Juju or ju-ju (French: joujou, lit. 'plaything')[1][2] is a spiritual belief system incorporating objects, such as amulets, and spells used in religious practice in West Africa[3] by the people of Nigeria, Benin, Togo, Ghana, and Cameroon.[4] The term has been applied to traditional Western African religions,[5] incorporating objects such as amulets, and spells used in spiritual practices, and blood sacrifices.[6] This is under the belief that two vessels (most commonly a monkey's head is used) that have been in close physical contact with each other have similar spiritual properties and in turn, makes the objects possible to manipulate.
In a general sense, the term "juju" can be used to refer to magical properties dealing with luck, whether good or bad.[7]
The name is also associated with the music genre, Jùjú as well as a slang term for the energy of something or someone.
History
edit
The belief system is recorded by Sir James George Frazer in Folk-Lore (Vol. XXVI), under the title, "A Priest-King in Nigeria",[8] from a communication received from Mr. P. A. Talbot, District Commissioner in S. Nigeria. The writer[clarification needed] states that the dominant Ju-Ju of Elele, a town in the northwest of the Degema district, is a Priest-King, elected for a term of seven years. "The whole prosperity of the town, especially the fruitfulness of farm, byre, and marriage-bed, was linked with his life. Should he fall sick, therefore, it entailed famine and grave disaster upon the inhabitants ..."[9][10]
Le Comte C. N. de Cardi documented its practice amongst the Igbos, Ibibios, and Yoruba peoples of the Niger Delta in an 1899 article,[11] and Alan Maxwell Boisragon in a book of 1897.[12]
Practices
editJuju is a folk magic in West Africa; within juju, a variety of concepts exist. Juju charms and spells can be used to inflict either bad or good juju. A "juju man" is any man vetted by local traditions and well versed in traditional spiritual medicines.[13] The word Juju is used in the West African Diaspora to describe all forms of charms made in African Diaspora Religions and African Traditional Religions.[14] The word Juju is used in the West African Diaspora to describe all forms of charms made in African Diaspora Religions and African Traditional Religions.[15]
According to some authors, "It is neither good nor bad, but it may be used for constructive purposes as well as for nefarious deeds."[16] It is most commonly used for treating both physical and spiritual ailments. For example, when used with positive intentions, it can be used for healing insect and animal bites as well as counteracting and neutralizing curses. Juju is sometimes used to enforce a contract or ensure compliance. In a typical scenario, the witch doctor casting the spell requires payment for this service.[17]
When used negatively, Juju can be used to enact revenge, out of jealousy and cause misfortune in general. It can be done as simply as sending a vessel of any kind infused with negative energy to the intended person. Crimes that have been committed (human trafficking being the most extreme and prominent example) while utilizing the practice. 19th century venturers, and merchants of the Niger Delta and Benin documented and published accounts of:[6][12]
- Animal sacrifice
- Cannibalism
- Curses
- Female genital mutilation
- Human Sacrifice, including:
- Albino sacrifice
- Judicial Sacrifice
- Slave Sacrifice
- Twin Sacrifice
- Widow Sacrifice
References
edit- ^ "Juju | Define Juju at Dictionary.com". Dictionary.reference.com. Retrieved 2013-07-05.
- ^ Harper, Douglas. "juju". Online Etymology Dictionary.
- ^ Cbango, Ibo. "Juju". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 31 January 2022.
- ^ "Nigeria under the spell of juju". Latest Nigeria News, Nigerian Newspapers, Politics. 2020-01-13. Retrieved 2020-03-05.
- ^ Mockler-Ferryman, Augustus (1898). "Religion and Missionaries". Imperial Africa: The Rise, Progress and Future of the British Possessions in Africa. Imperial Press. p. 392.
- ^ a b de Cardi, C. N. (1899). "Ju-Ju Laws and Customs in the Niger Delta". The Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland. 29 (1/2): 51–64. doi:10.2307/2842576. ISSN 0959-5295. JSTOR 2842576.
- ^ Afro-Caribbean Religions: An Introduction to Their Historical, Cultural, and Sacred Traditions. Temple University Press. 2010. ISBN 9781439901755.
- ^ https://ia600708.us.archive.org/view_archive.php?archive=/28/items/crossref-pre-1923-scholarly-works/10.1080%252F0015587x.1914.9718830.zip&file=10.1080%252F0015587x.1915.9719703.pdf [bare URL PDF]
- ^ From Ritual to Romance, Jessie L. Weston https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/4090/pg4090-images.html
- ^ TALBOT, P. AMAURY (April 1925). "Some Foreign Influences on Nigeria". African Affairs. XXIV (XCV): 178–201. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a100130. ISSN 1468-2621.
- ^ de Cardi, C. N. (1899). "Ju-Ju Laws and Customs in the Niger Delta" (PDF). The Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland. 29: 51–64 – via Archive.org / JSTOR.
- ^ a b Boisragon, Alan Maxwell (1897). The Benin massacre. Smithsonian Libraries. London : Methuen.
- ^ Bever, Bep Oliver (1983). "The West African Juju Man and the Tools of his Trade". The International Journal of Crude Drug Research. 21 (3): 97–120. doi:10.3109/13880208309070623.
- ^ Hazzard-Donald (30 December 2012). Mojo Workin' The Old African American Hoodoo System. University of Illinois Press. p. 207. ISBN 9780252094460.
- ^ Hazzard-Donald (30 December 2012). Mojo Workin' The Old African American Hoodoo System. University of Illinois Press. p. 207. ISBN 9780252094460.
- ^ Cbanga, Ibo. "Juju". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 31 January 2022.
- ^ "People & Power - The Nigerian Connection". Al Jazeera. 11 June 2012.
- ^ Peachey, Paul (2021-10-09). "How the riddle of 'Adam' turned the tide against African 'juju' trafficking gangs". The National. Retrieved 2023-05-27.
- ^ "Ending albino persecution in Africa". Africa Renewal. 2017-12-28. Retrieved 2023-05-27.