Jain communities

The Jains in India are the last direct representatives of the ancient Shramana tradition. People who practice Jainism, an ancient religion of the Indian subcontinent, are collectively referred to as Jains.

Sangha

Jainism has a fourfold order of muni (male monastics), aryika (female monastics), Śrāvaka (layman) and sravika (laywoman). This order is known as a sangha.^{[citation needed]}. Many Jains are in general caste.

Cultural influence

The Jain have the highest literacy rate in India, 94.1.% compared with the national average of 65.38%. They have the highest female literacy rate, 90.6.% compared with the national average of 54.16%.^[1]^[2]

As per national survey NFHS-4 conducted in 2018 Jains were declared wealthiest of any community with 70% of their population living in top quintiles of wealth.^[3] The sex ratio in the 0-6 age group is the second lowest for Jain (870 females per 1,000 males).

Communities

Jains are found in almost every part of India. There are about 100 different Jain communities in India. They can be divided into five groups based on historical and current residence:

Central India

Jainism in Bundelkhand
Jainism in Madhya Pradesh

Western India

Northern India

Southern India

Eastern India

Diaspora

Virchand Gandhi made a presentation of Jainism at the Parliament of the World's Religions in Chicago in 1893, marking one of the earliest appearances of Jainism outside India.^[4] The World Jain Congress was held in Leicester in 1988.^[5]

Jainism in Europe
Jainism in Canada
Jainism in the United States
Jainism in East Africa - One of the oldest Jain overseas diaspora. Their number was estimated at 45,000 at the independence of the East African countries in the early 1960s.^[6] Most members of the diaspora belonged to Gujarati speaking Halari Visa Oshwal Jain community originally from the Jamnagar area of Saurashtra.^[6]^[7]
Jainism in West Africa

Population

The Jain population in India according to 2011 census is 0.54% i.e. 4,451,753 (Males 2,278,097; Females 2,173,656) out of the total population of India 1,210,854,977 (males 623,270,258; females 587,584,719).^[8] The tabular representation of Jain population in the major states of India as per 2011 Census data released by the government is:

S. No.	State	Persons (total)	Persons (rural)	Persons (urban)	Male (total)	Male (rural)	Male (urban)	Female (total)	Female (rural)	Female (urban)
1	India	4,451,753	904,809	3,546,944	2,278,097	467,577	1,810,520	2,173,656	437,232	1,736,424
2	Maharashtra	1,400,349	269,959	1,130,390	713,157	140,476	572,681	687,192	129,483	557,709
3	Rajasthan	622,023	166,322	455,701	317,614	84,649	232,965	304,409	81,673	222,736
4	Gujarat	579,654	44,118	535,536	294,911	22,357	272,554	284,743	21,761	262,982
5	Madhya Pradesh	567,028	109,699	457,329	291,937	57,431	234,506	275,091	52,268	222,823
6	Karnataka	440,280	220,362	219,918	225,544	113,598	111,946	214,736	106,764	107,972
7	Uttar Pradesh	213,267	30,144	183,123	110,994	15,852	95,142	102,273	14,292	87,981
8	Delhi	166,231	192	166,039	85,605	94	85,511	80,626	98	80,528
9	Tamil Nadu	89,265	10,084	79,181	45,605	5,044	40,561	43,660	5,040	38,620

The Jain population in United States is estimated to be about 150,000 to 200,000.^[9]^[10]

In Japan, there are more than 5,000 families who have converted to Jainism and the religion is growing there.^[11]

References

Citations

^ "Jains steal the show with 7 Padmas", The Times of India, 9 April 2015
^ "Literacy race: Jains take the honours", The Times of India, 7 September 2004
^ "Delhi and Punjab richest states, Jain wealthiest community: National survey". 13 January 2018.
^ J. Gordon Melton & Martin Baumann 2010, p. 1555.
^ Dundas 2002, p. 246.
^ ^a ^b Gregory, Robert G. (1993), Quest for equality: Asian politics in East Africa, 1900-1967, New Delhi: Orient Longman Limited, p. 26, ISBN 0-863-11-208-0
^ Mehta, Makrand (2001). "Gujarati Business Communities in East African Diaspora: Major Historical Trends". Economic and Political Weekly. 36 (20): 1738–1747. JSTOR 4410637.
^ Office of registrar general and census commissioner (2011), C-1 Population By Religious Community, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India
^ Lee, Jonathan H. X. (21 December 2010), Encyclopedia of Asian American Folklore and Folklife, ABC-CLIO, pp. 487–488, ISBN 978-0-313-35066-5
^ Wiley, Kristi L. (2004), Historical dictionary of Jainism, Scarecrow Press, p. 19, ISBN 978-0-8108-5051-4
^ "Thousands of Japanese making a smooth transition from Zen to Jain". Hindustan Times. 23 February 2020.

Sources

Adam, Michel (2015), Indian Africa: Minorities of Indian-Pakistani Origin in Eastern Africa, Mkuki na Nyota Publishers, ISBN 978-9987-08-297-1
Babb, Lawrence A. (2004), Alchemies of Violence: Myths of Identity and the Life of Trade in Western India, Sage, ISBN 978-0-7619-3223-9
Dundas, Paul (2002) [1992], The Jains (Second ed.), Routledge, ISBN 0-415-26605-X
J. Gordon Melton; Martin Baumann, eds. (2010), Religions of the World: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Beliefs and Practices, vol. One: A-B (Second ed.), ABC-CLIO, ISBN 978-1-59884-204-3
Facets of Jainology : Selected Research Papers on Jain Society, Religion and Culture/Vilas Adinath Sangave. Mumbai, Popular Prakashan, 2001
Shah, Natubhai (2004), Jainism, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-81-208-1938-2
Singh, K. S. (1989), People of India (Rajasthan ed.), Popular Prakashan, ISBN 978-81-7154-769-2
Singh, K. S., ed. (2004), People of India: Maharashtra (Anthropological Survey of India), Mumbai, India: Popular Prakashan, ISBN 978-81-7991-102-0
Singh, Kumar Suresh (2004), People of India: Maharashtra (Anthropological Survey of India), vol. 1, Popular Prakashan, ISBN 978-81-7991-100-6

External links

Hukonchu.com - resource for Jain literature and religious information
"Jainism in America" by Yashwant K. Malaiya
Jain Jagruti Centre, Toronto
Jain Temple at Palitana, Gujarat - Vidhya Vihaar

[1] "Jains steal the show with 7 Padmas", The Times of India, 9 April 2015

[2] "Literacy race: Jains take the honours", The Times of India, 7 September 2004

[3] "Delhi and Punjab richest states, Jain wealthiest community: National survey". 13 January 2018.

[FOOTNOTEJ._Gordon_MeltonMartin_Baumann20101555-4] J. Gordon Melton & Martin Baumann 2010, p. 1555.

[FOOTNOTEDundas2002246-5] Dundas 2002, p. 246.

[google26-6] Gregory, Robert G. (1993), Quest for equality: Asian politics in East Africa, 1900-1967, New Delhi: Orient Longman Limited, p. 26, ISBN 0-863-11-208-0

[7] Mehta, Makrand (2001). "Gujarati Business Communities in East African Diaspora: Major Historical Trends". Economic and Political Weekly. 36 (20): 1738–1747. JSTOR 4410637.

[8] Office of registrar general and census commissioner (2011), C-1 Population By Religious Community, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India

[9] Lee, Jonathan H. X. (21 December 2010), Encyclopedia of Asian American Folklore and Folklife, ABC-CLIO, pp. 487–488, ISBN 978-0-313-35066-5

[10] Wiley, Kristi L. (2004), Historical dictionary of Jainism, Scarecrow Press, p. 19, ISBN 978-0-8108-5051-4

[11] "Thousands of Japanese making a smooth transition from Zen to Jain". Hindustan Times. 23 February 2020.

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