus, 5.66
- ^ Strabo. Geographica. Vol. 10.1.3. Page numbers refer to those of Isaac Casaubon's edition.
- ^ Pseudo-Scymnos, Circuit de la terre 566 ff.
- ^ Bromiley, Geoffrey William (General Editor) (1994). The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia: Volume Two: Fully Revised: E-J: Javan. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. pp. 971. ISBN 0-8028-3782-4.
- ^ Woodhouse’s English-Greek Dictionary, 1910, p. 1014
- ^ Hesiod, Catalogue of Women fr. 10(a).23. ("Ἰάονά τε κλυ]τόπωλ[ο]ν")
- ^ Homer. Iliad, 13.685 ("Ἔνθα δὲ Βοιωτοὶ καὶ Ἰάονες ἑλκεχίτωνες"), mentioned in Israel and Hellas (1995) by John Pairman Brown, p. 82.
- ^ The Early Ionians by George Huxley (1966), p. 166.
References
edit- Euripides, The Complete Greek Drama, edited by Whitney J. Oates and Eugene O'Neill Jr. in two volumes. 1. Ion, translated by Robert Potter. New York. Random House. 1938. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.
- Euripides, Euripidis Fabulae. vol. 2. Gilbert Murray. Oxford. Clarendon Press, Oxford. 1913. Greek text available at the Perseus Digital Library.
- Hesiod, Catalogue of Women from Homeric Hymns, Epic Cycle, Homerica translated by Evelyn-White, H G. Loeb Classical Library Volume 57. London: William Heinemann, 1914. Online version at theio.com
- Homer, The Iliad with an English Translation by A.T. Murray, Ph.D. in two volumes. Cambridge, MA., Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann, Ltd. 1924. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.
- Homer. Homeri Opera in five volumes. Oxford, Oxford University Press. 1920. Greek text available at the Perseus Digital Library.
- Pseudo-Apollodorus, The Library with an English Translation by Sir James George Frazer, F.B.A., F.R.S. in 2 Volumes, Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1921. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library. Greek text available from the same website.