Karl Gozo Yoneda (Japanese: 米田 剛三, July 15, 1906 – May 8, 1999) was a Japanese American activist, union organizer, World War II veteran and author. He played a substantial role in the founding of the International Longshore and Warehouse Union.
Karl Yoneda | |
|---|---|
米田剛三 | |
 At Manzanar internment camp, 1942 (Photo: Dorothea Lange) | |
| Born | Goso Yoneda July 15, 1906 Glendale, California, U.S. |
| Died | May 8, 1999 (aged 92) |
| Known for | International Longshore and Warehouse Union Communist Party organizer |
| Spouse | |
Early life
editBorn in Glendale, California in 1906 to Japanese immigrants, Hideo and Kazu. In 1913, Yoneda's father, now diagnosed with tuberculosis, took the family to Japan to live in their native village just outside Hiroshima. His father died two years later, leaving his mother to raise him and his two sisters.[1]
After World War I, Yoneda went to high school in Hiroshima. When he was 15, he organized a strike among the delivery boys of the powerful Chugoku Shimbun newspaper. The company had increased the delivery routes without increasing pay.
Such experiences led Yoneda to progressive ideas. He began reading the works of anarchists and socialists such as Karl Marx, Engels, Kropotkin, Bakunin, and the blind anarchist poet Vasili Eroshenko, whom he hitch-hiked to meet in Beijing when he was 16 years old. He stayed with Eroshenko two months and went back to Japan. There, he participated in workers strikes and began publishing a journal for poor farmers, Tsuchi. For that, he was beaten and thrown into jail.[2]
Activist life in the U.S.
editIn 1926, Yoneda returned to the U.S. rather than be drafted into the imperial army. On entering the U.S., though he was an American citizen carrying his birth certificate, he was detained at the Immigration Detention House on Angel Island in San Francisco Bay for two months.
He changed his name to Karl to honor Karl Marx and worked as a dish washer and window washer in Los Angeles for $5 a day. He became involved with the Communist Party and the Los Angeles Japanese Workers Association. About that period, he wrote:
I was a young dreamer back then, you know, the utopian type. The Plaza was my very first experience with mass demonstrations. It was easy to go over there because you felt like you were with your own kind of people—no dressed-up people there, nobody was wearing neckties.[1]
When Japan invaded China in 1929, he returned to Japan to protest against the invasion. Marching with the most militant groups, he narrowly escaped being arrested and returned to the U.S.
At a march in Los Angeles in 1931, the police "Red Squad" severely beat him and threw him in a jail cell. The chief called Elaine Black Yoneda, whom the police called the "Red Angel" for her work in helping strikers, rushed over, bailed him out, and took him to a hospital, saving his life.[3] The couple soon fell in love. They could not get married, however, because of California's Anti-miscegenation laws. They borrowed money for a ticket to Seattle, where they were married in 1935.[4]
They participated in the largest demonstrations in the city's history. In 1933, after he spoke out against the tactics of the Red Squad before the L.A. City Council, the squad caught him in an elevator and gave him the worst beating of his life. During his three-month recovery, Elaine went to San Francisco to work for the International Labor Defense group. He was offered the job of editing the Japanese Communist publication Rodo Shimbun and moved to San Francisco to take it.
In May, 1934, they helped organize and participate in a longshoremen's strike in San Francisco. The bosses and police, determined to stop the strike, opened fire on the strikers, killing two and wounding several others. In 1938, Karl went to Washington State to help organize Alaska cannery workers.[5]
World War II and after
editIn 1942, Karl, Elaine, and son Tom were unjustly incarcerated at Manzanar following the signing of Executive Order 9066. Karl registered for the draft and joined the army in November. He served in the United States Military Intelligence Service as a Japanese language specialist in China, Burma and India.[6] He served valiantly and was decorated several times.
After the war, Elaine and Karl continued to work throughout their lives for the unions and anti-war efforts. His mother had survived the atom bomb. In 1960, they visited her on the occasion of attending a peace conference in Tokyo.
After he retired in 1972, he continued to organize and work for human rights. He lectured, wrote articles and an autobiography,[7] and kept his membership in the Communist Party. His wife died in 1988, and he died on May 8, 1999.[8]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b Estrada, William David (2008). The Los Angeles Plaza: Sacred and Contested Space. Austin, Texas: University of Texas Press. pp. 162–167.
- ^ Price, Tom. "Karl Yoneda, working class hero". Archived from the original on 2013-05-03. Retrieved 2014-07-11.
- ^ Price, Tom. "Karl Yoneda". Found SF. Archived from the original on 2013-07-05. Retrieved 2013-05-12.
- ^ Rainieri, Vivian McGuckin (1991). The Red Angel: The Life and Times of Elaine Black Yoneda. New York: International Publishers.
- ^ Pinckney, Shelley (2002). "Communism In Washington State: History and Memory - Chapter 6: Race and Civil Rights: the 30s and 40s". Retrieved 2014-07-11.
- ^ "Finding Aid for the Karl G. Yoneda Papers, 1928-1989". UCLA, Special Collections, Young (Charles E.) Research Library. Retrieved 2011-04-11.
- ^ Yoneda, Karl (1983). Ganbatte: Sixty-Year Struggle of a Kibei Worker. Los Angeles: UCLA Asian American Studies Center. ISBN 9780934052078..
- ^ Price, Tom (May 1999). "Karl Yoneda". FoundSF. Archived from the original on June 9, 2021. Retrieved August 16, 2021.
External links
edit- Karl G. Yoneda papers. 1868-1969. .03 cubic foot. At the Labor Archives of Washington , University of Washington Libraries Special Collections.