Wikipedia

Illeism

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Illeism (/ˈɪli.ɪzəm/; from Latin ille: “he; that man”) is the act of referring to oneself in the third person instead of first person. It is sometimes used in literature as a stylistic device. In real-life usage, illeism can reflect a number of different stylistic intentions or involuntary circumstances.

In literature

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Early literature such as Julius Caesar's Commentarii de Bello Gallico or Xenophon's Anabasis, both ostensibly non-fictional accounts of wars led by their authors, used illeism to impart an air of objective impartiality, which included justifications of the author's actions. In this way personal bias is presented, albeit dishonestly, as objectivity.

In an essay, theologian Richard B. Hays challenged earlier findings that he disagrees with: "These were the findings of one Richard B. Hays, and the newer essay treats the earlier work and earlier author at arms' length."[1]

Illeism may also be used to show idiocy, as with the character Mongo in Blazing Saddles, e.g. "Mongo like candy" and "Mongo only pawn in game of life"; though it may also show innocent simplicity, as it does with Harry Potter's Dobby the Elf ("Dobby has come to protect, even if he does have to shut his ears in the oven door").[citation needed] The childlike Sesame Street Muppet character Elmo almost exclusively speaks in the third person.

In the Babylonian Talmud and related texts, illeism is used extensively, often taking the form of the speaker utilizing the expression hahu gavra ("That man") when referring to himself.[2]

In everyday speech

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In different contexts, illeism can be used to reinforce self-promotion, as used to sometimes comic effect by Bob Dole throughout his political career ("When the president is ready to deploy, Bob Dole is ready to lead the fight on the Senate Floor", Bob Dole speaking about the Strategic Defense Initiative at the NCPAC convention, 1987). This was particularly made notable during the United States presidential election of 1996 and lampooned broadly in popular media for years afterwards. Deepanjana Pal of Firstpost noted that speaking in the third person "is a classic technique used by generations of Bollywood scriptwriters to establish a character's aristocracy, power and gravitas".[3]

On the other hand, third person self-referral can be associated with self-deprecation, irony, and not taking oneself too seriously (since the excessive use of the pronoun "I" is often seen as a sign of narcissism and egocentrism),[4] as well as with eccentricity in general. Psychological studies show that thinking and speaking of oneself in the third person increases wisdom and has a positive effect on one's mental state because an individual who does so is more intellectually humble, more capable of empathy and understanding the perspectives of others, and is able to distance themself emotionally from their problems.[5][6][7][8]

Accordingly, in certain Eastern religions, like Hinduism, illeism is sometimes seen as a sign of enlightenment, since through it, an individual detaches their eternal self (atman) from their bodily form; in particular, Jnana yoga encourages its practitioners to refer to themselves in the third person.[9] Known illeists of that sort include Swami Ramdas,[10] Anandamayi Ma,[11] and Mata Amritanandamayi.[12]

A number of celebrities, including Marilyn Monroe,[13][14] Alice Cooper,[15] and Deanna Durbin,[16] referred to themselves in the third person to distance their public persona from their actual self. Mary J. Blige, in her song "Family Affair", introduces herself in the third person.

Some parents use illeism (refer to themselves as "Daddy" or "Mommy") because very young children may not yet understand that the pronouns "I" and "you" refer to different people based on context.[17][18] Toddlers acquiring speech often refer to themselves in the third person before learning proper usage of the pronoun "I", and their speech evolves past using illeism once they develop a strong sense of self-recognition, often before age two.[19]

Notable illeists

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Real people

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Main page: Category:Illeists

Politics and military

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Sports

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Entertainment

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Religion and spirituality

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Other

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Fictional characters

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Main page: Category:Fictional illeists

Books

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  • Major Bagstock, the apoplectic retired Indian army officer in Charles Dickens' Dombey and Son (1848), refers to himself solely as Joseph, Old Joe, Joey B, Bagstock, Josh, J.B., Anthony Bagstock, and other variants of his own name.[70]
  • Captain Hook in J. M. Barrie's Peter Pan and Wendy (1911): "'Better for Hook,' he cried, 'if he had had less ambition!' It was in his darkest hours only that he referred to himself in the third person."[71]
  • Winnetou, a Native American character in the eponymous novel by Karl May.[72][73]
  • Hercule Poirot, a fictional Belgian detective created by British writer Agatha Christie, usually refers to himself in the third person.[74]
  • Gollum in The Lord of the Rings (1954–55) spoke in an idiosyncratic manner, often referring to himself in the third person, and frequently talked to himself—"through having no one else to speak to", as Tolkien put it in The Hobbit.[75]
  • Charlie Gordon in the acclaimed novel Flowers for Algernon (1959) speaks in third person in the "being outside one's body and watching things happen" manner in his flashbacks to his abusive and troubled childhood suffering from phenylketonuria.[76]
  • Boday, a quirky female artist in Jack Chalker's Changewinds trilogy (1987–88).[77]
  • Y. T., a teenage girl in Snow Crash (1992) by Neal Stephenson.[78]
  • Bast the Wood Elf in The Council Wars series by John Ringo.
  • The healer and wisewoman Magda Digby in the Owen Archer series (1993–2019) by Candace Robb.[79]
  • Jaqen H'ghar, an assassin of the Faceless Men in the fantasy suite A Song of Ice and Fire (1996–), consistently refers to himself ("a man") as well as frequently the person he is addressing (e.g. "a girl") in impersonal, third person form, and never by name.[80]
  • Dobby the Elf in the Harry Potter series (1997–2007).
  • Ramona, the housekeeper and mentor in Silver Ravenwolf's Witches Chillers series (2000–01).[81]
  • The old man Nakata in Haruki Murakami's Kafka on the Shore (2002).[82][83]
  • Tigger in the Winnie the Pooh books, films and television series frequently refers to himself in the third-person plural, e.g. "That's what Tiggers do best!"
  • At least in the book versions of Rumpole of the Bailey, protagonist Horace Rumpole sometimes narrates Rumpole's fate in the third person.

Comics

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  • Doctor Doom is known for more often than not referring to himself as "Doom" instead of "me" or "I".[84]
  • The Hulk[84]
  • Solomon Grundy[84]
  • Mantis almost always refers to herself as "Mantis", "she", and "this one"; this has to do with her upbringing at the Temple of the Priests of Pama, an alien pacifistic sect heavily inspired by real-life Eastern religious movements.[85]
  • Namor

Television

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Film

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Manga and anime

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Video games

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See also

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References

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  1. ^ Richard B. Hays, “‘Here We Have No Lasting City’: New Covenantalism in Hebrews” in Richard J. Bauckham et al. (eds.), The Epistle to the Hebrews and Christian Theology (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2009), 151–173, esp. 151–152, 167.
  2. ^ Cf. Babylonian Talmud, Tractate Chagigah 15a
  3. ^ "Rahul Gandhi, blurring lines between filmi and real politicians". Firstpost. 2014-01-28. Retrieved 2014-08-06.
  4. ^ Raskin, Robert (1988). "Narcissism and the Use of Personal Pronouns". Journal of Personality. 56 (2): 393–404. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1988.tb00892.x. PMID 3404383.
  5. ^ "Illeism: The ancient trick to help you think more wisely". BBC. 2023-04-14. Retrieved 2023-07-04.
  6. ^ "Why speaking to yourself in the third person makes you wiser". Aeon. 2019-08-07. Retrieved 2020-07-10.
  7. ^ "The Benefits of Talking About Yourself in the Third Person". HowStuffWorks. 2018-04-16. Retrieved 2020-07-10.
  8. ^ "The Psychological Case for Talking in the Third Person". Mic. 2015-02-25. Retrieved 2020-07-10.
  9. ^ "Hinduism-The Religious Life". uwyo.edu. Archived from the original on 22 October 2015. Retrieved 7 October 2015.
  10. ^ "Swami Ramdas". bhagavan-ramana.org. Archived from the original on 2 October 2011. Retrieved 7 October 2015.
  11. ^ a b Aymard, Orianne (2014-05-01). When a Goddess Dies: Worshipping Ma Anandamayi after Her Death. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0199368631.
  12. ^ a b "rediff.com: The Rediff Interview/Mata Amritanandmayi". rediff.com. Retrieved 7 October 2015.
  13. ^ a b Spoto, Donald (2001). Marilyn Monroe: The Biography. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 324. ISBN 9780815411833.
  14. ^ a b Leaming, Barbara (2010). Marilyn Monroe. Crown. p. 404. ISBN 9780307557773.
  15. ^ a b Whitworth, Melissa (August 28, 2007). "Alice Cooper: 'Some people turn to God, I turned to golf'". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on August 29, 2007. Retrieved August 13, 2011.
  16. ^ a b Private letter to film historian/critic William K. Everson in the late 1970s
  17. ^ "Language – Why do parents refer to themselves in the third person?".
  18. ^ "Why do We Refer to Ourselves in the Third Person when We Talk to Our Kids?".
  19. ^ Lewis, Michael; Ramsay, Douglas (2004). "Development of Self-Recognition, Personal Pronoun Use, and Pretend Play During the 2nd Year". Child Development. 75 (6): 1821–1831. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2004.00819.x. ISSN 1467-8624. PMID 15566382.
  20. ^ Alexander, Catherine M. S., ed. (2003). The Cambridge Shakespeare Library: Shakespeare's times, texts, and stages. Cambridge University Press. p. 101. ISBN 9780521808002.
  21. ^ See the Wikisource of the book: s:The Education of Henry Adams
  22. ^ Glass, Loren Daniel (2004). Authors Inc: Literary Celebrity in the Modern United States, 1880–1980. NYU Press. p. 29. ISBN 9780814731604.
  23. ^ Eisenhower, Dwight (1967). at ease. DoubleDay & Company. pp. 214.
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  26. ^ Harris, Scott (1996-03-10). "Bob Dole Needs to Put the 'I' in Identity". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2012-12-07.
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  28. ^ Bourn, Chris (27 April 2018). "Why People Like Trump Refer to Themselves in the Third Person". Mel Magazine. Retrieved 2 May 2020.
  29. ^ Forza Italia, Berlusconi parla in terza persona, La Repubblica, 26 October 2013
  30. ^ Alberts, Sheldon (9 November 2011), There's no 'you' in Herman Cain, The National Post
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  35. ^ Landers, Chris (2015-10-15). "Johnny Cueto was pretty impressed with Johnny Cueto's Game 5 gem in this third-person interview". mlb.com. How was Johnny Cueto able to step up in such a pivotal Game 5? "Games like this are where you see Johnny Cueto – the real Johnny Cueto." Yes, Cueto gave his interview through an interpreter, but if you listen closely, you'll hear the pitcher was speaking in the third person the whole time.
  36. ^ Mewis, Joe (2013-10-03). "Read the best Zlatan Ibrahimovic quotes on the outspoken Swedish striker's birthday". The Mirror. Retrieved 2016-05-17. There's big boasts, lashings of ego and plenty of third person references ahoy
  37. ^ Hruby, Patrick (2012-08-18). "Lebron James definitely has Dan Gilbert all wrong". ESPN Page 2. ESPN Internet Ventures. Retrieved 2012-12-07.
  38. ^ Nordquist, Richard (2012-09-24). "A Few More Oddities: Illeism, Semantic Satiation, and Garden-Path Sentences". About.com guide. Archived from the original on 2014-04-14. Retrieved 2012-12-07. Here, for instance, is how pro basketball player LeBron James justified his decision to leave the Cleveland Cavaliers to join the Miami Heat: I wanted to do what was best for LeBron James and what LeBron James was going to do to make him happy.
  39. ^ "Rickey Henderson – Society for American Baseball Research".
  40. ^ Taibbi, Matt (2010-03-02). "A Field Guide to Sports Egos". Men's Journal. Archived from the original on 2013-01-28. Retrieved 2012-12-06. They actually have a word for what Rickey Henderson is: illeist.
  41. ^ Fowler, Matt (2009-07-02). "Line-O-Rama: The Rock Says". IGN. Retrieved 2012-12-06.
  42. ^ "Doug Robinson: Karl Malone is one of a kind". Deseret News. 2010-08-10. Archived from the original on October 19, 2015. Retrieved 2012-12-06. Maybe Malone didn't even know he was the one who was saying those things, because he tended to talk about himself as another being, in third person. Or maybe he was just schizophrenic, whatever.
  43. ^ Amis, Martin (2004-10-01). "In search of Dieguito". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 2018-02-22.
  44. ^ e. g. here
  45. ^ Shefter, Adam (2011-02-27). "Sources: Cam Newton thrown for loop". ESPN.com. His comment drew such a reaction because some say his swagger teeters on the edge of pure arrogance. In roughly 12 minutes at the podium, he referred to himself in the third person three times. When asked if some mistake his confidence for cockiness, he said: "I'm not sure, but I'm a confident person, and it was instilled in myself at an early age to believe in myself".
  46. ^ Hattenstone, Simon (2003-06-30). "And God created Pele". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 2009-01-22.
  47. ^ Fink, Jesse (2011-11-13). "Pelé's mouth should get a straight red". The Sunday Guardian. Archived from the original on 2022-11-08. Retrieved 2012-12-06.
  48. ^ "Former Nottingham Forest manager Billy Davies claims 'whispering campaign' has sabotaged Premier League ambitions". The Independent. 27 February 2016. Retrieved 17 October 2020.
  49. ^ Wong, Brittany (2024-07-28). "This Seemingly Narcissistic Habit May Actually Be Good For You". HuffPost.
  50. ^ Wiltz, Teresa (2006-11-02). "Love Him, Or Leave Him?". Washington Post. Retrieved 2012-12-06. They all purport to be in love with Flav, a man who refers to himself in the third person and whose idea of fine dining is a dash to Red Lobster.
  51. ^ Pearson, Howard (7 February 1958). "Murrow to visit Gina Tonight: Producer Opposes Film on TV". Archived 9 April 2016 at the Wayback Machine. Deseret News. Salt Lake City. "Miss Lollobrigida and her husband, Dr. Milko Skofic, arrived in this country only this week for a brief stay. The Italian actress will be only the second person on Murrow's show to speak of herself in the third person."
  52. ^ Canales, Luis (1990). Imperial Gina: The Very Unauthorized Biography of Gina Lollobrigida. Boston: Brookline Village. p. 92. ISBN 978-0-8283-1932-4. Another Lollobrigida trait that may have caused her to be less appreciated by some fellow-workers was her habit of referring to herself in the third person: "I am the expert on Lollobrigida," or "This is the last time Gina does a picture in two different languages."
  53. ^ Hyams, Joe (29 July 1956). "A simple country girl". Archived 28 November 2020 at the Wayback Machine. The Boston Globe. "I found that in addition to having a ready sense of humor, Gina always speaks and thinks of herself in the third person because there are two Gina Lollobrigidas: the actress and the woman."
  54. ^ Rau, Herb (11 September 1955). "Everybody Picks on Lollobrigida". Archived 13 May 2021 at the Wayback Machine. The Miami News. "Off-stage, Gina's very natural, very human, and departs from this pattern only to speak about herself in the third person."
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  98. ^ Simpson, Craig (June 17, 2009). "Summer of '84—Waxing on Nostalgia: The Karate Kid". Slant Magazine. Miyagi is a trickier case: at first it looks like Avildsen overplays the man's exoticness (cue that pan flute!), enforced by Kamen's questionable emphasis on the character's me-no-likey phonetic third-person English. ("Miyagi this, Miyagi that...")
  99. ^ "Quotes for Magua (Character)". IMDB. 2014-08-01. When the Grey Hair is dead, Magua will eat his heart. Before he dies, Magua will put his children under the knife, so the Grey Hair will know his seed is wiped out forever.
  100. ^ "Fast & Furious (2009) – Quotes". IMDB. 2020-06-04. Papa Dwight wants you to take off your shoes! Dwight loves feet!.
  101. ^ "Cars 2 – An interview with director John Lasseter". Sound and Picture Online. 2011-06-20. He's not just any formula car. He's the star from Italy, Francesco Bernoulli. He is so full of himself—he's an open-wheel car and in the car world, an open-wheel car is like those guys who barely button their shirts. He talks about himself in the third person. Voicing Francesco Bernoulli is John Turturro and he hit it out of the park. It's one of the most entertaining characters we've ever created.
  102. ^ "A Cracked Concerto". Kanon (2006–2007). Episode 14.
  103. ^ Bowers, J. (2007-09-27). "Nodame Cantabile, Vols. 6–10 (Del Rey)". playbackstl.com. Archived from the original on 2012-05-17. Retrieved 2012-12-19.
  104. ^ Moody, Allen (2013-11-05). "Haganai – Review". THEM Anime Reviews. Like Tim, I didn't like most of the other characters, especially Rika, whose tics (speaking of herself in the third person, and imagining sexual situations in the damnedest places- for example, in mecha manga) kept making me shout "Make it STOP!!!!"
  105. ^ "Fairy Tail: 10 Things That Make No Sense About Juvia". CBR. 2020-02-25. Retrieved 2022-04-01.
  106. ^ "Fernando Martinez, Grand Theft Auto Vice City". Quotes.net. Retrieved 2020-03-30. "Stay with me. Stay with Fernando. Por favor. Mi amor. Siolito. It's like Fernando said to his ex-wife: 'I love you, please, don't leave me. It is not what you think; I was bitten by a snake, and the nice lady, she came to suck out the poison. The story, she no work very well.'"
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