Jerzy Witold Różycki (pronounced [ˈjɛʒɨ ruˈʒɨt͡ski] ⓘ; 24 July 1909 – 9 January 1942) was a Polish mathematician and cryptologist who worked at breaking German Enigma-machine ciphers before and during World War II.
Jerzy Różycki | |
|---|---|
 Jerzy Różycki ca. 1928, some 4 years before joining the Cipher Bureau | |
| Born | 24 July 1909 |
| Died | 9 January 1942 (aged 32) |
| Nationality | Polish |
| Occupation(s) | Mathematician, cryptologist |
| Known for | Solving the Enigma-machine cipher |
| Awards | Order of Polonia Restituta, Grand Cross (2000) IEEE Milestone Award (2014) |
Life
editRóżycki was born in what is now Ukraine, the fourth and youngest child of Zygmunt Różycki, a pharmacist and graduate of Saint Petersburg University, and Wanda, née Benita. He attended a Polish school in Kyiv before moving with his family to Poland in 1918. In 1926 he completed secondary school at Wyszków on eastern Poland's Bug River.
Różycki studied mathematics from 1927 to 1932 in western Poland, at Poznań University's Mathematics Institute, graduating with a master's degree on February 19, 1932. He would later earn a second master's degree from Poznań University, in geography, on December 13, 1937.
In 1929, while still a student, Różycki, proficient in German, was one of twenty-odd Poznań University mathematics students who accepted an invitation to attend a secret cryptology course organized at a nearby military installation by the Polish General Staff's Cipher Bureau, headquartered in Warsaw.
From September 1932 Różycki served as a civilian cryptologist with the Polish General Staff's Cipher Bureau, housed till 1937 in Warsaw's Saxon Palace. He worked there together with fellow Poznań University mathematics alumni and Cipher Bureau cryptology-course graduates Marian Rejewski and Henryk Zygalski.
After Rejewski had reconstructed the German military Enigma machine in December 1932, Różycki and Zygalski likewise worked at ongoing development of methods and equipment to exploit Enigma decryption as a source of intelligence. Różycki invented the "clock" method, which sometimes made it possible to determine which of the machine's rotors was at the far right, that is, in the position where the rotor always revolved at every depression of a key.
On 9 January 1942 Różycki perished in the Mediterranean Sea while returning to the Cadix center, near Uzès in Vichy France, from a stint at Cadix's branch office at the Château Couba on the outskirts of Algiers. His passenger ship, the SS Lamoricière, sank in unclear circumstances near the Balearic Islands.[1] Fellow victims of the disaster, among the 222 passengers killed, included Piotr Smoleński and Captain Jan Graliński, of the prewar Polish Cipher Bureau's Russian section, and a French officer accompanying the three Poles, Captain François Lane.
Różycki has a cenotaph (symbolic grave) in the National Pantheon at the Saints Peter and Paul Church in Kraków, Poland.[2]
Family
editIn 1938, aged 29, Różycki married Maria Barbara Mayka. Their son, Janusz Różycki, born May 10, 1939, completed his studies at the Academy of Fine Arts in Warsaw and went on to be a member of the Polish fencing team that won a silver medal at the 1964 Tokyo Olympics.
Recognition
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In 1980 Różycki and his two mathematician colleagues were among the heroes of Sekret Enigmy (The Enigma Secret), a Polish thriller film about their solution of the German Enigma cipher. Late 1980 also saw a similarly-themed Polish TV series, Tajemnice Enigmy (The Secrets of Enigma).[3]
On 21 February 2000, Polish President Aleksander Kwaśniewski posthumously awarded Różycki the Grand Cross of the Order of Polonia Restituta for outstanding contributions to his homeland.[4]
In 2007 a three-sided memorial was unveiled before the Imperial Castle in Poznań, commemorating the three mathematician-cryptologists (Rejewski, Różycki and Zygalski), alumni of the University of Poznań, who reconstructed the German Enigma machine and developed methods of breaking Enigma ciphers, thus contributing to subsequent Allied victory in World War II.
In 2009 the Polish Post issued a series of four commemorative stamps, one of which pictured Różycki and fellow mathematician-cryptologists Marian Rejewski and Henryk Zygalski.[5]
In 2014 Różycki, Rejewski, and Zygalski were posthumously awarded the prestigious IEEE Milestone Award by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers in recognition of achievements that have changed the worldOn 5 August 2014 the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) honored Rejewski, Różycki, and Zygalski with its prestigious Milestone Award, which recognizes achievements that have changed the world. Milestones was given for "First Breaking of Enigma Code by the Team of Polish Cipher Bureau, 1932-1939", they built the ‘bomba’ – the first cryptanalytic machine to break codes. Their work was a foundation of British code breaking efforts which, with later American assistance, helped end World War II.[6] In 2014 a commemorative plaque in Polish and English, dedicated to Różycki and his two colleagues, was unveiled before the Polish Academy of Sciences Mathematics Institute in Warsaw.
In 2018 a bench commemorating Różycki was unveiled in a park in the town of Wyszków, where Różycki had attended secondary school.[7]
In 2021 the Enigma Cipher Centre, an educational and scientific institution dedicated to the Polish mathematicians who broke the Enigma cipher, including Jerzy Różycki, opened in Poznań.[8]
See also
editNotes
edit- ^ The ship had, appropriately, been christened after a 19th-century French general, Christophe Léon Louis Juchault de Lamoricière, who had been involved in the French conquest of Algeria.
- ^ "Jerzy Różycki ma symboliczny grób. Wyszkowianie na oficjalnej uroczystości" [Jerzy Różycki has a symbolic grave. Wyszkowianie at the official ceremony]. nowywyszkowiak.pl. Retrieved 29 February 2020.
- ^ Kasparek & Woytak 1982, p. 24
- ^ "M.P. 2000 nr 13 poz. 273". prawo.sejm.gov.pl. Archived from the original on 2020-03-26. Retrieved 2019-02-25.
- ^ "Znaczki z 2009 roku" [Stamps from 2009]. www.kzp.pl. Retrieved 2019-02-25.
- ^ "IEEE R10 News and Highlights" (PDF). www.ieeer10.org. Retrieved 2019-02-25.
- ^ "Na ławeczce obok Różyckiego" [On the bench next to Różycki]. nowywyszkowiak.pl. Retrieved 2019-02-25.
- ^ "New centre dedicated to Polish Enigma codebreakers opens in Poznań". www.thefirstnews.com. Retrieved 25 September 2021.
References
edit- Zdzisław Jan Kapera, "People of the Enigma: Jerzy Witold Różycki (1904-42)", translated by Tomasz Laczewski, Appendix A in Kozaczuk and Straszak, Enigma: How the Poles Broke the Nazi Code, 2004, pp. 81–86.
- Kasparek, Christopher; Woytak, Richard (January 1982), "In Memoriam Marian Rejewski", Cryptologia, 6 (1): 19–25, doi:10.1080/0161-118291856740
- Władysław Kozaczuk, Enigma: How the German Machine Cipher Was Broken, and How It Was Read by the Allies in World War II, edited and translated by Christopher Kasparek, Frederick, MD, University Publications of America, 1984.
- Zdzisław Jan Kapera, "Różycki, Jerzy Witold," Polski słownik biograficzny (Polish Biographical Dictionary), vol. XXXII, Wrocław, Wydawnictwo Polskiej Akademii Nauk (Polish Academy of Sciences), 1989–1991, pp. 523–25.
External links
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Media related to Jerzy Różycki at Wikimedia Commons