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Kalinga (province)

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This article is about the province. For other uses, see Kalinga (disambiguation).

Kalinga (IPA: [ka'liŋɡa]), officially the Province of Kalinga (Ilocano: Probinsia ti Kalinga; Tagalog: Lalawigan ng Kalinga), is a landlocked province in the Philippines situated within the Cordillera Administrative Region in Luzon. Its capital (and largest city) is Tabuk and borders Mountain Province to the south, Abra to the west, Isabela to the east, Cagayan to the northeast, and Apayao to the north. Kalinga and Apayao are the result of the 1995 partitioning of the former province of Kalinga-Apayao which was seen to better service the respective needs of the various indigenous peoples in the area.

Kalinga
Province
(from top: left to right) Bum-bag Rice Terraces, Pasil Valley, Lubuagan Mountains, Mount Manting-oy, Mount Binuluan and Bulanao in Tabuk City
Flag of Kalinga
Flag
Official seal of Kalinga
Seal
Location in the Philippines
Location in the Philippines
OpenStreetMap
Map
Coordinates: 17°45′N 121°15′E / 17.75°N 121.25°E / 17.75; 121.25
CountryPhilippines
RegionCordillera Administrative Region
FoundedMay 8, 1995
Capital
and largest city		Tabuk
Government
 • GovernorJames S. Edduba (Lakas)
 • Vice GovernorJocel C. Baac (Aksyon)
 • LegislatureKalinga Provincial Board
Area
[1]
 • Total
3,231.25 km2 (1,247.59 sq mi)
 • Rank41st out of 81
Highest elevation
(Mount Alchan)
2,617 m (8,586 ft)
Population
 (2020 census)[3]
 • Total
229,570
 • Estimate 
(2020)
220,329[2]
 • Rank71st out of 81
 • Density71/km2 (180/sq mi)
  • Rank78th out of 81
Divisions
 • Independent cities0
 • Component cities
1
 • Municipalities
7
 • Barangays153
 • DistrictsLegislative district of Kalinga
Time zoneUTC+8 (PHT)
ZIP code
3800–3808
IDD : area code +63 (0)74
ISO 3166 codePH-KAL
Spoken languages
Websitewww.kalinga.gov.ph

President Emilio Aguinaldo proclaimed Lubuagan town the seat of government for 73 days from March 6, 1900, to May 18, 1900, before finally fleeing to his last hideout in Palanan.[4][5]

Etymology

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The province's name is derived from the Ibanag and Gaddang noun "kalinga", which means "enemy", "fighter", or "headtaker".[6]

History

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American occupation

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Kalinga was taken from Cagayan and Isabela provinces and established by the US Government through Philippine Commission Act No. 1642 on May 9, 1907, as a sub-province of Lepanto-Bontoc.[7]

Kalinga was later organized as one of the sub-provinces of Mountain Province, created by Act No. 1876.[8]

In the early years, the subprovince underwent series of territorial changes. Part of Kalinga was transferred to another sub-province Bontoc through Executive Order No. 53 in 1914. In the municipal district of Pinukpuk, barrios were moved to Balbalan in 1926; as well as parts of it to Conner in Apayao in 1927.[9]

Postwar era

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Kalinga became part of a province along with Apayao when the old Mountain Province was divided into four separate provinces through Republic Act No. 4695 in 1966.[8][10] Tabuc (Tabuk) was designated as the capital of Kalinga.[11]

During the Marcos dictatorship

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The beginning months of the 1970s marked a period of turmoil and change in the Philippines, as well as in Kalinga-Apayao.[12] During his bid to be the first Philippine president to be re-elected for a second term, Ferdinand Marcos launched an unprecedented number of public works projects. This caused[13][14] the Philippine economy took a sudden downwards turn known as the 1969 Philippine balance of payments crisis, which in turn led to a period of economic difficulty and social unrest.[15][16] : "43" [17][18]

With only a year left in his last constitutionally allowed term as president Ferdinand Marcos placed the Philippines under Martial Law in September 1972 and thus retained the position for fourteen more years.[19] This period in Philippine history is remembered for the Marcos administration's record of human rights abuses,[20][21] particularly _targeting political opponents, student activists, journalists, religious workers, farmers, and others who fought against the Marcos dictatorship.[22] The Kalinga-Apayao became known as a flashpoint of conflict between the Marcos dictatorship and the various indigenous peoples who lived in the area, because of the Chico River Dam Project,[23][24] which, even if only the most essential part of it were built, would have encompassed the municipalities of Tinglayan, Lubuagan, Pasil, and parts of Tabuk in Kalinga, as well as numerous municipalities in Mountain Province; and would have displaced about 100,000 indigenous people.[25] Because the great value placed on deceased ancestors who were buried within these communities, the issue was not just one of livelihood, but also one of sacred grounds.[24] Marcos sent three armed brigades[24] to quell down the protests, resulting in heightened tensions in the area. In 1977 alone, numerous Kalinga dam protesters — including tribal leaders Lumbaya Aliga Gayudan and Macli-ing Dulag,[23] and even a 12-year-old child[24] — were rounded up by these forces and incarcerated for up to two months.[23][24]

The 24 April 1980 murder of Macli-ing Dulag became a turning point when coverage of the murder led to public outrage. It was the first time since the 1972 declaration of Martial Law where the mainstream Philippine press managed to report on the arrests of civilians under Martial Law,[26] and the turn of public opinion against both the Chico River Dam and Martial law, coupled with the united anger of the various peoples of the Cordillera Mountains led the Ferdinand Marcos administration to give up on the dam project.[27] As a result, the Chico River Dam Project is now considered a landmark case study concerning ancestral domain issues in the Philippines.[28][29]

After the People Power Revolution

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After Marcos' 21 years in power were finally ended by the civilian-led People Power Revolution in 1986, many of the activists who had joined the underground movement decided to "surface," as the new administration of Corazon Aquino released political prisoners and initiated peace talks.[30] However, anti-left sentiment in Aquino's new cabinet, which included figures who were aligned with the Reform the Armed Forces Movement, made the peace process difficult, and negotiations eventually collapsed, and the insurgency in Kalinga-Apayao persisted.[31][32]

Another event in 1986 marked the beginning of political change in the region, however - the splitting of the Cordillera People's Liberation Army from the New People's Army. Former Catholic priest Conrado Balweg, who had left his calling and joined the NPA in 1979, had been having disagreements with the NPA leadership over tactics and objectives in the Cordillera for four years when he finally decided to split from the NPA in early April 1986,[33][citation needed] believing that Igorot interests were better served through regional struggles for liberation, rather than the national-scale conflict pursued by the NPA.[34]

Peace accord and creation of the Cordillera Autonomous Region

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In September 1986, the CPLA signed the Mount Data Peace Accord with the government, which led to the creation of what became called the Cordillera Autonomous Region, although attempts to ratify actual autonomy in the region have failed due to non-ratification during plebiscites.[35][36]

Along with Abra, Kalinga-Apayao became part of the territories in the Cordillera Administrative Region which was created through Executive Order No. 220 in 1987.[37]

Creation as a province

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Kalinga was converted into a province on May 8, 1995 by virtue of RA No. 7878 when a majority of the voters in Kalinga-Apayao approved in a plebiscite the division of the province into two.[8][38]

Contemporary

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The capital town Tabuk became a component city by virtue of Republic Act No. 9404 which sought to convert the town into a city. The law was ratified on June 23, 2007. However, the cityhood status was lost twice in the years 2008 and 2010 after the League of Cities of the Philippines questioned the validity of the cityhood law. The cityhood status was reaffirmed after the Supreme Court of the Philippines finalized its ruling on February 15, 2011 which declared the cityhood law constitutional.

Geography

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The mountains of Kalinga in Lubuagan

Kalinga covers a total area of 3,231.25 square kilometres (1,247.59 sq mi)[39] occupying the central section of the Cordillera Administrative Region in Luzon. The province is bordered by Mountain Province to the south, Abra to the west, Isabela to the east, Cagayan to the northeast, and Apayao to the north.

Large swaths of the province's lowlands are open grassland suitable for pasture, while the highlands have extensive areas of tropical rainforest. In higher elevations to the west, particularly in the mountains of Balbalan, lie some of the most intact pine forests of Luzon island. Rizal and Tabuk with their flatlands are the biggest rice producers. Next in rice production are the mountainous area, and of note are the rice terraces of Balbalan, Lubuagan, Pasil, Pinukpuk, Tinglayan, and Tanudan.

Climate

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Hydrology

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The Chico River passing through Tinglayan

The province is drained mainly by the Chico River, with its headwaters in the Mountain Province and emptying into the Cagayan River. The Chico River has several tributaries: Bunog River in Tinglayan in the south; the Tanudan and Biga Rivers in the east; Pasil River in the central area; and Poswoy, Dao-angan, Mabaca and Saltan Rivers in the west.

Several small lakes can also be found in Kalinga.

Administrative divisions

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Butchered remains of a Rhinoceros philippinensis found in Rizal, Kalinga. An evidence of early hominins in the Philippines about 709,000 years ago.

Kalinga comprises one component city and seven municipalities, all encompassed by a single legislative district.

Tabuk was proclaimed a component city in 2007, but in November 2008 the Supreme Court of the Philippines ruled that its cityhood was unconstitutional. However, Tabuk had its city status reinstated by the Supreme Court on December 22, 2009.[40]

 
Political divisions

Barangays

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The seven municipalities and one component city of the province comprise 153 barangays, with Bulanao in Tabuk as the most populous in 2010, and Anggacan Sur in Tanudan as the least. If the City of Tabuk is excluded, Pinukpuk Junction in Pinukpuk municipality has the highest population.[39]

Further information: List of barangays in Kalinga

Demographics

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Population census of Kalinga (province)
YearPop.±% p.a.
1903 17,660—    
1918 27,467+2.99%
1939 31,320+0.63%
1948 36,777+1.80%
1960 59,927+4.15%
1970 86,597+3.75%
1975 102,110+3.36%
1980 114,382+2.29%
1990 137,055+1.83%
1995 154,145+2.23%
2000 174,023+2.63%
2007 182,326+0.64%
2010 201,613+3.73%
2015 212,680+1.02%
2020 229,570+1.51%
Source: Philippine Statistics Authority[41][42][43]
Population by ethnicity (2000)[44]
Ethnicity Number
Kalinga
 
 111,774 (64.37%)
Ilocano
 
 41,633 (23.98%)
Kankanaey
 
 4,421 (2.55%)
Ibontoc
 
 2,804 (1.61%)
Tagalog
 
 2,227 (1.28%)
Applai
 
 1,730 (1.00%)
Others
 
 8,115 (4.67%)
Not Reported
 
 930 (0.54%)
Other foreign ethnicity
 
 4 (0.002%)

The population of Kalinga in the 2020 census was 229,570 people,[3] with a density of 71 inhabitants per square kilometre or 180 inhabitants per square mile.

On the 2000 census survey, Kalinga people comprised 64.37% (111,774) of the total provincial population of 173,638. Ilocanos came in second at 23.98% (41,633), while other ethnic groups in the province were the Kankanaey at 2.55% (4,421), Bontoc at 1.61% (2,804), Tagalog at 1.28% (2,227) and Applai at 1% (1,730).[44]

The primary language spoken is Kalinga, including its dialects of Balangao, Butbut, Limos, Lower Tanudan, Lubuagan, Mabaka, Madukayang, Southern Kalingan, and Upper Tanudan. Gaddang, as well as Ilocano, Tagalog, and English are also spoken in as lingua francas with varying degrees of proficiency.

Economy

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Poverty incidence of Kalinga

10
20
30
40
50
2006
47.30
2009
30.15
2012
26.77
2015
40.68
2018
12.10
2021
5.60

Source: Philippine Statistics Authority[45][46][47][48][49][50][51][52]

Culture

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106-year old Apo Whang Od, the embodiment of Kalinga tattoo artistry.
 
A student from Tinglayan, vested in traditional garb and holding a handcrafted weapon.

There are many sub-tribes in the province. The strong sense of tribal membership and filial loyalty results in frequent tribal unrest and occasional outright war. Due to the mountainous terrain and warrior-culture of the people, the Kalinga were able to preserve their culture despite centuries of occupation in the lowlands by the Spaniards, Americans, and the Japanese.

On February 22, 2019, the Department of Tourism announced the bid of Digdiga Ni Tupayya, a Kalinga courtship dance, to be included in the UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists.[53][54]

Notable people

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References

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  1. ^ "List of Provinces". PSGC Interactive. Makati, Philippines: National Statistical Coordination Board. Archived from the original on January 17, 2013. Retrieved January 2, 2014.
  2. ^ "POPULATION PROJECTIONS BY REGION, PROVINCE, CITIES AND MUNICIPALITIES, 2020-2025". www.doh.gov.ph. Department of Health. August 27, 2020. Archived from the original on May 14, 2021. Retrieved October 16, 2020.
  3. ^ a b c Census of Population (2020). Table B - Population and Annual Growth Rates by Province, City, and Municipality - By Region. Philippine Statistics Authority. Retrieved July 8, 2021.
  4. ^ "History". Municipality of Lubuagan. Archived from the original on August 31, 2018. Retrieved March 14, 2019.
  5. ^ "Municipality of Lubuagan". Department of Interior and Local Government-Cordillera Administrative Region. Archived from the original on March 22, 2016. Retrieved March 14, 2019.
  6. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). nlpdl.nlp.gov.ph:81. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 16, 2017. Retrieved June 30, 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  7. ^ "Act No. 1642". Supreme Court E-Library. Government of the Philippines. May 9, 1907. Retrieved July 24, 2022.
  8. ^ a b c "The Kalinga". National Commission for Culture and the Arts. Government of the Philippines. Retrieved August 7, 2022.
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  10. ^ "Republic Act No. 4695". The LawPhil Project. Arellano Law Foundation. June 18, 1966. Retrieved July 24, 2022.
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  20. ^ "Alfred McCoy, Dark Legacy: Human rights under the Marcos regime". Ateneo de Manila University. September 20, 1999.
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  22. ^ "Gone too soon: 7 youth leaders killed under Martial Law". Rappler. Retrieved June 15, 2018.
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  24. ^ a b c d e Joanna K. Cariño, "The Chico River Basin Development Project: A Case Study in National Development Policy," Aghamtao Vol. III (December 1980): 2, https://pssc.org.ph/wp-content/pssc-archives/Aghamtao/1980/05_The%20Chico%20River%20Basin%20Development%20Project_%20A%20Case%20Study%20in%20National%20Development%20Policy.pdf.
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  26. ^ Aureus, Leonor J., ed. (1985). The Philippine Press Under Siege II.
  27. ^ Tauli-Corpuz, Victoria (March 29, 2018). "A silent war is being waged on Philippine indigenous communities". Financial Times. Retrieved April 2, 2018.
  28. ^ "Where the Chico River Rumbles | Travel Inspirations | Yahoo! Singapore Travel". Archived from the original on March 6, 2012. Retrieved May 9, 2012.
  29. ^ Jamias, Juan F (1975) Readings in Development Communication. College, Philippines : College of Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Baños.
  30. ^ Villegas, Bernardo M. (February 1, 1987). "The Philippines in 1986: Democratic Reconstruction in the Post-Marcos Era". Asian Survey. 27 (2): 194–205. doi:10.2307/2644614. ISSN 0004-4687. JSTOR 2644614.
  31. ^ Curaming, Rommel and Claudio, Lisandro, A Historicised (Re)Assessment of EDSA 'People Power' (1986) (February 1, 2010). Asia Research Institute Working Paper No. 134. https://ssrn.com/abstract=1716572 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1716572
  32. ^ Marchadesch, Barbara (November 24, 2017). "TIMELINE: The peace talks between the government and the CPP-NPA-NDF, 1986 – present". GMA News Online. Archived from the original on November 24, 2017. Retrieved April 15, 2020.
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  39. ^ a b c "Province: Kalinga (province)". PSGC Interactive. Quezon City, Philippines: Philippine Statistics Authority. Retrieved January 8, 2016.
  40. ^ Pulta, Benjamin B. (December 23, 2009). "SC reverses self, upholds creation of 16 cities". The Daily Tribune. Archived from the original on August 7, 2011. Retrieved July 26, 2016.
  41. ^ a b Census of Population (2015). Highlights of the Philippine Population 2015 Census of Population. Philippine Statistics Authority. Retrieved June 20, 2016.
  42. ^ Census of Population and Housing (2010). Population and Annual Growth Rates for The Philippines and Its Regions, Provinces, and Highly Urbanized Cities (PDF). National Statistics Office. Retrieved June 29, 2016.
  43. ^ Census of Population and Housing (2010). "Cordillera Administrative Region (CAR)" (PDF). Total Population by Province, City, Municipality and Barangay. National Statistics Office. Retrieved June 29, 2016.
  44. ^ a b "Females Better Educated in Kalinga; Table 5. Household Population by Ethnicity and Sex: Kalinga, 2000". Philippine Statistics Authority. May 29, 2002. Archived from the original on March 19, 2012. Retrieved July 26, 2016.
  45. ^ "Poverty incidence (PI):". Philippine Statistics Authority. Retrieved December 28, 2020.
  46. ^ "Estimation of Local Poverty in the Philippines" (PDF). Philippine Statistics Authority. November 29, 2005.
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  48. ^ "Annual Per Capita Poverty Threshold, Poverty Incidence and Magnitude of Poor Population, by Region and Province: 1991, 2006, 2009, 2012 and 2015". Philippine Statistics Authority. August 27, 2016.
  49. ^ "Annual Per Capita Poverty Threshold, Poverty Incidence and Magnitude of Poor Population, by Region and Province: 1991, 2006, 2009, 2012 and 2015". Philippine Statistics Authority. August 27, 2016.
  50. ^ "Annual Per Capita Poverty Threshold, Poverty Incidence and Magnitude of Poor Population, by Region and Province: 1991, 2006, 2009, 2012 and 2015". Philippine Statistics Authority. August 27, 2016.
  51. ^ "Updated Annual Per Capita Poverty Threshold, Poverty Incidence and Magnitude of Poor Population with Measures of Precision, by Region and Province: 2015 and 2018". Philippine Statistics Authority. June 4, 2020.
  52. ^ "2021 Full Year Official Poverty Statistics of the Philippines" (PDF). Philippine Statistics Authority. August 15, 2022. Retrieved April 28, 2024.
  53. ^ Geminiano, Pamela Mariz (February 22, 2019). "DOT eyes Kalinga courtship dance in UNESCO heritage list". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on March 14, 2019. Retrieved March 14, 2019.
  54. ^ "DOT eyes Kalinga courtship dance in UNESCO heritage list". www.pna.gov.ph. Archived from the original on February 3, 2021. Retrieved April 3, 2021.
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