The Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC) is the electoral body which oversees elections in Nigeria. It was established in 1998 shortly before Nigeria's transition from military to civilian rule.[1][2]
History
editRegulation and administration of elections
editThe administration of democratic elections in Nigeria dates back to the period before Independence when the Electoral Commission of Nigeria (ECN) was inaugurated in 1958 to conduct the 1959[3] federal elections. Prior to 1958, regional laws and government regulated and conducted elections.[4][5] ECN was headed by an expatriate, Ronald Edward Wraith and four Nigerian members representing each region and the Federal Capital Territory of Lagos. The Federal Electoral Commission (FEC), established in 1960 conducted the immediate post-independence federal and regional elections of 1964 and 1965.[6] Prior to the conduct of the 1964 election, the Chief Electoral Officer, Kofo Abayomi resigned and some party officials from the NCNC and Action Group doubted the credibility of a free and fair election.[7] The electoral body was dissolved after the military coup of 1966 in Nigeria.[8] In 1978, the Federal Electoral Commission was constituted by the regime of General Olusegun Obasanjo, organizing the elections of 1979 which ushered in the Nigerian Second Republic under the leadership of Alhaji Shehu Shagari. It also conducted the general elections of 1983.[9]
In December 1995, the military government under the leadership of general Sani Abacha established the National Electoral Commission of Nigeria which conducted another set of elections. These elected institutions were not inaugurated before the sudden death of General Abacha in June 1998 aborted the process. In 1998, General Abdulsalam Abubakar's Administration dissolved National Electoral Commission of Nigeria (NECON) and established the Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC).[3][4] INEC organized the transitional elections that ushered in the Nigerian Fourth Republic on May 29, 1999.[9]
In January 2015, the "#BringBackOurGirls group raised the alarm over plans by the Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC) to exclude Chibok and some communities currently under the control of the Boko Haram from getting the permanent voter cards (PVCs) for the February elections."[10]
The chairman of the first Nigerian Federal Electoral Commission (FEC) was Chief Eyo Esua (1964–1966) in the First Republic. When General Olusegun Obasanjo prepared for a return to civilian power in the Second Republic, he established a new Federal Electoral Commission headed by Chief Michael Ani to supervise the 1979 elections. Ani was succeeded by Justice Victor Ovie Whisky. During the Ibrahim Babangida and Sani Abacha regimes, which attempted returns to democracy, the National Electoral Commission of Nigeria was headed by professor Eme Awa (1987–1989), professor Humphrey Nwosu (1989–1993), professor Okon Uya and chief Sumner Dagogo-Jack (1994–1998).[11][12]
INEC
editGeneral Abdulsalami Abubakar established the current INEC, with Justice Ephraim Akpata as chairman. Akpata had to deal with 26 applications for party, but apporving only nine for the 1998/1999 elections, eventually reduced to three.[13] Despite efforts to ensure free and fair elections, the process drew serious criticism from international observers.[14] After Akpata died in January 2000, the government of President Olusegun Obasanjo appointed Abel Guobadia Nigeria's Chief Electoral Officer, a position that was confirmed by the Nigerian Senate in May 2000.[15] Guobadia was responsible for the 2003 elections, which were marred by widespread violence and other irregularities.[16]
In June 2005, Guobadia retired and was succeeded by professor Maurice Iwu. Soon after being appointed, Iwu announced that foreign monitors would not be allowed during elections, but only foreign election observers. This decision was condemned by politicians and civil society groups who called for his immediate removal from office.[17] The conduct of the 2007 elections was again criticized as falling below acceptable democratic standards.[18]
On 8 June 2010, professor Attahiru Muhammadu Jega was nominated by President Goodluck Jonathan as the new INEC Chairman, subject to Senate confirmation, as a replacement for Iwu, who had vacated the post on 28 April 2010.[19] Jega's nomination as INEC chairman followed approval by a meeting of the National Council of State called by President Jonathan and attended by former heads of state Yakubu Gowon, Muhammadu Buhari, Ibrahim Babangida, Abdulsalami Abubakar, Ernest Shonekan, Olusegun Obasanjo and Shehu Shagari. The Senate President David Mark, Speaker of the House of Representatives Oladimeji Bankole, and most of the state Governors also attended the meeting. Unanimous approval by the council of the nominee for this critical appointment avoided controversy about whether or not the President should appoint the chairman of the INEC.[20] Reactions to the announcement from a broad spectrum of political leaders and organisations were positive, although some voiced concern that it could be too late to implement real reforms before the 2011 elections.[21]
During the campaign for the 2015 Nigerian general elections, Attahiru Jega "faced fierce criticism from both the opposition and the ruling party."[22] Attahiru Jega's five-year term came to an end on June 30, 2015, and though he was qualified for re-appointment, the chances of such became remote given the allegations of bias against him by campaign officials of President Goodluck.[23] President Mohammadu Buhari appointed professor Mahmood Yakubu as INEC Chairman, Yakubu took over from Amina Bala-Zakari, who was the acting chairman after Jega left.[24]
Controversies
editThe INEC has encountered several controversies in the run-up to elections in the country, most notably the April 2007 general elections, including criticism about its preparedness from Sa'ad Abubakar, Sultan of Sokoto[25] and a dispute over its "disqualification" of Vice president Atiku Abubakar's candidacy.[26] The Supreme Court ruled that the INEC can not disqualify candidates, so Abubakar's name was added to ballots at the last minute.[27]
On the subject of election irregularities, INEC spokesman Philip Umeadi said on April 19, 2007, that "We are not sitting on any crisis in Nigeria".[28] The mission of INEC is to serve as an independent and effective Election Management Bodies (EMB) committed to the conduct of free, fair and credible elections for sustainable democracy in Nigeria. The vision of INEC is to be one of the best Election Management Bodies (EMB) in the world that meets the aspirations of the Nigerian people.
In the buildup to 2015 general elections, the INEC under Jega introduced smart card reader for the verification of voters and their voting cards to minimize incidence of fraud and rigging.[29] The introduction of card readers was hailed by many Nigerians but a group of four minor political parties who claimed to be acting on behalf of 15 political parties kicked against it and urged the INEC to suspend the use of card readers in the 2015 elections.[30] The 2015 general elections were adjudged the most credible, free and fair elections since the return of democracy in 1999.[31][32]
The INEC was accused of widespread electoral irregularities in the 2019 presidential elections including cases of ballot paper unavailability, smart card readers malfunctioning, and large cancellation of valid votes. The main opposition People's Democratic Party and its presidential candidate challenged the results of the election in court.[33]
References
edit- ^ "INEC Nigeria". INEC website. Independent National Electoral Commission. Retrieved 2007-03-19.
- ^ Odeyemi, Temitayo Isaac; Igwebueze, Gideon Uchechukwu; Abati, Omomayowa Olawale; Ogundotun, Adeola Opeyemi (2022). "Political hibernation in-between elections? Exploring the online communication and mobilisation capacities of Nigeria's political parties". Journal of Public Affairs. 22: e2804. doi:10.1002/pa.2804. ISSN 1479-1854. S2CID 245477177.
- ^ a b Odimayo, Kelechi (2019-01-18). "History of INEC in Nigeria". Legit.ng - Nigeria news. Retrieved 2022-07-30.
- ^ a b "INEC History – INEC Nigeria". www.inecnigeria.org. Archived from the original on 2021-06-28. Retrieved 2020-05-24.
- ^ Myths of peace & democracy? : towards building pillars of hope, unity and transformation in Africa. Marongwe, Ngonidzashe, Mawere, Munyaradzi. Mankon, Bamenda, Cameroon. September 2016. pp. 128–131. ISBN 978-9956-764-60-0. OCLC 965355951.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) CS1 maint: others (link) - ^ "ACE". aceproject.org. Retrieved 2022-07-30.
- ^ Alao, Akin (2001-10-01). "The Republican Constitution of 1963: The Supreme Court and Federalism in Nigeria". University of Miami International and Comparative Law Review. 10 (2): 91.
- ^ "1966 Coup: How violence was unleashed on northern officials in London High Commission-Amb Ukume". Vanguard News. 2021-12-29. Retrieved 2022-07-30.
- ^ a b "INEC History". Independent National Electoral Commission. Retrieved 2010-02-13.
- ^ Chika Mefor; Ejike Ejike (2015-01-08). "allAfrica.com: Nigeria: Elections - BBOG Group Raises the Alarm Over Plans to Exclude Chibok From Voting". Leadership (Abuja) - allAfrica.com. Retrieved 2015-01-08.
- ^ "Maurice Iwu And The Clamour For His Sack". The Tide Onlibe. March 21, 2010. Retrieved 2010-06-10.
- ^ "ELECTORAL COMMISSION THROUGH THE YEARS". NBF News. 7 Jun 2010. Retrieved 2010-06-10.
- ^ Jude Opara (2 June 2009). "INEC 10 Years After - an Appraisal". daily Champion. Retrieved 2010-02-13.
- ^ "OBSERVING THE 1998-99 NIGERIA ELECTIONS" (PDF). Carter Center, NDI. Summer 1999. Retrieved 2010-02-14.
- ^ "Abel Guobadia Takes Helm in Nigeria" (PDF). Elections Today. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-11-28. Retrieved 2010-02-13.
- ^ "Nigeria's 2003 Elections - The Unacknowledged Violence". Human Rights Watch. June 1, 2004. Retrieved 2010-02-14.
- ^ "The Many Battles of Maurice Iwu". ThisDay. 30 March 2009. Retrieved 2009-09-16.
- ^ OFEIBEA QUIST-ARCTON (April 23, 2007). "Nigerian Election Results Hotly Disputed". NPR. Retrieved 2010-02-14.
- ^ Mohammed S. Shehu (9 June 2010). "Attahiru Jega a Radical At INEC". Daily Trust. Retrieved 2010-10-10.
- ^ Daniel Idonor (9 June 2010). "Attahiru Jega is New INEC Boss". Vanguard. Retrieved 10 October 2010.
- ^ "Cautious Optimism Trail Jega's Appointment". Vanguard. 10 June 2010. Retrieved 10 October 2010.
- ^ "Nigeria: Five Key Figures to Watch in Nigeria Election". allAfrica.com: Vanguard. 2015-03-23. Retrieved 2015-03-27.
- ^ Soni Daniel (2 March 2015). "Tension Mounts on Presidency over Jega". Vanguard. Retrieved 17 July 2018.
- ^ "Breaking: Buhari appoints Mahmood Yakubu as INEC chairman". Vanguard News. 2015-10-21. Retrieved 2020-05-24.
- ^ "Sultan slams Nigeria's election preparations". Angola Press website. Angola Press Agency. 2007-03-17. Archived from the original on 2007-09-29. Retrieved 2007-03-19.
- ^ Chesa, Chesa; Kazeem Akintunde. "Atiku Can't Stop Elections – Obasanjo". Daily Independent Online Edition. Independent Newspapers. Retrieved 2007-03-19.
- ^ "Abubakar to run for Nigeria presidency". Independent Online. Independent News & Media. 2007-04-17. Retrieved 2007-04-20.
- ^ Polgreen, Lydia (2007-04-20). "Nigeria Frets Over How to Give Voters a Real Say". The New York Times. p. A3. Retrieved 2007-04-20.
- ^ "Questions And Answers On Card Readers". guardian.ng. 27 February 2015. Retrieved 2020-04-12.
- ^ "4 Political Parties Want Jega Fired; Threaten To Boycott Elections Over Card Readers". SilverbirdTV. 2015-03-05. Archived from the original on 2021-06-11. Retrieved 2020-04-12.
- ^ "Jega". TheCable. 2015-06-30. Retrieved 2020-04-12.
- ^ Ugwuanyi, Sylvester (2015-06-21). "The use of card readers in elections has come to stay – Jega". Daily Post Nigeria. Retrieved 2020-04-12.
- ^ Thisday Newspapers (27 February 2019). "NBA Accuses INEC Officials of Aiding Election Rigging". Thisdaylive.