Wikipedia

Intersex rights in Spain

Citizens of Spain who are intersex face problems that the wider society does not encounter. Laws that provide protection against discrimination or genital mutilation for intersex people exist only in some autonomous communities rather than on a national level. The 3/2007 law is the current law in Spain which relates to legal gender change including the rights of intersex people,[1] although a new law is about to be passed in the near future.[2]

Intersex rights in Spain
Location of Spain (dark green)

– in Europe (light green & dark grey)
– in the European Union (light green)  –  [Legend]

Protection of physical integrity and bodily autonomyIn some regions
Changing M/F sex classificationsIn some regions

Inter-sexuality is not widely recognized in Spain, as it is rarely discussed even within LGBT organizations. As a result, intersex people face problems such as genital mutilation during childhood, discrimination, and a lack of legal capacity to change their legal gender status after an incorrect sex assignment.[3]

Spain is known as a progressive country in reference to LGBTQ+ rights; however, its national legislation is behind those of some other countries, such as Malta and Portugal, in regard to both intersex people's rights and the rights of the LGBTQ+ community.[3]

The United Nations Committee on the Rights of the Child has condemned Spain on the grounds of genital mutilation, as the committee believes that Spain fails to comply with its obligation to protect children from genital modification.[4]

History

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Further information: Intersex in history

During the rule of the Roman Empire,[contradictory] Roman customs stated that people born with ambiguous genitals were signs of bad omen and monsters that had to be killed in a purification ceremony. During the time when the Romans ruled over Hispania those rules were no longer enforced and intersex people had the right to be married.[5]

When the Umayyad Caliphate ruled over the Iberian Peninsula, medieval Muslims acknowledged the existence of intersex people, known as khuntha (Arabic: خنثى). When the sex of the person was not ambiguous, they were considered to be of the predominant sex, and when the sex could not be determined easily, they would be considered as a third sex. According to Sharia law, different rules applied to men and women—for example, in the case of inheritances. Sometimes an exploration of the anatomy of the khuntha was required to determine if a person had to follow the laws pertaining to women or to men.[6][7]

During the Middle Ages, the Catholic Church taught that only two sexes exist: male and female. Non-ambiguous intersex people were considered to belong to the gender they were more alike and people with ambiguous genitalia had to choose a sex and abide by it. Intersex people had to comply with the current laws in regard to the chosen gender throughout their entire lives. For example, if an intersex person chose to live as a man, that person would be convicted on the grounds of sodomy if they were to have sexual relations with a man and if they chose to live as a woman, it would be illegal to have sex with a woman but would be allowed to do so with a man.[5]

A notorious case during the 16th century related to a person called Elena de Céspedes, who lived as a man in order to practice as a surgeon. There is some debate about whether de Céspedes was intersex, transgender, or living as a man in order to work. When de Céspedes was born, they were assigned female at birth by their parents and they married a man, but later changed their name to Eleno and married a woman. During their defense at the Spanish Inquisition, de Céspedes stated that they were born with both male and female genitals, but the tribunal claimed that de Céspedes had used their medical knowledge to alter their own genitalia. They were sentenced to two hundred lashes and to work in a hospital without pay for ten years.[8][9]

The first documented intersex person in Spain was Fernanda Fernández from Zújar. During the 18th century, Fernández was assigned female at birth by their parents and they served as a nun for 14 years. At age 32, Fernández underwent several medical examinations and it was declared that they were male because their genitalia was unlike that of a woman. Fernández's vows as a nun were canceled and they began to dress as a man.[5][9]

During the 19th century there was a serial killer called Manuel Blanco Romasanta who is now speculated to have been intersex. When Romasanta was born, their parents were unsure about the baby's sex, so they were assigned female at birth and received the name Manuela, but when Romasanta was eight years old, they were included as a man in a civil parish register. Historians have described Romasanta as having "feminine" traits.[10][11]

Intersex and LGBTQ+ peoples were persecuted during the Franco regime and intersex people were seen by the Franco administration as monsters. Florencio Pla Messenguer, nicknamed "La Pastora," was born in 1917 with ambiguous genitalia and was named Teresa and declared female by their parents, who wished to protect Messenguer from having to join the military. Messenguer was teased as a child and after a traumatic genital examination by members of the Franco military, decided to transition to a masculine presentation. Messenguer then joined the anti-Franco forces, but was eventually detained and sent to a number of female prisons. Messenguer was eventually pardoned and released in 1978 after spending twenty years in prison.[12][13]

Physical integrity and bodily autonomy

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Currently, Madrid, Aragon, the Balearic Islands, and Valencia are the only autonomous communities that have laws against intersex genital mutilations, represented in green.
Further information: Intersex human rights and Intersex medical interventions

In Spain, genital mutilation for intersex people is legal and financed by the state through the Spanish National Health System.[14] These surgical procedures are often performed on babies or children per choice of their parents, and in these cases are non-consensual, irreversible, and medically unnecessary.[14] Due to the operation complications, recovery, the social and emotional transition, and a multitude of other complexities, health and psychological problems frequently result.[15][16][17] However, the legal availability of these surgeries also provide outstanding benefits, such as aesthetics, an opportunity to overcome the belief that intersex people will not be able to properly adjust themselves to society or maintain emotional relationships because of their atypical genitals, and they provide the ability to combat certain medical conditions that can result from intersexual practices, such as the increased incidence of cancer.[18]

As of 2019, Madrid,[15] Aragon,[19] the Balearic Islands,[20] and Valencia[21] are the only autonomous communities with laws that ban intersex genital mutilation for minors. Instead, they require genital surgery of minors to be delayed until the patient reaches an age that legislators in these communities deem appropriate for this kind of decision-making. Bills regarding genital surgery of minors have also been drafted in the Canary Islands,[22] Asturias,[23] and Cantabria,[24] but none have officially been approved.

Right to life

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Further information: Genetic diagnosis of intersex

Prenatal screening can detect certain medical conditions in the fetus, including inter-sexuality. As a result, some parents choose to abort children presenting with atypical genitals. These systematic abortions are not considered ethical, and therefore some NGOs, as well as the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe, have pushed for the ban of these tests. In 2015, a Council of Europe Issue Paper on Human rights and intersex people stated:

Intersex people’s right to life can be violated in discriminatory “sex selection” and “preimplantation genetic diagnosis, other forms of testing, and selection for particular characteristics”. Such de-selection or selective abortions are incompatible with ethics and human rights standards due to the discrimination perpetrated against intersex people on the basis of their sex characteristics.[25]

Protection from discrimination

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Main article: Discrimination against intersex people

Intersex people are at risk for bullying and a higher poverty rates.[26][25]

Remedies and claims for compensation

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Spain currently does not have any kind of compensation or reparation system for victims of intersex genital mutilation. Although there have been several lawsuits, none have been won.[14] Due to the stigma surrounding inter-sexuality it is difficult for people to access their original medical records in order to make an appeal.[5]

Identification documents

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Main article: Legal recognition of intersex people
 
Autonomous communities in Spain where legal gender can be changed without having to receive surgical or hormonal treatments.

To intersex people, legal recognition is more about the right to change their legal gender and to declare self-determination of their sexual identity. Some intersex rights organizations are against the notion of a third gender classification because they consider that it a cause of discrimination and other forms of gender-based violence.[26] However, third gender classifications are necessary because some intersex people do not identify as a man or woman. The law in Spain does not recognize the existence of non-binary genders, and for this reason it can be difficult to change genders legally.[27]

Frequently, an intersex person is assigned a sex when they are born, but then begin to develop traits of the opposite sex as they mature, specifically during puberty. Additionally, inappropriate sex assignments are common in Spain because the parents of intersex children only have 72 hours to register their child's sex on the Civil Registry after birth.[18] As a result, the process of changing genders involves adjusting the legal gender stated on the DNI, the Spanish National Identity card.[28]

However, according to the current Spanish law passed in 3/2007, hormone treatment is required for two years to be able to change legal gender on the DNI, and to be diagnosed with gender dysphoria.[29] The 2007 law, which relates to registering sex changes, as well as Article 54 and Title V of the Civil Registration Act of 1957 require all names in a DNI to be clearly-gendered.[28] According to a paper published in 2012, between 8.5% and 20% of intersex people experience dysphoria, so those outside of this percentage are somewhat restricted.[29] However, some laws have been developed at the regional level that allow to change gender freely.[30][31]

Rights advocacy

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In Spain, there are several intersex rights organizations, depending on the type of condition. Some of these are AISSG Spain (GrApSIA), the Spanish Society for Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia and AMAR.[32][33]

The Mexican project Brújula Intersexual reports about news related with inter-sexuality in the Spanish language, particularly about events occurring in the Spanish-speaking world. It is focused on spreading information and awareness about the topic of inter-sexuality.[14]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ "Entra en vigor la Ley de Identidad de Género". El País (in Spanish). 2007-03-17. Retrieved 2019-06-01.
  2. ^ Borraz, Marta (2022-06-27). "El Gobierno aprueba la 'ley trans' que reconoce el derecho a la autodeterminación de género" (in Spanish). elDiario.es. Retrieved 2022-06-27.
  3. ^ a b "El colectivo LGTBI reivindica una ley estatal que garantice sus derechos ante el repunte del discurso del odio". RTVE (in Spanish). 2019-05-17. Retrieved 2019-05-30.
  4. ^ "CRC77 > Spain 10th European State Reprimanded for Intersex Genital Mutilation by UN". stop.genitalmutilation.org. 2018-02-18. Retrieved 2019-05-30.
  5. ^ a b c d Godoy Peña, Camilo Andrés (October 2015). Análisis del tratamiento de la intersexualidad a la luz del derecho internacional de los derechos humanos y su realidad en Chile (Thesis) (in Spanish). University of Concepción. Retrieved 2019-05-30.
  6. ^ Hamzić, Vanja (2013). "A History in the Making. Muslim Sexual and Gender Diversity between International Human Rights Law andIslamic Law" (PDF). King's College London: 196–198. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2021-09-15. Retrieved 2019-06-01.
  7. ^ Sanders, Paula (1991). "5. Gendering the Ungendered Body: Hermaphrodites in Medieval Islamic Law". In R. Keddie, Nikki; Baron, Beth (eds.). Women in Middle Eastern History: Shifting Boundaries in Sex and Gender. Yale University Press. pp. 74–96. ISBN 9780300050059. JSTOR j.ctt1bhkp33.9.
  8. ^ Carrillo Esper, Raúl; Carrillo Córdova, Jorge Raúl; Carrillo Córdova, Luis Daniel; Carrillo Córdova, Dulce María; Carrillo Córdova, Carlos Alberto (2015-09-29). "Elena de Céspedes. La azarosa vida de una cirujana del siglo XVI" (PDF). Gaceta Médica de México (in Spanish). 151. Academia Nacional de Medicina de México: 538–542. Retrieved 2019-05-29.
  9. ^ a b García Cucala, Ana (2014-05-19). "Cuerpos más allá de la norma: Eleno de Céspedes y Fernanda Fernández". Andalucía Diversa (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 2016-12-21. Retrieved 2019-05-29.
  10. ^ R. Pontevedra, Silvia (2012-11-01). "El hombre lobo era mujer". El País (in Spanish). Retrieved 2019-05-28.
  11. ^ Crespo Maclennan, Gloria (2017-04-02). "Lobismuller, licántropo hermafrodita". El País (in Spanish). Retrieved 2019-05-28.
  12. ^ Gallego, Mar (2016-07-11). "¡Que viene La Pastora!". Pikara Magazine (in Spanish). Retrieved 2019-05-29.
  13. ^ Pons, Marc (2019-01-01). "Muere Teresa Pla, 'Teresot', que se hizo maqui después de sufrir abusos de la Guardia Civil". El Nacional (in Spanish). Retrieved 2019-05-28.
  14. ^ a b c d Inter, Laura; Bauer, Markus; Truffer, Daniela (January 2017). "Intersex Genital Mutilations. Human rights violations of children with variations of sex anatomy" (PDF). Retrieved 2019-05-29.
  15. ^ a b Rodrigo, Borja (2016-12-11). "Intersexualidad: La ablación legal al servicio del género". El Mundo (in Spanish). Retrieved 2019-05-29.
  16. ^ Anarte, Enrique (2015-12-23). "Hablemos de mutilación genital en España si hablamos de intersexualidad". 20 Minutos (in Spanish). Retrieved 2019-05-30.
  17. ^ Carpenter, Morgan (2015-03-16). "Comment: 'Curing' intersex is damaging and common". SBS News. Retrieved 2019-05-29.
  18. ^ a b Ayuso, Bárbara (2016-09-17). "Soy intersexual, no hermafrodita". El País (in Spanish). Retrieved 2019-05-30.
  19. ^ "Aragón aprueba su ley de identidad y expresión de género". Diario La Ley (in Spanish). Wolters Kluwer. 2018-05-09. Retrieved 2019-05-30.[permanent dead link‍]
  20. ^ Povo, Elena (2019-11-24). "Alemania reconoce legalmente la intersexualidad. ¿Qué ocurre en España?". Vozpópuli (in Spanish). Retrieved 2019-06-01.
  21. ^ Enguix, Salvador (2018-11-21). "Valencia aprueba la Ley LGTBI más avanzada de España". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). Retrieved 2019-05-29.
  22. ^ "El Gobierno elabora "en tiempo récord" el anteproyecto de Ley de No Discriminación por razón de identidad de género para ser remitido a Parlamento". Sol del Sur (in Spanish). 2019-05-07. Retrieved 2019-05-30.
  23. ^ D. Machargo, Susana (2018-10-16). "Asturias regula el derecho a la paternidad de los transexuales y el tratamiento de los menores". La Voz de Asturias (in Spanish). Retrieved 2019-05-30.
  24. ^ Europa Press (2017-05-03). "Cantabria promueve una ley de identidad de género para menores transexuales". El Mundo (in Spanish). Retrieved 2019-05-30.
  25. ^ a b Muižnieks, Nils (Commissioner for Human Rights); Council of Europe (2015-05-12). "Human rights and intersex people, Issue paper" (pdf). Retrieved 2019-05-28.
  26. ^ a b Asia Pacific Forum (June 2016). "Promoting and Protecting Human Rights in relation to Sexual Orientation, Gender Identity and Sex Characteristics" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2021-03-01. Retrieved 2019-05-29.
  27. ^ Karsay, Dodo (10 October 2017). "Being Outside the Gender Binary Translates to Worse Health". Heinrich Böll Stiftung: The Green Political Foundation. Retrieved 7 May 2020.
  28. ^ a b Platero, R. (2011). The narratives of transgender rights mobilization in Spain. Sexualities, 14(5), 597–614. doi:10.1177/1363460711415336
  29. ^ a b Futardo, Paulo Sampaio (2012). "Gender Dysphoria Associated With Disorders of Sex". Nature Reviews. Urology. 9 (11): 620–7. doi:10.1038/nrurol.2012.182. PMID 23045263. S2CID 22294512.
  30. ^ Sevilla Lorenzo, Jaime; Barandela, Marta (2018-07-20). "El mapa de los derechos trans en España: de la autoafirmación de género al vacío legal". eldiario.es (in Spanish). Retrieved 2019-05-29.
  31. ^ Agencia EFE (2019-06-27). "Los transexuales vascos podrán certificar su identidad sexual sin necesidad de informe médico". 20 minutos (in Spanish). Retrieved 2019-06-27.
  32. ^ "GrApSIA".
  33. ^ "Hiperplasia Suprarebal Congenita (HSC)".
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