Kelvinator was an American home appliance manufacturer and a line of domestic refrigerators that was the company's namesake. Although it is now defunct as a company, the name remains a brand owned by Electrolux AB. It takes its name from William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin, who developed the concept of absolute zero and for whom the Kelvin temperature scale is named. The name was thought appropriate for a company that manufactured ice-boxes and refrigerators.
 | |
| Company type | Division |
|---|---|
| Industry | Appliances |
| Founded | 1914 |
| Defunct | 1986 |
| Products | Commercial refrigeration for food service applications air-conditioning |
| Owner | Electrolux AB, took over ownership in 1986 |
History
edit
The enterprise was established on September 18, 1914, in Detroit, Michigan, United States, by engineer Nathaniel B. Wales, who introduced his idea for a practical electric refrigeration unit for the home to Edmund Copeland and Arnold Goss.[1]
Wales, a young inventor, secured financial backing from Arnold Goss, then secretary of the Buick Automobile company, to develop the first household mechanical refrigerators to be marketed under the name "Electro-Automatic Refrigerating Company".[2] After producing many experimental models, Wales selected one for manufacturing.
In February 1916, the name of the business was changed to "Kelvinator Company" in honor of the Irish-Scottish physicist, Lord Kelvin (William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin), the discoverer of absolute zero. Kelvinator was among two dozen home refrigerators introduced to the U.S. market in 1916. In 1918, Kelvinator introduced the first refrigerator with any type of automatic control.[3]
Frustrated by iceboxes, the Grand Rapids Refrigerator Company introduced a porcelain-lined "Leonard Cleanable" ice cabinet.[4] Kelvinator began buying Leonard's boxes for its electric refrigerated models. By 1923, the Kelvinator Company held 80% of the American market for electric refrigerators.[2]
On July 3, 1925, Kelvinator bought Nizer Corporation in a tri-party merger valued at $20 million.[5]
In 1926, the company acquired Leonard, which had been founded in 1881. Kelvinator concentrated its entire appliance production at the Grand Rapids factory in 1928.[4] That year, George W. Mason assumed control of Kelvinator. Under his leadership, the company lowered its costs while increasing market share through 1936.
In 1936, Kelvinator introduced the "Kelvin Home", one of the earliest attempts to market in-home central air conditioning and heating to ordinary consumers. Customers could choose from several different home designs, all of which were equipped with climate control systems and the latest electric appliances, and were advertised to cost about $7,500 ($151,523 in 2022) [6] for a six-room house.[7][8] The first Kelvin Home shown to the public was located in Livonia, Michigan and attracted thousands of visitors.[9] Several surviving homes are registered historic properties, including some in the Rosedale Gardens Historic District in Livonia[10] and the Kelvinator House in Albuquerque, New Mexico.[11]
British operations
editIn 1926, Kelvinator Limited, England, was started in London. From simple merchandising of the products of the American factories, it grew until it was producing much of its own equipment for the British market. In 1946, it was considered that the time was ripe for this unit to expand and be self-contained in its manufacture of Kelvinator Equipment, and the London manufacturing activities were moved to Crewe and greatly expanded with a further 19,000 square metres (200,000 sq ft) of floor space. The Crewe factory was shared with Rolls-Royce Motors, but burned down in the 1950s and was replaced by a new facility in Bromborough, Cheshire.
Italian manufacturer Candy bought the operation in 1979 together with the use of the Kelvinator brand name in the UK and produced both Candy and Kelvinator products until it closed around 2000.
Merger with Nash Motors
editOn October 27, 1936, it was announced that Nash Motors and Kelvinator Corp. were merging.[12] The merger took effect on January 4, 1937, to form Nash-Kelvinator Corporation as part of a deal that placed George W. Mason at the helm of the combined company.
In 1952, it acquired the Altorfer Bros. Company, which made home laundry equipment under the ABC brand name.
World War II
edit
Between 1939 and 1945, the complete manufacturing facilities of the factories' group were turned over to the manufacturing of military supplies. With the exception of one-ton, two-wheeled truck cargo trailers and some refrigerators, Nash-Kelvinator did not manufacture products related to its pre-war operations.[13] It became the largest producer of helicopters in the U.S. during the war by making the A Hoverfly II, the most advanced helicopter design of the war.[13] Other wartime products included three- and four-blade propellers, optical equipment and binoculars as well as Pratt & Whitney R-2800 Double Wasp radial aircraft engines.[13] The Kelvinator refrigerator facility in Grand Rapids, Michigan, had up to 5,000 employees when it produced airplane propellers and engine parts.[14] Nash-Kelvinator placed 27th in the value of World War II production contracts that were awarded to U.S. firms.[15]
In Britain, Kelvinator of London contributed to the field of testing airplane components at ultra-low temperatures, and instruments under high altitude conditions, research that was credited as saving the lives of many Allied aircrews.
The company pledged to introduce the scientific discoveries gained during the war production into its appliances to make them more useful and efficient.[16]
Integration into American Motors
editNash-Kelvinator became a division of American Motors (AMC) when Nash merged with Hudson in 1954. Kelvinator introduced the first auto-defrost models.[17][18] Kelvinator refrigerators included shelves on the inside of their doors and special compartments for frozen juice containers in the freezer.[17] It also pioneered the side-by-side refrigerator freezer, the Foodarama series, in the mid-1950s.[17][19] In the 1960s, Kelvinator refrigerators introduced "picture frame" doors on some models allowing owners to decorate their appliance to match décor of their kitchens.
Under the leadership of Roy D. Chapin Jr., AMC sold off its Kelvinator operations in 1968.[20] (AMC then purchased the Jeep brand from Kaiser Industries in 1970.) Kelvinator joined White Consolidated Industries, a company that later acquired the rights to Frigidaire (originally owned by General Motors), Gibson, and White-Westinghouse product lines. Electrolux of Sweden acquired White Consolidated Industries in 1986, and combined WCI brands with Electrolux-owned Tappan to become WCI Major Appliances Group.
In the early 1990s, the name of the Dublin, Ohio based holding company changed to Frigidaire Company.
In 1997, it was reorganized into Electrolux North America Products.
Legacy
editIn North America, Electrolux continues to sell (under the Kelvinator Commercial brand) a range of commercial refrigeration equipment.[21]
The Kelvinator brand is used in Argentina for a wide variety of appliances marketed by Radio Victoria Fueguina in Tierra del Fuego.[22] The factory is in this province.[23]
In the Philippines, the Kelvinator brand was licensed in 1977 to Concepcion Industries Inc. (now Concepcion Industrial Corporation) who continues to sell whitegoods under this brand.[24]
In Australia, Kelvinator Australia Ltd was formed in 1934, and manufactured and distributed products under licence from several US companies, including Kelvinator. The managing director was William Queale, while his father-in-law, F.H. Griffiths, was a co-director.[25] In 1980, they became part of the Australian-owned Email Limited group of companies, whose appliance division was subsequently sold to the Swedish-owned Electrolux Group in 2001.[26] Refrigerators and air conditioners continue to be sold under the Kelvinator brand by the Electrolux Group.[27]
In India, the Kelvinator brand was revived in 2019, when the retail arm of Reliance Retail signed a licensing, manufacturing, marketing and distribution deal with Electrolux.[28] They currently sell a range of appliances and whitegoods under the Kelvinator brand.[29]
As late as 2014, residents of Robeson County, North Carolina used "Kelvinator" to generically refer to refrigerators, due to the former presence of a Kelvinator factory in their county.[30]
References
edit- ^ "History". Electrolux International Company. 2007. Archived from the original on 27 December 2007. Retrieved 24 May 2013.
- ^ a b Hubbert, Christopher J. (2006). "The Kelvin Home: Cleveland Heights Leads the Way to: 'a New and Better Way of Living'". Cleveland Heights Historical Society. Archived from the original on 31 January 2013. Retrieved 24 May 2013.
- ^ "History of the Refrigerator". history.com. 2006. Archived from the original on 26 March 2008. Retrieved 24 May 2013.
- ^ a b Beld, Gordon (2012). Grand times in Grand Rapids: pieces of Furniture City history. History Press. pp. 70–71. ISBN 9781609496296. Retrieved 24 May 2013.
- ^ "Ice Machine Merger Is Said to Impend; Kelvinator and Nizer Concerns Named in $20,000,000 Electrical Refrigerator Deal". The New York Times. 3 July 1925. Retrieved 24 May 2013.
- ^ "Calculate the Value of $1.00 in 1936. How much is it worth today?".
- ^ "A Typical Kelvin Home". Chicago Tribune. December 27, 1936. Retrieved June 6, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ "If You Plan To Build (advertisement)". Elmira Star-Gazette. February 4, 1937. Retrieved June 6, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ "More Than 10,000 See Kelvin Home". Detroit Free Press. November 1, 1936. Retrieved June 6, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ Christensen, R.O. (December 2009), National Register of Historic Places Registration Form: Rosedale Gardens Historic District, File Unit: National Register of Historic Places and National Historic Landmarks Program Records: Michigan, 1964 - 2013, retrieved June 6, 2020
- ^ "New Kelvin Home Open to Public for Four Hours Today". Albuquerque Journal. February 20, 1938. Retrieved June 5, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ "Nash-Kelvinator". Cars & Parts. Vol. 27. Amos Press. 1984. Retrieved 5 August 2019.
- ^ a b c Jackson, David D. (10 April 2022). "Nash-Kelvinator in World War Two". usautoindustryworldwartwo.com. Retrieved 20 December 2022.
- ^ "Kelvinator Plant Can't Shake Name No Matter Who Owns It". AP News. 25 December 1987. Retrieved 20 December 2022.
- ^ Shea, Jerry. "Producing the Weapons of War · World War II in Life Magazine Advertisements · Western CT State University Archives' Digital Collections". archives.library.wcsu.edu. Retrieved 20 December 2022.
- ^ "We'll be Inside ... Looking Out (advertisement)". Life. Vol. 18, no. 8. 19 February 1945. p. 39. Retrieved 24 May 2013.
- ^ a b c Seideman, Tony; Seideman, Celine (March–April 2007). "Cold Comparisons". Old-House Journal. 35 (2): 46. Retrieved 24 May 2013.
- ^ "Move the magic of the "Magic Cycle" defrosting (advertisement)". Life. Vol. 35, no. 7. 17 August 1953. p. inside cover. Retrieved 24 May 2013.
- ^ "Fabulous Foodarama by Kelvinator (advertisement)". Life. Vol. 40, no. 16. 16 April 1956. p. 68. Retrieved 24 May 2013.
- ^ Hyde, Charles K. (2003). Riding the Roller Coaster. Wayne State University Press. p. 276. ISBN 978-0-8143-3091-3. Retrieved 24 May 2013.
- ^ "Kelvinator Commercial". Kelvinator Commercial. Retrieved 9 January 2023.
- ^ "Historia". radiovictoria.com (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 25 April 2012. Retrieved 24 May 2013.
- ^ "Acerca de Kelvinator" (in Spanish). Radio Victoria Fueguina. Archived from the original on 23 January 2012. Retrieved 24 May 2013.
- ^ "Concepcion Industrial Corporation - About Us". Concepcion Industrial Corporation. Retrieved 9 January 2023.
- ^ Grainger, G (2020). "Kelvinator Australia Ltd. with a special emphasis on its Keswick Plants" (PDF). City of Woodville West-Torrens. West Torrens Historical Society Inc. p. 3. Retrieved 8 September 2023.
- ^ "Kelvinator Australia Ltd - Keswick Local History". City of West Torrens, South Australia. Retrieved 9 January 2023.
- ^ "About Kelvinator Australia". Retrieved 9 January 2023.
- ^ Mukherjee, Writankar (21 October 2019). "Reliance set to bring back the 'coolest one' to India". The Economic Times. Retrieved 9 January 2023.
- ^ "Kelvinator - About Us". Kelvinator India. Retrieved 9 January 2023.
- ^ Wolfram, Walt; Reaser, Jeffrey (2014). Talkin' Tar Heel: How Our Voices Tell the Story of North Carolina. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press. p. 234. ISBN 978-1-4696-1437-3.