Kansa is a Siouan language of the Dhegihan group once spoken by the Kaw people of Oklahoma. Vice President Charles Curtis spoke Kansa as a child. The last mother-tongue speaker, Ralph Pepper, died in June 1982.[3]
| Kansa | |
|---|---|
| Káⁿza | |
| Native to | United States |
| Region | Kansas, Oklahoma |
| Ethnicity | Kaw people[1] |
| Extinct | June 1982, with the death of Ralph Pepper[1] |
| Revival | c. 12 L2 speakers (2007)[1] |
Siouan
| |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | ksk |
qlc Kansa-Osage | |
| Glottolog | kans1243 |
| ELP | Kanza |
 Kansa is classified as Extinct by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger [2] | |
Classification
editKansa is a Dhegiha Siouan language, a broader category containing other languages such as Quapaw, Omaha, Ponca and Osage. This group of languages falls under Mississippi Valley Siouan, which is grouped under the largest category of the Siouan language family.[4]
History
editThe speakers of Kansa, known as the Kaw people, lived together with the Siouan-speakers in a united nation known as the Dhegiha Siouan group. This group was originally situated north of the Ohio River and east of the Mississippi River and then moved west down the Ohio River. Following their westward migration, the Dhegiha Siouan group branched into five indigenous tribes (Sioux subgroups) known mainly as Ponca, Osage, Omaha, Quapaw or Kaw people. Later on, many Kaw people migrated west of Missouri river and were called "People of the Southwind."[5] The languages of the 5 tribes originating from the single Dhegiha group are quite similar, and have been regarded as dialects of each other.[4]
Geographic distribution
editThe Kansa Sioux language was mostly spoken only in the plains region now known as the U.S. state of Kansas, and now because all of the descendants of Native Kansa speakers have died, Kansa is no longer natively spoken. Members of the tribe now use English, while some still understand certain Kansa phrases and words.[5] There are, however, ongoing language revitalization efforts to document and study several Native languages, both to improve understanding of language evolution and to honor the legacy of indigenous peoples.
Scholarship and resources
editPioneering anthropologist and linguist James Owen Dorsey collected 604 Kansa words in the 1880s and also made about 25,000 entries in a Kansa-English dictionary which has never been published.[6] Dorsey also collected 24 narratives, historical accounts, and personal letters from nine Kansa speakers.[7]
In 1974, linguist Robert L. Rankin met Walter Kekahbah (d. 1979), Ralph Pepper (d. 1982), and Maud McCauley Rowe (d. 1977), the last surviving native speakers of Kansa. Rankin made extensive recordings of all three, especially Rowe, and his work over the next 31 years documented the language and helped the Kaw Nation to develop language learning materials.[8]
Phonology
editKansa has 29 consonants and 8 vowels.[9]
| Bilabial | Dental | Alveolar | Post- alveolar |
Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plosive/ Affricate |
voiced | b | d | dʒ | ɡ | |||
| tense | pː | tː | tʃː | kː | ||||
| aspirated | pʰ | tʰ | tʃʰ | kʰ | ||||
| glottalized | pʼ | tʼ | tsʼ | kʼ | ʔ | |||
| Fricative | voiceless | s | ʃ | x | h | |||
| voiced | z | ʒ | ɣ | |||||
| Nasal | m | n | ||||||
| Approximant | w | l | j | |||||
| Front | Back | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i ĩ | y | |
| Mid | ɛ | o õ | |
| Open | a ã | ||
/ɛ/ is phonetically open-mid, whereas /o/ is phonetically close-mid. Additionally, /a/ and /o/ can also be pronounced as [ə] and [u] respectively.[10]
Grammar
editNouns
editKansa does not mark nouns for number[4][10] or gender.[10] The number of a particular noun can be determined from the verb, an article or from context. For example, the word sínga could be translated to English as "squirrel" or "squirrels" depending on context,[4] in the sentence Sínga miⁿ aⁿdómbabe, (transl. We looked at a squirrel), it must be a single squirrel because of the article miⁿ.
Verbs
editKansa is a SOV language[10] and the verbs are inflected based on the person and number of their subjects and objects.[10] For example, in the sentence ni kóⁿbla (transl. I want water), the object ni, (transl. water), comes before the verb kóⁿbla (transl. I want).
Kansa does not have verb tenses.[4]
Orthography
edit| Upper case | Lower case | Pronunciation | Example | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kansa | English translation | |||
| A | a | /a/ | a | arm |
| Aⁿ[note 1] | aⁿ | /ã/ | aⁿhá | yes (female speaker) |
| B | b | /b/ | ble | I go |
| Č[note 2] | č | /tʃː/ | česká | cow |
| Čh[note 2] | čh | /tʃʰ/ | čhiⁿ | strike |
| D | d | /d/ | dómbe | look at |
| E | e | /ɛ/ | égo | like, as |
| G | g | /g/ | gáxe | make |
| H | h | /h/ | ho | fish |
| I | i | /i/ | itá | egg |
| Iⁿ[note 1] | iⁿ | /ĩ/ | ìⁿtánga | gravel |
| J | j | /dʒ/ | je | lake |
| K | k | /kː/ | ke | turtle |
| Kh | kh | /kʰ/ | khága | third son |
| K' | k' | /kʼ/ | k’óse | dice |
| L | l | /l/ | léze | striped |
| M | m | /m/ | miⁿ | blanket |
| N | n | /n/ | ni | water |
| O | o | /o/ | obáhaⁿ | wear |
| Oⁿ[note 1] | oⁿ | /õ/ | oⁿháⁿ | boiling |
| P | p | /pː/ | pa | nose |
| Ph | ph | /pʰ/ | phóke | thud |
| P' | p' | /pʼ/ | yup’íⁿze | blink |
| S | s | /s/ | sábe | black |
| Sh | sh | /ʃ/ | shábe | brown |
| T | t | /tː/ | ta | deer |
| T' | t' | /tʼ/ | t’óxa | bent |
| Ts' | ts' | /tsʼ/ | ts'e | dead |
| U | u | /y/ | úbe | bird's tail |
| W | w | /w/ | wahú | bone |
| X | x | /x/ | xlexlé | tattoo |
| Y | y | /j/ | yéba | jaw |
| Z | z | /z/ | zíhi | yellow |
| Zh | zh | /ʒ/ | zhúje | red |
| Ɣ[note 3] | ɣ | /ɣ/ | ɣagé | cry |
| ’ | ’ | /ʔ/ | ’oⁿ | use |
- ^ a b c ⟨ⁿ⟩ is written as ⟨n⟩ before ⟨g⟩, ⟨k⟩, ⟨kh⟩ or ⟨k’⟩, and ⟨m⟩ before ⟨b⟩, ⟨p⟩, ⟨ph⟩ or ⟨p’⟩. In written communications where ⟨ⁿ⟩ cannot be written ⟨~⟩ or ⟨N⟩ are used instead.
- ^ a b ⟨Č⟩ may be written as ⟨C⟩ when ⟨Č⟩ cannot be written easily.
- ^ ⟨Ɣ⟩ may be written as ⟨Gh⟩ in contexts where ⟨Ɣ⟩ cannot be written
Vocabulary
editKansa has a great deal of vocabulary in common with the other languages of the Dhegiha Siouan group.[4] The following table compares cognates in Kansa and Osage:
| English | Osage | Kansa |
|---|---|---|
| house | hcí | či |
| man | níhka | níka |
| woman | wak'ó | wak'ó |
Language revitalization
editAs of 2012, the Kaw Nation offers online language learning for Kansa second language speakers.[8]
The 2nd Annual Dhegiha Gathering in 2012 brought Kansa, Quapaw, Osage, Omaha and Ponca speakers together to share best practices in language revitalization.[11]
References
edit- ^ a b c Kansa at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
- ^ Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger (Report) (3rd ed.). UNESCO. 2010. p. 11.
- ^ Ranney, Dave. "Researchers try to preserve Indian languages.", accessed 8 Apr 2011[permanent dead link]
- ^ a b c d e f "WebKanza - KANZA". www.kawnation.com. Retrieved 2017-05-01.
- ^ a b "Kaws (or Kanzas, Kansas) - Kansapedia - Kansas Historical Society". www.kshs.org. Retrieved 2017-05-01.
- ^ Unrau, William E. The Kansa Indians: A History of the Wind People, 1673-1873. Norman: U of OK Press, 1971, p. 12
- ^ Kaanze Weyaje: Kanza Reader. Kanza Language Project, Kaw City, OK: Kaw Nation, 2010, p. xiii
- ^ a b Ranney, Dave. “Researchers try to preserve Indian languages.”, accessed 12 Apr 2011
- ^ McBride, Justin T. "Orthography and Ideology: Examining the Development of Kaw Writing" (PDF). Retrieved 2017-02-23.
- ^ a b c d e f Kanza Language for Families & Communities Volume 1 Online Edition (PDF). Kaw Nation of Oklahoma. 2003.
- ^ "Dhegiha Gathering Agenda, 2012" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-06-06. Retrieved 2012-09-22.
External links
edit
- Kansa language at the Kaw Nation Archived 2014-05-22 at the Wayback Machine (extensive online language study resources and texts)
- Kaw Indian Language (Kansa, Kanza)
- OLAC resources in and about the Kansa language
- English to Kansa Dictionary Archived 2016-10-11 at the Wayback Machine
- Kansa Talking Dictionary
- Kanza Language for Families and Communities
- Examining the Development of Kaw Writing