"Jerusalem of the West" was a term historically used by Jews to describe a non-Jewish city west of Jerusalem where the Jewish diaspora nonetheless enjoyed significant influence, freedom (of religion), and numbers, usually in Western Europe or Maghreb. Possibly its most persistent use was that of the Jews of Amsterdam.
Applications
editAmsterdam
editIs Amsterdam, then. A Jewish town?"
"Nay; but ‘tis the Jerusalem of the West.— Dreamers of the Ghetto, Israel Zangwill, 1898.[1]
In Europe, Amsterdam was commonly associated with the term and was called Jeruzalem van het Westen in Dutch.[2] Portuguese and Spanish from Iberia first settled there in the late 16th and early b17th-century[3] and in 1672, there were an estimated 7,500 Jews living in the city.[4] Protestant Holland had a reputation of tolerance which was rare in Europe at the time. It was "the first city in Europe where Jews were free from persecution and where they enjoyed religious liberty, ample economic opportunities and social equality."[5] The epithet signalled that the Jews felt comfortable in the city.[6] Prior to the Holocaust, there were about 80,000 Jews living in Amsterdam.[7] "In modern Jewish historiography, the phrase 'Dutch Jerusalem' symbolizes Jewish steadfastness in the face of persecution and Jewish dynamism in the fertile environment of a liberal bourgeois society."[8]
Tlemcen
editIn Northern Africa, Tlemcen in Algeria was called "Jerusalem of the West". In the 15th-century, the town was considered a major Jewish spiritual centre.[9] André Chouraqui believed that there was a genuine geographical correspondence between the town and Jerusalem. He wrote: "We were living our dream in the midst of the beautiful countryside of the Maghreb. Tlemcen...resembles the city of David in altitude, climate, fauna and flora, to such an extent that we called in the Jerusalem of the Maghreb."[10]
Other
editPrior to World War II—Vilnius, Lithuania was known as the Jerusalem of the North.[11] Other towns given the appellation include Toledo[11] and Antwerp.[12] Many others towns in northern Africa were also called symbolically after Jerusalem: Ghardaia, M'zab (Second Jerusalem), Djerba, Tunisia (Ante-chamber of Jerusalem, Jerusalem of Africa), Ifrane, Morocco (Little Jerusalem).[13]
See also
edit- Nowa Jerozolima (Warsaw), a small village established in 1774 for Jewish settlers in Mazovia, Poland.
- Mokum, Yiddish word meaning "safe haven", given to a number of towns in Holland and Germany.
- Wenzhou, called "Jerusalem of the East" due to its Christian population.
References
edit- ^ Dreamers of the Ghetto, Israel Zangwill, 1898. pg. 82.
- ^ Ridley Haim Herschell. The Voice of Israel, 1845. pg. 27.
- ^ Antonie Wessels. Muslims in the West: can they be integrated, Peeters Publishers, 2006. pg. 9. ISBN 90-429-1684-2.
- ^ D. van Galen Last, Rolf Wolfswinkel. Anne Frank and after, Amsterdam University Press, 1996. pg. 17. ISBN 90-5356-177-3.
- ^ Beth Hatefutsoth: the first years, Beth Hatefutsoth, the Nahum Goldmann Museum of the Jewish Diaspora, 1983. pg. 53.
- ^ D. van Galen Last, Rolf Wolfswinkel. Anne Frank and after, Amsterdam University Press, 1996. pg. 12. ISBN 90-5356-177-3.
- ^ Jewish identity in football clubs
- ^ Swetschinski, Daniel M. Reluctant Cosmopolitans: The Portuguese Jews of Seventeenth-Century Amsterdam. London: Littman Library of Jewish Civilization 2000,2
- ^ John Hunwick. Jews of a Saharan oasis: elimination of the Tamantit community, Markus Wiener Publishers, 2006. Back Cover. ISBN 1-55876-346-5.
- ^ Susan Slyomovics. The walled Arab city in literature, architecture history: the living Medina in the Maghrib "Geographies of Jewish Tlemcen." Routledge, 2001. pg. 81. ISBN 0-7146-5177-X.
- ^ a b Joshua D. Zimmerman (2004). Poles, Jews, and the politics of nationality. Univ of Wisconsin Press. p. 16. ISBN 0-299-19464-7.
- ^ Jonathan Irvine Israel, R. Salverda. Dutch Jewry: its history and secular culture (1500-2000), BRILL 2002. pg. 291. ISBN 90-04-12436-5.
- ^ Marie-Noëlle Bourguet, Lucette Valensi, Nathan Wachtel. Between memory and history, Volume 2, Taylor & Francis, 1990. pg. 81. ISBN 3-7186-5067-3.