Induction sealing

CIA-Activity

USE OF INDUCTION SEALING IN FIELD OF CIVIL ENGINEERING healing of asphalt pavements through induction heating is a promising technology, the effectiveness of this approach is yet to be demonstrate. In addition, limited studieshave been conducted to study the recover of cracking damage and fracture resistance properties after healing .The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that a new generation of asphaltic materials could be artificially healed while in-service by embedding metallic fibres in the mix and by applying an electromagnetic field at the surface. To achieve this objective, an open-graded friction course (OGFC)Was designed and prepared to incorporate up to 5% steel and aluminium fibres by weight of the mix. Based bon the study results, it was found that the control mix and prepared with aluminium fibres exihibited greater ultimate load at failure prior to healing than the specimen with steel fibres. the induction heating experiment was conducted successfully and showed the fossiblity of induction Eddy current in the confirmed that induction cracks healed efficiently during the recovery period.

Keywords: Induction heating, self -healing asphalt concrete, fracture resistance,steel fibres, aluminium fibres

CONCLUSION

Yashwanth Pamulapati and co- workers conclude that, induction sealing in civil engineering is an innovative technique primerlay used for sealing materials and ensuring airtight, waterproof,or tamper-evident clouses in various construction application. While it's use is more common in packaging and manufacturing, it's adoption in civil engineering brings several benefits.

REFERENCE

Yashwanath Pamulapati

Louisiana State University

Samel Cooper

Louisiana Department of Transportation

_{NAME: KOYAL GUTHALE}

_{ROLL NO:12}

_{PRN: 0124UCEF1012}

_{GROUP NO:3}

_BATCH:D1

^[1]

Sealing process

An induction sealer with a conveyor

The closure is supplied to the bottler with an aluminum foil layer liner already inserted. Although there are various liners to choose from, a typical induction liner is multi-layered. The top layer is a paper pulp that is generally spot-glued to the cap. The next layer is wax that is used to bond a layer of aluminum foil to the pulp. The bottom layer is a polymer film laminated to the foil. After the cap or closure is applied, the container passes under an induction coil, which emits an oscillating electromagnetic field. As the container passes under the induction coil (sealing head), the conductive aluminum foil liner begins to heat as a result of the eddy currents being induced. The heat melts the wax, which is absorbed into the pulp backing and releases the foil from the cap. The polymer film also heats and flows onto the lip of the container. When cooled, the polymer creates a bond with the container resulting in a hermetically sealed product. Neither the container nor its contents are negatively affected, and the heat generated does not harm the contents.^[2]

It is possible to overheat the foil and thereby cause damage to the seal layer and to any protective barriers. This could result in faulty seals, even weeks after the initial sealing process, so proper sizing of the induction sealing is vital to determine the exact system necessary to run a particular product.

Sealing can be done with either a handheld unit or on a conveyor system. A more recent development (which better suits a small number of applications) allows for induction sealing to be used to apply a foil seal to a container without the need for a closure. In this case, foil is supplied pre-cut or in a reel. Where supplied in a reel, it is die cut and transferred onto the container neck. When the foil is in place, it is pressed down by the seal head, the induction cycle is activated, and the seal is bonded to the container. This process is known as direct application or sometimes "capless" induction sealing.

Potential uses

A hand held induction sealer

There are a variety of reasons companies choose to use induction sealing:

Tamper evidence
Leak prevention
Freshness retention
Protection against package pilferage
Sustainability
Production speed

Tamper evidence

With the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulations concerning tamper-resistant packaging, pharmaceutical packagers must find ways to comply as outlined in Sec. 450.500 Tamper-Resistant Packaging Requirements for Certain over-the-counter (OTC) Human Drug Products (CPG 7132a.17).

Induction sealing systems meet or exceed these government regulations. As stated in section 6 of Packaging Systems:

"...6. CONTAINER MOUTH INNER SEALS. Paper, thermal plastic, plastic film, foil, or a combination thereof, is sealed to the mouth of a container (e.g., bottle) under the cap. The seal must be torn or broken to open the container and remove the product. The seal cannot be removed and reapplied without leaving visible evidence of entry. Seals applied by heat induction to plastic containers appear to offer a higher degree of tamper-resistance than those that depend on an adhesive to create the bond..."

Leak prevention/protection

A common application for flat sealing heads are to seal containers in the food and beverage industry to prevent leaks and extend shelf life.

Some shipping companies require liquid chemical products to be sealed prior to shipping to prevent hazardous chemicals from spilling on other shipments.

Freshness

Induction sealing keeps unwanted pollutants from seeping into food products, and may assist in extending shelf life of certain products.

Pilferage protection

Induction-sealed containers help prevent the product from being broken into by leaving a noticeable residue on plastic containers from the liner itself. Pharmaceutical companies purchase liners that will purposely leave liner film/foil residue on bottles. Food companies that use induction seals do not want the liner residue as it could potentially interfere with the product itself upon dispensing. They, in turn, put a notice on the product that it has been induction-sealed for their protection; letting the consumer know it was sealed upon leaving the factory and they should check for an intact seal before using.

Sustainability

In some applications, induction sealing can be considered to contribute towards sustainability goals by allowing lower bottle weights as the pack relies on the presence of an induction foil seal for its security, rather than a mechanically strong bottle neck and closure.^[3]

Induction heating analysis

Some manufacturers have produced devices which can monitor the magnetic field strength present at the induction head (either directly or indirectly via such mechanisms as pick up coils), dynamically predicting the heating effect in the foil. Such devices provide quantifiable data post-weld in a production environment where uniformity – particularly in parameters such as foil peel-off strength, is important. Analysers may be portable or designed to work in conjunction with conveyor belt systems.

High speed power analysis techniques (voltage and current measurement in near real time) can be used to intercept power delivery from mains to generator or generator to head in order to calculate energy delivered to the foil and the statistical profile of that process. As the thermal capacity of the foil is typically static, such information as true power, apparent power and power factor may be used to predict foil heating with good relevance to final weld parameters and in a dynamic manner.

Many other derivative parameters may be calculated for each weld, yielding confidence in a production environment that is notably more difficult to achieve in conduction transfer systems, where analysis, if present is generally post-weld as relatively large thermal mass of heating and conduction elements combined impair rapid temperature change. Inductive heating with quantitative feedback such as that provided by power analysis techniques further allows for the possibility of dynamic adjustments in energy delivery profile to the _target. This opens the possibility of feed-forward systems where the induction generator properties are adjusted in near real-time as the heating process proceeds, allowing for a specific heating profile track and subsequent compliance feedback – something that is not generally practical for conduction heating processes.

Benefits of induction vs. conduction sealing

Conduction sealing requires a hard metal plate to make perfect contact with the container being sealed. Conduction sealing systems delay production time because of required system warm-up time.^{[citation needed]} They also have complex temperature sensors and heaters.

Unlike conduction sealing systems, induction sealing systems require very little power resources, deliver instant startup time, and have a sealing head which can conform to "out of specification" containers when sealing.^{[citation needed]}

Induction sealing also offers advantages when sealing to glass: Using a conduction sealer to seal a simple foil structure to glass gives no tolerance or compressibility to allow for any irregularity in the glass surface finish. With an induction sealer, the contact face can be of a compressible material, ensuring a perfect bond each time.^{[citation needed]}

Real-world applications of induction sealing

Induction sealing is broadly used to preserve the freshness and integrity of various products, such as:

Sauces, jams, and condiments
Dairy products, including milk and yogurt containers
Beverages, such as water, coffee, tea, and juices
Nutritional supplements
Ready-to-eat meals, soups, and other food products
Pet food and animal care products
Medications and other pharmeceuticals
Cosmetics, such as shampoos and conditioners
Skin care products, such as lotions, creams, and serums
Various chemical substances, including cleaning agents, pesticides, and fertilizers
Pastes, adhesives, sealants, paints, and coatings
Lubricants and greases
Sporting goods supplies

History

Induction Sealing inventor Jack Palmer (circa 1995)

1957–1958 – Original concept and method for induction sealing is conceived and proven by Jack Palmer (a process engineer at that time for the FR Corporation – Bronx, NY) as a means of solving liquid leakage from polyethylene bottles during shipment
1960 – U.S. patent 2,937,481 is awarded to Jack Palmer, in which his concept and process of induction sealing is made public
Mid-1960s – Induction sealing is used worldwide
1973 – First solid-state cap sealer introduced
1982 – Chicago Tylenol murders
1983 – First transistorized air-cooled power supply for induction cap sealing
1985 – Universal coil technology debuted
1992 – Water-cooled, IGBT-based sealer introduced
1997 – Waterless cap sealers introduced by Auto-Mate Technologies - The Originator of the Patented "Waterless Cap Sealer (half the size and relatively maintenance-free)
2003 - Auto-Mate Technologies SMART-SEAL, Full-Featured "Waterless Cap Sealers"
2004 – 6 kW system introduced, Auto-Mate Technologies adds inspection capabilities to the induction sealing machine; making it a combination inspection machine for inspection of crooked caps, missing foils, checking for sealed caps, conveyor monitoring, rejecting etc.

References

^ US 2937481 A, Jack Palmer, "Method of producing a package", published 1958
^ Evans, Scott (1997), Temperature transfer due to induction sealing, archived from the original on 2 April 2015, retrieved 9 Mar 2015
^ Company, JSA Packaging. "J.S.A Enterprises". J.S.A Enterprises. Retrieved 2021-03-12. {{cite web}}: |last= has generic name (help)

External links

[1] US 2937481 A, Jack Palmer, "Method of producing a package", published 1958

[2] Evans, Scott (1997), Temperature transfer due to induction sealing, archived from the original on 2 April 2015, retrieved 9 Mar 2015

[3] Company, JSA Packaging. "J.S.A Enterprises". J.S.A Enterprises. Retrieved 2021-03-12. {{cite web}}: |last= has generic name (help)

[1]

[2]

[3]