A public inquiry, also known as a tribunal of inquiry, government inquiry, or simply inquiry, is an official review of events or actions ordered by a government body. In many common law countries, such as the United Kingdom, Ireland, Australia and Canada, such an inquiry differs from a royal commission in that a public inquiry accepts evidence and conducts its hearings in a more public forum and focuses on a more specific occurrence. Interested members of the public and organisations may make (written) evidential submissions, as is the case with most inquiries, and also listen to oral evidence given by other parties.
Typical events for a public inquiry are those that cause multiple deaths, such as public transport crashes or mass murders.
Advocacy groups and opposition political parties are likely to ask for public inquiries for all manner of issues. The government of the day typically only accedes to a fraction of these requests. The political decision whether to appoint a public inquiry into an event was found to be dependent on several factors. The first is the extent of media coverage of the event; those that receive more media interest are more likely to be inquired. Second, since the appointment of a public inquiry is typically made by government ministers, events that involve allegations of blame on the part of the relevant minister are less likely to be investigated by a public inquiry.[1] Third, a public inquiry generally takes longer to report and costs more on account of its public nature. When a government refuses a public inquiry on some topic, it is usually on at least one of these grounds.
The conclusions of the inquiry are delivered in the form of a written report, given first to the government, and soon after made public. Reports usually make recommendations to improve the quality of government or management of public organisations in the future. A 2016 study found that the reports of public inquiries are not effective in changing public opinion regarding the event in question.[2] Empirical studies do not find support for the claim that appointing a public inquiry leads to a decline in media attention to the inquired issue.[3][4] Public inquiry reports appear to enjoy public trust only when they are critical of a government, and tend to lose credibility when they find no fault on the part of the government.[5]
France
editIn France, any major project which requires the compulsory acquisition of private property must, before being approved, be the subject of a public inquiry (usually by the prefect of the region or department in which the project will take place); the favourable outcome of such an inquiry is a déclaration d'utilité publique, a formal finding that the project will produce public benefit. This procedure was established by the law on expropriation enacted on 7 July 1833,[6] which extended an earlier law enacted in 1810.[7]
Republic of Ireland
editIn Ireland, there are several kinds of public inquiry. A Tribunal of Inquiry, often simply called a tribunal, is a powerful type of statutory inquiry whose procedures are governed by the Tribunals of Inquiry (Evidence) Act 1921 as amended.[8] An Oireachtas inquiry is a less powerful non-statutory inquiry controlled directly by the Oireachtas (parliament). A 2013 proposal to strengthen the power of Oireachtas inquiries was defeated at a referendum. The Law Reform Commission published a report in 2005 examining the operation of public inquiries and recommending changes.[9] A commission of investigation is a different form of inquiry, with evidence generally given in private; provided by the Commissions of Investigation Act 2004 to address scandals relating to medical care and child abuse.[10][11]
South Africa
editA number of historically important public inquiries have taken place in South Africa since the advent of full democracy in 1994. A number of which have looked into national scale events such as systematic human rights abuses during apartheid or wide scale corruption.
United Kingdom
editIn the United Kingdom, the term public inquiry, also known as a tribunal of inquiry, refers to either statutory or non-statutory inquiries that have been established either previously by the monarch or by government ministers of the United Kingdom, Scottish, Northern Irish and Welsh governments to investigate either specific, controversial events or policy proposals. Non-statutory public inquiries are often used in order to investigate controversial events of national concern, the advantage being that they are more flexible than the statutory inquiry as they do not need to follow the requirements of the Inquiries Act 2005, The Inquiry Rules 2006 (UK, excluding Scotland) and The Inquiries (Scotland) Rules 2007.[12] Statutory inquiries can be held as subject-specific public inquiries, however most are now held under the Inquiries Act 2005 which repealed the Tribunals of Inquiry (Evidence) Act 1921.[13] Statutory public inquiries, unlike non-statutory inquiries, have legal powers to compel witnesses.[14] This list excludes Public Local Inquiries (which encompasses Planning Inquiries, Compulsory Purchase Order Inquiries, Listed Building Inquiries etc.)
Only United Kingdom government ministers can establish public inquiries, set their terms of reference, and appoint the chair.[15] The UK Government considers that the main purpose of public inquiries is in “preventing recurrence”.[16] Between 1990 and 2017 UK governments spent at least £630m on public inquiries,[16] with most expensive being the Bloody Sunday Inquiry costing £210.6 million.[16][17] Most public inquiries take about two years to complete their work.[16] Of the 69 inquiries launched between 1990 and 2017, the Hammond Inquiry into ministerial conduct relating to the Hinduja affair in 2001 was the shortest, taking just 45 days to report its findings;[16] the Inquiry into Hyponatraemia-related Deaths in Northern Ireland was the longest, taking 13 years and three months.[16]Hong Kong
editIn Hong Kong, the Commissions of Inquiry Ordinance was enacted for establishing such a commission. The commission established after the 2012 Lamma Island ferry collision produced a report of its findings which they made public; an internal report was kept confidential.[18] In the 2019–20 Hong Kong protests, one of the five key demands of the protesters, was establishing another commission for the protests itself.
See also
edit- Inquest, a similar investigation with lesser scope
- Royal Commission
- Tribunal
- Inquiries Act 2005 (UK statute which provides for the holding of inquiries)
- Parliamentary inquiry committee
References
edit- ^ Sulitzeanu-Kenan, R. 2010. Reflection in the Shadow of Blame: When do Politicians Appoint Commissions of Inquiry?, British Journal of Political Science 40(3): 613-634 Archived 28 February 2022 at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ Sulitzeanu-Kenan, R & Y. Holzman-Gazit. 2016. Form and Content: Institutional Preferences and Public Opinion in a Crisis Inquiry, Administration & Society 48(1): 3-30 Archived 23 February 2016 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Sulitzeanu-Kenan, R. (1 October 2007). "Scything the grass: agenda-setting consequences of appointing public inquiries in the UK. A longitudinal analysis". Policy & Politics. 35 (4): 629–650. doi:10.1332/030557307782452985. Archived from the original on 15 August 2022. Retrieved 15 August 2022.
- ^ Sulitzeanu-Kenan, R. (30 June 2020). "Blame Avoidance and Crisis Inquiries". Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics. doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.1591. ISBN 978-0-19-022863-7. Archived from the original on 15 August 2022. Retrieved 15 August 2022.
- ^ Sulitzeanu-Kenan, Raanan (2006). "If They Get It Right: An Experimental Test of the Effects of the Appointment and Reports of UK Public Inquiries". Public Administration. 84 (3): 623–653. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9299.2006.00605.x.
- ^ Loi du 7 juillet 1833 sur l'expropriation pour cause d'utilité publique
- ^ Loi du 8 mars 1810 sur l'expropriation pour cause d'utilité publique
- ^ Citizens Information Board 2009
- ^ "Report on Public Inquiries Including Tribunals of Inquiry". Law Reform Commission. 30 May 2005. Archived from the original on 16 February 2015. Retrieved 16 September 2014.
- ^ "Commissions of Investigation Act 2004". Irish Statute Book. Archived from the original on 16 February 2015. Retrieved 16 September 2014.
- ^ "Commissions of Investigation Bill 2003: Second Stage". Dáil Éireann debates. Oireachtas. 4 March 2004. Archived from the original on 16 February 2015. Retrieved 16 September 2014.
- ^ Caird, Jack Simson (1 July 2016). "Public Inquiries: non-statutory commissions of inquiry". Parliament of the United Kingdom. Archived from the original on 17 July 2018. Retrieved 22 July 2022.
- ^ "Memorandum to the Justice Select Committee: Post-Legislative Assessment of the Inquiries Act 2005" (PDF). justice.gov.uk. p. 3. Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 April 2012. Retrieved 11 August 2022.
- ^ "Government acts to improve patient safety in mental health care". gov.uk (Press release). 28 June 2023.
- ^ Fairbairn, Catherine; Caird, Jack Simson (21 June 2017). "Inquests and public inquiries". Parliament of the United Kingdom. Archived from the original on 22 October 2020. Retrieved 30 July 2022.
- ^ a b c d e f "Public inquiries". Institute for Government. 13 March 2018.
- ^ "Bloody Sunday families reject decision to charge only one soldier". The Guardian. 29 September 2000. Retrieved 24 July 2022.
- ^ 南丫海難6周年 家屬失望調查報告仍未公開. hk.on.cc (in Chinese (Hong Kong)). Hong Kong: Oriental Press Group. 25 September 2012. Archived from the original on 14 January 2019. Retrieved 4 November 2019.