Jien (慈円, 17 May 1155 in Kyoto – 28 October 1225 in Omi) was a Japanese poet, historian, and Buddhist monk.[1]
Jien | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Born | 17 May 1155 Heian-kyō |
| Died | 28 October 1225 (aged 70) Omi (now Shiga) |
| Occupation | Buddhist monk |
| Genre | history, poetry |
| Subject | Japanese history |
Biography
editJien was the son of Fujiwara no Tadamichi, a member of the Fujiwara clan of powerful aristocrats. His brother was the future regent Fujiwara no Kanezane. Jien became a Tendai monk early in his life, entering Shōren-in at age eleven. He first took the Buddhist name Dokaei, and later changed it to Jien.
In 1192, with the recommendation of Minamoto no Yoritomo and Jien's elder brother Fujiwara no Kanezane, at the age of 38, Jien became the Daisōjō (大僧正), leader of the Tendai. However, his position was not stable as shown by the fact that he was appointed as Daisōjō four times back and forth following his brother Kanezane's ups and downs in the political world.[2] This is because as the leader of Tendai, in addition to holding rituals and maintaining Buddhist monasteries, he also served politically as the guardian of Kujō Michiie, the grandson of his brother Kanezane. Jien put hopes on Michiie's son, Kujō Yoritsune, to become the shogun of the Kamakura Shogunate.
Jien eventually began to study and write Japanese history, his purpose being to "enlighten people who find it hard to understand the vicissitudes of life". His masterpiece, completed around 1220, was humbly entitled Gukanshō, which translates as Jottings of a Fool. In it he tried to analyze the facts of Japanese history. The Gukanshō held a mappo and therefore pessimistic view of his age, the Feudal Period, and claimed that it was a period of religious decline and saw the disintegration of civilization. This is the viewpoint generally held today. Jien claimed that changes in the feudal structure were necessary and defended the shōgun's claim of power.
When Emperor Go-Toba attempt to overthrow the Shogunate, Jien, fearing that the Kujō family would be affected, began to trace the history of Japan and wrote Gukanshō, a combination of History, Buddhist ideas and legends, to try to dissuade emperor Go-Toba from overthrow the Shogunate. In Gukanshō he also try to associates his grandnewphew Kujō Yoritsune with the bodhisattva and other legends which is able to gain legitimacy for Yoritsune and to reach the position of shogun:"The coming of such a Shogun is the plan of the Great Bodhisattva, a man(Kujō Yoritsune) who can protect the world and defend the sovereign, with both literary and military prowess and dignity. This is a matter of great importance."（かかる将軍のかく出で来る事は大菩薩の御計らひにて、文武兼じて威勢ありて世を守り君を守るべき摂籙の人（＝道家と頼経）をまうけて、世の為人の為君の御為に参らせらるるをば、君のえ御心得御座（おは）しまさぬにこそ。これこそ由々しき大事にて侍れ）[3]
Jien writes several times in Gukanshō that he wants "to make Dōri known," which is an important motivation for Jien to write Gukanshō. Dōri(reason) is an early Chinese philosophical idea(道理) that was later absorbed into Buddhism.[4] Generally it means reason, principle or law, or what action one should take to be moral. Jien, on the other hand, historicizes Dōri, arguing that it has been present throughout the development and change of Japanese history.[4] That is to say, historical events, both in their particularity and in their totality, are to be taken extremely seriously, not merely as isolated, individual events, but as part of an unfolding pattern of deeper meaning.[4] An important element of this is embodied in the unbroken imperial lineage of Japan. however, when there is a choice, between two members of the imperial family, one evil and one virtuous, Jien affirms that even murder is permissible to prevent the throne from falling into the hands of an evil emperor.[4] Overall, he wanted to help people, especially the Emperor, to come to understand Dori through Japanese history so that he could shape a desirable future and help the country go through mappo.
Poetry
editAs a poet, he was named one of the Thirty-Six Immortals of Poetry, and was the second-best represented poet in the Shin Kokin Wakashū, over 91 of his poems are collected into it. He has a family Japanese poem collection called 拾玉集 with over 5900 poems.[2] He was included by Fujiwara no Teika in the Ogura Hyakunin Isshu.
In The Unfettered Mind the Zen Buddhist Takuan Sōhō cites the following poem from Jien, interpreting it in the context of No-Mind:[5]
The flower that would surrender its fragrance
before my brushwood door
Does so regardless.
I, however, sit and stare
How rueful this world.
See also
edit- Kankyo no Tomo, a collection of setsuwa formerly attributed to Jien
References
edit- ^ Sato, Hiroaki (1995). Legends of the Samurai. Overlook Duckworth. p. 151. ISBN 9781590207307.
- ^ a b 三訂版,367日誕生日大事典,世界大百科事典内言及, 精選版 日本国語大辞典,デジタル大辞泉,日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ),改訂新版 世界大百科事典,朝日日本歴史人物事典,百科事典マイペディア,山川 日本史小辞典 改訂新版,ブリタニカ国際大百科事典 小項目事典,デジタル版 日本人名大辞典+Plus,旺文社日本史事典. "慈円(じえん)とは？ 意味や使い方". コトバンク (in Japanese). Retrieved 2024-04-11.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ "ひらがな愚管抄第七巻". hgonzaemon.g1.xrea.com. Retrieved 2024-04-11.
- ^ a b c d Hambrick, Charles H. (1978). "The "Gukanshō": A Religious View of Japanese History". Japanese Journal of Religious Studies. 5 (1): 37–58. doi:10.18874/jjrs.5.1.1978.37-58. ISSN 0304-1042. JSTOR 30233156.
- ^ Sōhō, Takuan (2002). The Unfettered Mind: Writings from a Zen master to a master swordsman. Translated by Wilson, William Scott. Boulder, Colorado: Shambala Publications. p. 26. ISBN 978-1-59030-986-5.
Bibliography
edit- Brown, Delmer and Ichiro Ishida, eds. (1979). [Jien (1221)], Gukanshō; "The Future and the Past: a translation and study of the 'Gukanshō', an interpretive history of Japan written in 1219" translated from the Japanese and edited by Delmer M. Brown & Ichirō Ishida. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-03460-0
- Encyclopædia Britannica 2005 Ultimate Reference Suite DVD, article "Jien"
- Mostow, Joshua S., (1996) Pictures of the Heart: The Hyakunin Isshu in Word and Image, pp. 421–422
- Robert, Jean-Noël (2008). La Centurie du Lotus: Poèmes de Jien (1155–1225) sur le Sûtra du Lotus; Paris: Collège de France, Institut des hautes études japonaises. ISBN 9782913217195
- Swanson, Eric Haruki. (2019). The Restoration of Peace Through the Pacification of Vengeful Spirits: Jien (1155-1225) and the Construction of Buddhist Orthodoxy. Doctoral dissertation, Harvard University, Graduate School of Arts & Sciences. http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:42029681