Janet Lee, Baroness Lee of Asheridge, PC LLD HonFRA (3 November 1904 – 16 November 1988), known as Jennie Lee, was a Scottish politician. She was a Labour Member of Parliament from a by-election in 1929 until 1931 and then from 1945 to 1970.
The Baroness Lee of Asheridge | |
|---|---|
 Lee in 1929 | |
| Minister for the Arts | |
| In office 20 October 1964 – 19 June 1970 | |
| Prime Minister | Harold Wilson |
| Preceded by | Office created |
| Succeeded by | David Eccles |
| Member of Parliament for Cannock | |
| In office 5 July 1945 – 29 May 1970 | |
| Preceded by | William Murdoch Adamson |
| Succeeded by | Patrick Cormack |
| Member of Parliament for North Lanarkshire | |
| In office 21 March 1929 – 7 October 1931 | |
| Preceded by | Alexander Sprot |
| Succeeded by | William Anstruther-Gray |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Janet Lee 3 November 1904 Lochgelly, Fife, Scotland |
| Died | 16 November 1988 (aged 84) |
| Citizenship | United Kingdom |
| Political party | Labour |
| Spouse | |
| Alma mater | University of Edinburgh |
| Occupation | Politician |
| Known for | Playing a leading role in the foundation of the Open University |
As Minister for the Arts in Harold Wilson's government of 1964–1970, she played a leading role in the foundation of the Open University working directly with Harold Wilson to establish the principle of open access: Enrolment as a student of the University should be open to everyone … irrespective of educational qualifications, and no formal entrance requirement should be imposed.[1]
She was married to the Welsh Labour politician Aneurin Bevan from 1934 until his death in 1960.
Early life
editBorn in Lochgelly, in Fife, to Euphemia Greig and James Lee, a miner who held the post of fire and safety officer,[2] and later a hotelier.[3] She had a younger brother, Tommy.
She inherited her father's socialist inclinations, and like him joined the Scottish Independent Labour Party (ILP).[4] Her grandfather Michael Lee, born in 1850 to Irish Catholic parents, was a friend of Keir Hardie, a disputes secretary of the miners' union and founder of the Fifeshire ILP federation.[5] She later joined the Labour Party, and served as an MP from 1929 to 1931 and from 1945 to 1970.
Education
editLee was educated at Beath High School and was dux of the school in her final year.[2] The Carnegie Trust, Fife County Council and the Fife Education Authority agreed to pay her university fees and she attended the University of Edinburgh as a student teacher.[2] She later won a bursary to study law.[6]
At university she joined the Labour Club, the Edinburgh University Women's Union and the editorial board of the student newspaper. One of her first campaigns was to elect Bertrand Russell as Rector of the University. After graduating initially in 1927 with an MA, an LLB and a teaching certificate, she worked as a teacher in Cowdenbeath.
First term as MP
editLee was adopted as the ILP candidate for the North Lanarkshire constituency, which she won at a 1929 by-election, becoming the youngest woman[3] member of the House of Commons. At the time of the by-election, women under the age of 30 were not yet able to vote.[2] Her victory meant that she became the first Labour woman to represent a Scottish seat in the House of Commons.[7] She was re-elected at the subsequent 1929 general election.
In Westminster she immediately came into conflict with the Labour Party's leadership in the Commons. She insisted on being sponsored by Robert Smillie and her old friend James Maxton to be introduced to the Commons, rather than by the leadership's preferred choice of sponsors. Lee also associated with Ellen Wilkinson.[3]
Lee's first speech was an attack on the budget proposals of Winston Churchill (accusing him "of 'cant, corruption, and incompetence', her gestures more fitting to the storming of platforms than the measured tones expected from a young MP in the house")[8] that met even with his approval, with him offering his congratulations after their exchange in the Commons. Lee forged a parliamentary reputation as a left-winger, allying herself to Maxton and the other ILP members. She was totally opposed to Ramsay MacDonald's decision to form a coalition National Government, and in the 1931 general election lost her seat in parliament to Unionist candidate William Anstruther-Gray.
Out of the Commons
editIn her private life at the time she had formed a close relationship with fellow Labour MP Edward Frank Wise, a married man who considered divorcing his wife for Lee, but who did not do so in the end. Wise died in 1933 and the following year Lee married the left-wing Welsh Labour MP Aneurin Bevan, with whom she remained until his death in 1960. Her biography suggests that she to some extent suppressed her own career after marriage, which 'was the more remarkable precisely because as a woman in politics she had always laid claim to a 'male' life, public, itinerant and unencumbered by family responsibilities'.[9] She had no history in the women's movement, did not align herself with the separate women's branches within the Labour Party and stated that she voted on policy not candidate gender,[3] believing that equality for women would follow from the introduction of true socialism; it was not a separate cause.[10] Nonetheless she practised feminism 'of a sort' and was known to walk out of dinner parties if it was expected that women were to withdraw to another room when the port was circulated.[9]
Despite being out of the Commons Lee remained active politically, trying to secure British support for the Spanish Popular Front government under threat from Francisco Franco's Nationalist faction in the Spanish Civil War. She also remained active inside the ILP and took their side in their split from the Labour Party, a decision that did not meet with her husband's approval. She attempted re-election in North Lanarkshire at the 1935 general election, coming second behind Anstruther-Gray but ahead of the Labour Party's candidate. Attending the Labour Party Conference in Edinburgh in 1936, Lee met the Spanish Republican delegates who attended with a petition for support against the fascists, including meeting with Isabel de Valencia, who had a Scottish mother. Lee went to Spain herself in 1937 to report as a war journalist.[11] She travelled in Aragon and Barcelona with George Orwell and the teenage grandson of her Commons sponsor, Robert Smillie, MP, while reporting for New Leader and they were all caught up in some violent incidents. Young Bob died a year later in a Communist prison.[12] Lee attended a torchlit parade of the British Battalion of the International Brigades volunteers at Modejar with Clement Attlee and others in the Labour Party, during the war.[13]
She was again unsuccessful in seeking re-election as an "Independent Labour" candidate in a 1943 by-election at Bristol Central, being defeated by the Conservative Lady Apsley and opposed by the ILP. She also worked as a journalist for the Daily Mirror.
Re-election
editShe later returned to the Labour Party from the ILP, and at the 1945 general election she was once again elected to the Commons, this time to represent the Cannock constituency in Staffordshire. She remained a convinced left-winger, and this brought her sometimes into opposition with her husband, with whom she usually agreed politically. Lee was critical of Bevan for his support of the UK acquiring a nuclear deterrent, something she did not support.
She was appointed as the first Minister for the Arts in Harold Wilson's government of 1964, and played a key role in the formation of the Open University,[14] an act described by Wilson as the greatest of his time in government.
Role in the foundation of the Open University
editThe Open University was based on the idea of a 'University of the Air'. It was intended as a correspondence university reaching out to those who had been denied the opportunity to study. Lee produced a White Paper in 1966, outlining university plans which would deliver courses by correspondence and broadcasting as teaching media. Prime Minister Harold Wilson was an enthusiastic supporter because he envisioned The Open University as a major marker in the Labour Party's commitment to modernising British society. He believed that it would help build a more competitive economy while also promoting greater equality of opportunity and social mobility. The planned utilisation of television and radio to broadcast its courses was also supposed to link The Open University to the technological revolution underway, which Wilson saw as a major ally of his modernisation schemes. However, from the start, Lee encountered widespread scepticism and even opposition from within and without the Labour Party, including senior officials in the DES; her departmental boss, Anthony Crosland; the Treasury; Ministerial colleagues, such as Richard Crossman; and commercial broadcasters. The Open University was realised due to Lee's unflagging determination and tenacity in 1965–67, the steadfast support from Wilson, and the fact that the anticipated costs, as reported to Lee and Wilson by Arnold Goodman, seemed very modest. By the time the actual, much higher costs became apparent, it was too late to scrap the fledgling Open University.[15]
The university was granted its Royal Charter by the Privy Council on 23 April 1969.[2] Applications opened in 1970 and the first students began their studies in 1971.[16]
In 1973, as she laid the foundation stone for the first Open University library, she described the University as 'a great independent university which does not insult any man or any women whatever their background by offering them the second best, nothing but the best is good enough.'[17]
Role in the expansion of the Arts Council
edit
Lee renewed the charter of the Arts Council of Great Britain in 1967 which saw an expansion of its work in the regions as well of the creation of the new arts institutions at London's South Bank Centre. She also introduced the only UK White Paper for the Arts to be published for the next half-century[18] and following the 1967 reshuffle was promoted to Minister of State at the Department of Education and Science after two years as Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State. Between 1964 and 1965 Lee had been Parliamentary Secretary at the Ministry of Public Building and Works.
Retirement and later life
edit
Lee was defeated at the 1970 election in Cannock by the Conservative candidate Patrick Cormack. Political scientist Richard Rose called Lee's loss of her seat, which had been held by Labour since 1935, on a swing of 10.7%, the largest in any constituency for that election, "the biggest upset" of the 1970 general election.[19] She retired from front-line politics when she was made Baroness Lee of Asheridge, of the City of Westminster on 5 November 1970,[20] Asheridge being the farm near Chesham, Buckinghamshire where she had lived from 1954 to 1968.[21]
She wrote four books: To-morrow Is a New Day, 1939; Our Ally, Russia, 1941; This Great Journey, 1963; My Life with Nye, 1980.[22]
In 1974 she received an Honorary LLD from the University of Cambridge, and in 1981 an Honorary Fellowship of the Royal Academy.[22]
She died in 1988 from natural causes at the age of 84 and bequeathed her personal papers to the Open University which now holds them as the Jennie Lee Collection.[21]
Memorials
edit
A community resource centre in Wednesfield, which formed part of Lee's Cannock constituency, was named the "Jennie Lee Centre" in her honour. It opened in a former secondary school in 1989, the year after Lee's death, and closed in 2013.[23]
In 2005, the Students' Association of the newly created Adam Smith College in Kirkcaldy, Fife refused to name themselves after Adam Smith, and instead chose the name "Jennie Lee Students' Association". The Association claimed Adam Smith is synonymous with "exploitation and greed" and stated "Jennie Lee would be an excellent role model for the students because of the courage and conviction she showed in achieving the aims she believed passionately in".[24]
The Jennie Lee building at the Open University Campus in Milton Keynes.
The Jennie Lee building in Drumsheugh Gardens, Edinburgh home of the Open University offices in Scotland.
In Rugeley, Staffordshire there is a street named after her, Jennie Lee Way and one named after her husband, Aneurin Bevan Place.
A plaque in Buccleuch Place, near the University of Edinburgh which reads:'In honour of Baroness Jennie Lee, 1904–1988, An early woman MP, first Minister for the Arts, founder of the Open University, graduate of the University'
An English Heritage plaque in 23 Cliveden Place, Chelsea, London, celebrates Nye Bevan and Jennie Lee.
In her native Lochgelly, the community library was renamed the Jennie Lee Library in her honour following the 2009–2012 redevelopment of the Lochgelly Centre.
In the village of Overtown, near Wishaw, North Lanarkshire, a new housing development was built and a street was named after her, Jennie Lee Drive.
In Glasgow, the Albany Learning and Conference Centre has a Jennie Lee room.
A street in Glenrothes - Jennie Lee Lane, in her native Fife, is named after her.
Cultural depictions
editDepicted by Sinead Cusack in Trevor Griffiths 'Food for Ravens', 1997 BBC film with Brian Cox as Nye Bevan. Lee is the subject of a play by Matthew Knights, titled Jennie Lee: Tomorrow is a New Day, developed since 2019.[25] She is also the subject of Mikron Theatre Company's 2024 show Jennie Lee, written by Lindsay Rodden.[26][27][28]
In Tim Price's 2024 play Nye, which premiered at the National Theatre, Lee was played by Sharon Small.[28]
Jennie Lee: Tomorrow is a New Day is a dramatised biography of Lee, written by Matthew Knights. It had its premiere at the Lochgelly Centre, in Lee's home town, in November 2024.[29]
References
edit- ^ "Featured articles Betty Boothroyd Baroness Boothroyd was Chancellor of The Open University from 1995 to 2006. Born in Dewsbury,... 1963–65: The University of the Air". About the OU. Open University, UK. Archived from the original on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 13 October 2015.
- ^ a b c d e Hollis, Patricia (2014). Jennie Lee: a life. 2nd edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780571320912.
- ^ a b c d Ewan, Elizabeth, ed. (2018). The new biographical dictionary of Scottish women. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. p. 241. ISBN 9781474436298. OCLC 1057237368.
- ^ "LibraryServices". libraryarchive.open.ac.uk. Archived from the original on 2 October 2011.
- ^ Matthew Brown, "ILP@120: Jennie Lee – A Child of the ILP", Independent Labour Publications, 24 April 2013.
- ^ "Jennie Lee", Undiscovered Scotland.
- ^ Baxter, Kenneth (November 2013). "'The Advent of a Woman Candidate Was Seen . . . As Outrageous': Women, Party Politics and Elections in Interwar Scotland and England". Journal of Scottish Historical Studies. 33 (2): 266. doi:10.3366/jshs.2013.0079. Retrieved 24 September 2023.
- ^ Kathryn Perera, "The Labour Party or nothing: Jennie Lee", History of labour women, Labour List, 22 November 2010.
- ^ a b Hollis, Patricia (1998). Jennie Lee : a life. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. Preface. ISBN 0192881051.
- ^ Perera, Kathryn (22 November 2010). "The Labour Party or nothing: Jennie Lee". History of Labour Women. Labour List. Retrieved 14 October 2015.
- ^ Item 57 (20 June 2019). "Exhibition labels – Conectando". Conectando Exhibition labels. Retrieved 20 June 2019.
- ^ Hollis, Patricia (2014). Jennie Lee: A Life. Faber & Faber.
- ^ MacDougall, Ian (1986). Voices from the Spanish Civil War : personal recollections of Scottish volunteers in Republican Spain, 1936–39. Edinburgh [Lothian]: Polygon. p. 149. ISBN 0948275197. OCLC 18835004.
- ^ Kenneth O'Morgan, "Politics: Jennie and the awkward squad", The Independent, 8 November 1997.
- ^ Pete Dorey, "‘Well, Harold Insists on Having It!’—The Political Struggle to Establish The Open University, 1965–67." Contemporary British History 29#2 (2015): 241–272.
- ^ "Robbins Committee and Open University". The Cabinet Papers. Retrieved 13 October 2015.
- ^ "Jennie Lee". About the OU. Open University,UK. Archived from the original on 26 November 2018. Retrieved 13 October 2015.
- ^ "The Guardian view on the arts white paper: no direction home | Editorial". The Guardian. 27 March 2016.
- ^ Richard Rose (1970). "Voting Trends Surveyed". The Times Guide to the House of Commons 1970. London: Times Newspapers Ltd. p. 31.
- ^ "No. 45229". The London Gazette. 10 November 1970. p. 12333.
- ^ a b "Jennie Lee collection", Open University Archive
- ^ a b "Lee of Asheridge, Baroness, (Janet Bevan; (Jennie Lee)) (3 Nov. 1904–16 Nov. 1988)", Who Was Who, Oxford University Press, 1 December 2007, doi:10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u166282, ISBN 978-0-19-954089-1, retrieved 22 July 2018
- ^ "Former Wednesfield school is demolished to make way for homes". Express and Star. Wolverhampton. 15 January 2014. Retrieved 20 October 2014.
- ^ "Alas, Smith is disowned by Fife students". Scotland on Sunday. 2 October 2005. Retrieved 20 October 2014.
- ^ "HOME". KNIGHTS THEATRE.
- ^ "Jennie Lee". Mikron Theatre. Retrieved 28 March 2024.
- ^ Annual Reports 2020, 2021, 2022. Mikron Theatre Company. 2023. p. [15].
- ^ a b Thorpe, Vanessa (10 March 2024). "'I could have written three plays about her': Jennie Lee, MP and wife of Nye Bevan, is celebrated on stage". The Observer. Retrieved 13 March 2024.
- ^ Cooper, Neil (5 November 2024). "A rousing knockabout music hall take on the life of a Scots political legend". The Herald. Glasgow. p. 3. Retrieved 5 November 2024.