Kivalina (kiv-uh-LEE-nuh)[4] (Inupiaq: Kivalliñiq) is a city[5][6] and village in Northwest Arctic Borough, Alaska, United States. The population was 377 at the 2000 census[7] and 374 as of the 2010 census.[5]
Kivalina
Kivalliñiq | |
|---|---|
 Aerial view of Kivalina | |
 Location in Northwest Arctic Borough and the state of Alaska. | |
| Coordinates: 67°43′38″N 164°32′21″W / 67.72722°N 164.53917°W | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Alaska |
| Borough | Northwest Arctic |
| Incorporated | June 23, 1969[1] |
| Government | |
| • Mayor | Austin Swan, Sr.[2] |
| • State senator | Donny Olson (D) |
| • State rep. | Tom Baker (R) |
| Area | |
• Total | 4.16 sq mi (10.78 km2) |
| • Land | 1.63 sq mi (4.23 km2) |
| • Water | 2.53 sq mi (6.55 km2) |
| Elevation | 13 ft (4 m) |
| Population (2020) | |
• Total | 444 |
| • Density | 272.23/sq mi (105.08/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-9 (Alaska (AKST)) |
| • Summer (DST) | UTC-8 (AKDT) |
| ZIP Code | 99750 |
| Area code | 907 |
| FIPS code | 02-39960 |
| GNIS feature ID | 1413348, 2419411 |
The island on which the village lies is threatened by rising sea levels and coastal erosion caused by climate change. As of 2013[update], it is predicted that the island will be inundated by 2025.[8] In addition to well-publicized impacts of climate change, the Village of Kivalina has been a party in several environmentally related court cases.[9][10][11]
History
editKivalina is an Inupiat community first reported as "Kivualinagmut" in 1847 by Lt. Lavrenty Zagoskin of the Imperial Russian Navy. It has long been a stopping place for travelers between Arctic coastal areas and Kotzebue Sound communities. Three bodies and artifacts were found in 2009 representing the Ipiutak culture, a pre-Thule, non-whaling civilization that disappeared over a millennium ago.[12]
It is the only village in the region where people hunt the bowhead whale. The original village was located at the north end of the Kivalina Lagoon, but was relocated.
In about 1900, reindeer were brought to the area and some people were trained as reindeer herders.
An airstrip was built at Kivalina in 1960. Kivalina incorporated as a second-class city in 1969. During the 1970s, a new school and an electric system were constructed in the city.
On December 5, 2014, the only general store in Kivalina burned down.[13] In July 2015, a newer store was opened after months of rebuilding to make the store more convenient and safe.[14]
Geography
editKivalina is on the southern tip of a 12 km (7.5 mi) long barrier island located between the Chukchi Sea and a lagoon at the mouth of the Kivalina River.[15] It lies 130 km (81 mi) northwest of Kotzebue. According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 3.9 square miles (10 km2), of which, 1.9 square miles (4.9 km2) of it is land and 2.0 square miles (5.2 km2) of it (51.55%) is water.
Climate
editKivalina has a dry subarctic climate with long very cold winters and short cool summers. August is the wettest month of the year, while December is the snowiest month.
| Climate data for Kivalina, Alaska (Kivalina Airport) (1991-2020 normals, extremes 1998-present) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °F (°C) | 47 (8) |
52 (11) |
48 (9) |
62 (17) |
68 (20) |
96 (36) |
94 (34) |
89 (32) |
65 (18) |
58 (14) |
40 (4) |
39 (4) |
96 (36) |
| Mean maximum °F (°C) | 32.0 (0.0) |
34.4 (1.3) |
28.0 (−2.2) |
38.3 (3.5) |
54.4 (12.4) |
70.6 (21.4) |
72.0 (22.2) |
65.8 (18.8) |
57.5 (14.2) |
44.4 (6.9) |
32.0 (0.0) |
31.8 (−0.1) |
74.4 (23.6) |
| Mean daily maximum °F (°C) | 6.6 (−14.1) |
9.7 (−12.4) |
9.4 (−12.6) |
23.6 (−4.7) |
38.2 (3.4) |
50.0 (10.0) |
56.3 (13.5) |
54.5 (12.5) |
46.2 (7.9) |
30.5 (−0.8) |
17.3 (−8.2) |
10.0 (−12.2) |
29.4 (−1.5) |
| Daily mean °F (°C) | −1.2 (−18.4) |
1.3 (−17.1) |
0.9 (−17.3) |
14.8 (−9.6) |
32.1 (0.1) |
43.9 (6.6) |
50.9 (10.5) |
49.1 (9.5) |
40.6 (4.8) |
25.6 (−3.6) |
11.4 (−11.4) |
2.9 (−16.2) |
22.7 (−5.2) |
| Mean daily minimum °F (°C) | −9.0 (−22.8) |
−7.1 (−21.7) |
−7.6 (−22.0) |
6.0 (−14.4) |
25.9 (−3.4) |
37.8 (3.2) |
45.5 (7.5) |
43.7 (6.5) |
35.1 (1.7) |
20.6 (−6.3) |
5.5 (−14.7) |
−4.1 (−20.1) |
16.0 (−8.9) |
| Mean minimum °F (°C) | −33.2 (−36.2) |
−34.4 (−36.9) |
−28.6 (−33.7) |
−16.8 (−27.1) |
9.5 (−12.5) |
29.1 (−1.6) |
37.7 (3.2) |
34.6 (1.4) |
23.0 (−5.0) |
5.3 (−14.8) |
−15.1 (−26.2) |
−27.3 (−32.9) |
−39.9 (−39.9) |
| Record low °F (°C) | −50 (−46) |
−54 (−48) |
−41 (−41) |
−33 (−36) |
−9 (−23) |
21 (−6) |
33 (1) |
28 (−2) |
12 (−11) |
−8 (−22) |
−30 (−34) |
−41 (−41) |
−54 (−48) |
| Average precipitation inches (mm) | 0.28 (7.1) |
0.44 (11) |
0.18 (4.6) |
0.56 (14) |
0.57 (14) |
0.79 (20) |
1.41 (36) |
2.33 (59) |
1.52 (39) |
0.93 (24) |
0.51 (13) |
0.17 (4.3) |
9.69 (246) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) | 5.3 | 5.3 | 3.0 | 4.7 | 6.4 | 6.1 | 11.7 | 13.0 | 11.5 | 8.1 | 5.7 | 4.1 | 84.9 |
| Source: NOAA[16][17] | |||||||||||||
Demographics
edit| Census | Pop. | Note | %± |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1920 | 87 | — | |
| 1930 | 99 | 13.8% | |
| 1940 | 98 | −1.0% | |
| 1950 | 117 | 19.4% | |
| 1960 | 142 | 21.4% | |
| 1970 | 188 | 32.4% | |
| 1980 | 241 | 28.2% | |
| 1990 | 317 | 31.5% | |
| 2000 | 377 | 18.9% | |
| 2010 | 374 | −0.8% | |
| 2020 | 444 | 18.7% | |
| U.S. Decennial Census[18] | |||
Kivalina first appeared on the 1920 U.S. Census as an unincorporated (native) village. It formally incorporated in 1969.
As of the census of 2010, there were 374 people, and 99 households.[19] The population density was 202.1 inhabitants per square mile (78.0/km2). There were 80 housing units at an average density of 42.9 per square mile (16.6/km2). The racial makeup of the village was 3.45% White and 96.55% Native American. The Native Village of Kivalina is a federally recognized tribe with an elected tribal council.[19] The City of Kivalina, organized under the Northwest Arctic Borough under the State of Alaska, has an elected mayor and city administrator and a 7-member city council.[19] Per the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act, NANA Corporation owns the surface and sub-surface rights to the city site and surrounding area.[19] Manilaaq Association serves the community as an Alaska Native non-profit regional corporation providing social, tribal and health care services.[19]
In 2010, there were 78 households, out of which 61.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 62.8% were married couples living together, 15.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 17.9% were non-families. 16.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 3.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 4.83 and the average family size was 5.50. In the village the population was spread out, with 44.0% under the age of 18, 13.3% from 18 to 24, 20.7% from 25 to 44, 15.9% from 45 to 64, and 6.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 21 years. For every 100 females, there were 106.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 113.1 males.
The median income for a household in the village was $30,833, and the median income for a family was $30,179. Males had a median income of $31,875 versus $21,875 for females. The per capita income for the village was $8,360. About 25.4% of families and 26.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 27.9% of those under age 18 and 30.0% of those age 65 or over.
Environmental issues
editDue to severe sea wave erosion during storms, the city hopes to relocate again to a new site 12 km (7.5 mi) from the present site; studies of alternate sites are ongoing.[20] According to the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, the estimated cost of relocation runs between $95 and $125 million, whereas the Government Accountability Office (GAO) estimates it to be between $100 and $400 million.[21] Since the temperatures in the Arctic as rising is it heavily impacting the Kivalina community.[22] The sea ice that was once there helping to protect the city has now disappeared. Due to these rising sea levels maybe people are out of homes and since resources are becoming scarce it is leading to overcrowding and poor sanitation.[23]
In 2011, Haymarket Books published "Kivalina: A Climate Change Story" by Christine Shearer.
Kivalina v. ExxonMobil Corporation
editThe city of Kivalina and a federally recognized tribe, the Alaska Native Village of Kivalina, sued ExxonMobil, eight other oil companies, 14 power companies and one coal company in a lawsuit filed in federal court in San Francisco on February 26, 2008, claiming that the large amounts of greenhouse gases they emit contribute to global warming that threatens the community's existence.[24] The lawsuit estimated the cost of relocation at $400 million.[25] The suit was dismissed by the United States district court on September 30, 2009, on the grounds that regulating greenhouse emissions was a political rather than a legal issue and one that needed to be resolved by Congress and the Administration rather than by courts.[26]
Kivalina v Teck Cominco
editIn 2004, Kivalina underrepresentation from the co-founder of Center on Race Poverty and Environment, Luke Cole, sued Canadian mining company Teck Cominco, operator of the Red Dog Mine, for polluting its water drinking water source and subsistence fish resources through their discharge of mine waste into the Wulik River. Teck Cominco settled the suit in 2008 by agreeing to build a wastewater pipeline from the mine to the ocean that would bypass discharging into the Wulik River.[11][27] However, the pipeline was not constructed and the alternative settlement clause was followed.
Kivalina v. US EPA
editIn 2010, the Native Village of Kivalina IRA Council brought suit against the US EPA for failing to adequately address public comments in their permitting of the Red Dog Mine discharge plan under the National Pollutant Discharge Elilmination System (NPDES). In 2012, the US Ninth Circuit court upheld the decision of the EPA Appeals Board to not review the permit, citing the insufficiency of the Tribe's argument.[10][28]
Orange goo
editOn August 4, 2011, it was reported that residents of the city of Kivalina had seen a strange orange goo wash up on the shores. According to the Associated Press, "Tests have been conducted on the substance on the surface of the water in Kivalina. City Administrator Janet Mitchell told the Associated Press that the substance has also shown up in some residents' rain buckets."[29] On August 8, 2011, Associated Press reported that the substance consisted of millions of microscopic eggs.[30] Later, officials of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) confirmed that the orange colored materials were some kind of crustacean eggs or embryos,[31][32][33] but subsequent examination resulted in a declaration that the substance consisted of spores from a possibly undescribed species of rust fungus,[34] later revealed to be Chrysomyxa ledicola.[35]
Sea level rise and coastal erosion
editOn numerous occasions the community has been inundated by storm surges and been forced to evacuate.[36] While the risk of inundation from sea water has always existed, storms caused extensive flooding in 1970, 1976, 2002, 2004, and spurred a village-wide evacuation in 2007.[36] To slow erosion, the US Army Corps of Engineers conducted a rip-rap revetment project along the tip of the barrier island[19] and adjacent to the airport.
Other climate change impacts
editIn addition to increased flooding from storm surges, bank erosion along the Wulik River causes increased turbidity which affects the city's drinking water source and complicates water treatment.[36]
Relocation
editDue to severe sea wave erosion during storms, the city hopes to relocate again to a new site 12 km (7.5 mi) from the present site.[37] In 2009, Kivalina was identified by a GAO report as one of 31 environmentally threatened communities in Alaska.[38] Relocation to a site off the barrier island to higher ground has had little progress.[38] According to the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, the estimated cost of relocation runs between $95 and $125 million, whereas the Government Accountability Office (GAO) estimates it to be between $100 and $400 million. In 2018, a decision was made to build an evacuation road across the Kivalina Lagoon to provide a means for the community to escape devastating storms that can inundate the barrier island. Additionally, the road will connect the village with the proposed new school site on K-Hill.[37]
Kivalina in the media
editKivalina's environmental issues were prominently featured in The 2015 Weather Channel documentary "Alaska: State of Emergency" hosted by Dave Malkoff. Kivalina was one of the two towns featured in the Al Jazeera English Fault Lines documentary, When the Water Took the Land.[39][40] The community, who were originally nomadic, were given an ultimatum that they would have to settle in the permanent community or their children would be taken from them.[41] The village's plight was also examined in Kivalina, an hourlong documentary released as part of the PBS World series America ReFramed. The Atlantic did a photo journalism story documenting climate change in Kivalina in their September 2019 article, The Impact of Climate Change on Kivalina, Alaska.[42]
Education
editThe McQueen School, operated by the Northwest Arctic Borough School District, serves the community.[43] As of 2017[update] it had 141 students, with Alaska Natives making up 100% of the student body.[44]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ 1996 Alaska Municipal Officials Directory. Juneau: Alaska Municipal League/Alaska Department of Community and Regional Affairs. January 1996. p. 81.
- ^ 2015 Alaska Municipal Officials Directory. Juneau: Alaska Municipal League. 2015. p. 87.
- ^ "2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved October 29, 2021.
- ^ "Kivalina". Division of Community and Regional Affairs, Alaska Department of Commerce, Community and Economic Development. Archived from the original on December 30, 2012. Retrieved January 24, 2013.
- ^ a b "Kivalina city, Alaska". Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010 Demographic Profile Data. United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 12, 2020. Retrieved January 23, 2013.
- ^ "Alaska Taxable 2011: Municipal Taxation - Rates and Policies" (PDF). Division of Community and Regional Affairs, Alaska Department of Commerce, Community and Economic Development. January 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 25, 2013.
- ^ "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
- ^ Stephen Sackur (July 30, 2013). "The Alaskan village set to disappear underwater in a decade". BBC News.
- ^ "Adams v. Teck Cominco Alaska, Inc., 399 F. Supp. 2d 1031 | Casetext Search + Citator". casetext.com. Retrieved October 26, 2020.
- ^ a b Hansen, Clare (2013). "Native Village of Kivalina IRA Council v. United States Environmental Protection Agency". Public Land and Law Review: Article 10 – via scholarship.law.umt.edu.
- ^ a b Rosen, Yereth (September 4, 2008). "Zinc producer settles suit over Alaskan mine waste". Reuters. Retrieved October 25, 2020.
- ^ "Remains of ancient inhabitants found in Kivilina." Anchorage Daily News, 25 August 2009 Archived August 27, 2009, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ DeMarban, Alex, "Fire Destroys General Store in Arctic Village of Kivalina", December 5, 2014. Alaska Dispatch News. Web. December 11, 2014
- ^ "This is climate change: Alaskan villagers struggle as island is chewed up by the sea" LA Times, 30 August 2015
- ^ Environmental Assessment and Finding of No Significant Impact, Section 117 Expedited Erosion Control Project Kivilana Alaska, ACOE (PDF) (Report). September 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 18, 2009. Retrieved February 6, 2016.
- ^ "NOWData - NOAA Online Weather Data". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved July 26, 2023.
- ^ "Summary of Monthly Normals 1991-2020". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved July 26, 2023.
- ^ "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015.
- ^ a b c d e f City of Kivalina (2015). "City of Kivalina Hazard Mitigation Plan" (PDF).
- ^ An Alaska island is Losing Ground, Los Angeles Times, November 25, 2007
- ^ Abate, Randall S. (May 2010). "Public Nuisance Suits for the Climate Justice Movement: The Right Thing and the Right Time" (PDF). Washington Law Review. 85: 197–252.
- ^ "User:Sky1405/Kivalina, Alaska", Wikipedia, April 3, 2024, retrieved April 5, 2024
- ^ "User:Sky1405/Kivalina, Alaska", Wikipedia, April 3, 2024, retrieved April 5, 2024
- ^ "Eskimo village sues over global warming", CNN News, February 26, 2008
- ^ Felicity Barringer (February 27, 2008). "Flooded Village Files Suit, Citing Corporate Link to Climate Change". New York Times. Retrieved February 29, 2008.
- ^ Order Granting Motions to Dismiss, N.D. Cal., September 30, 2009
- ^ "World's largest lead and zinc mine (Red Dog mine) found in violation of Clean Water Act". www.iatp.org. Retrieved October 25, 2020.
- ^ "Adams v. Teck Cominco Alaska, Inc., 399 F. Supp. 2d 1031 | Casetext Search + Citator". casetext.com. Retrieved October 26, 2020.
- ^ "Mysterious orange goo washes up in Alaska village". Forbes. ANCHORAGE, Alaska. Retrieved August 9, 2011.[dead link]
- ^ Orange goo near remote Alaska village ID'd as eggs[dead link], Associated Press, August 8, 2011
- ^ D'Oro, Rachel. "Orange goo near remote Alaska village ID'd as eggs". The Associated Press. Anchorage, Alaska: Google Search. Retrieved August 9, 2011.[dead link]
- ^ "Mysterious Orange Goo Baffles Remote Alaska Village". Fox News. August 6, 2011. Retrieved August 9, 2011.
- ^ "Mystery Orange Goo in Remote Alaskan Village Identified". Fox News. August 8, 2011. Archived from the original on August 9, 2011. Retrieved August 9, 2011.
- ^ "Orange Goo on Alaska Shore Was Fungal Spores". Fox News. August 18, 2011. Archived from the original on August 19, 2011. Retrieved August 18, 2011.
- ^ "Alaska "Orange Goo" Rust Spores Confirmed". NCCOS News. National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science. February 9, 2012. Retrieved March 7, 2012.
An "orange goo" covered the Inupiat village of Kivalina, Alaska, last summer. Six months later the substance was confirmed by forestry experts at the USDA Forest Service and the Canadian Forest Service to be rust fungi uredospores of Chrysomyxa ledicola.
- ^ a b c Brubaker, M., Berner, J., Bell, J. N., & Warren, J. (2011). Climate Change in Kivalina Alaska.pdf (p. 70) [Funded by United States Indian Health Service Cooperative Agreement No. AN 08-X59]. ANTHC. https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/sites/default/files/public/php/26952/Climate%20Change%20HIA%20Report_Kivalina.pdf
- ^ a b "Kivalina Evacuation and School Site Access Road, Transportation & Public Facilities". dot.alaska.gov. Retrieved October 21, 2020.
- ^ a b Alaska Native Villages: Limited Progress Has Been Made on Relocating Villages Threatened by Flooding and Erosion (Report). U. S. Government Accountability Office. June 3, 2009. GAO-09-551.
- ^ "Alaska: When the Water Took the Land". Fault Lines. Al Jazeera English. December 22, 2015.
- ^ Alaska News (December 18, 2015). "Al Jazeera documentary tells tale of two eroding Alaska villages". Alaska Dispatch News.
- ^ Arnold, Elizabeth (July 29, 2008). "Tale Of Two Alaskan Villages". Day to Day. NPR.
- ^ Taylor, Alan. "Photos: The Impact of Climate Change on Kivalina, Alaska - The Atlantic". www.theatlantic.com. Retrieved October 25, 2020.
- ^ "Relocating Kivalina | U.S. Climate Resilience Toolkit". toolkit.climate.gov. Retrieved April 3, 2024.
- ^ Home. McQueen School. Retrieved on March 26, 2017.
Further reading
edit- Arnold, Elizabeth (July 29, 2008). "Tale Of Two Alaskan Villages". Day to Day. NPR.
- "Kivalina: The Canary in the Mine (5 min Snippet)". OneWorldTV. April 23, 2009.
- Sackur, Stephen (July 30, 2013). "The Alaskan village set to disappear under water in a decade". BBC News.
- "Alaska: When the Water Took the Land". Fault Lines. Al Jazeera English. December 22, 2015.
- Shearer, Christine (2011). Kivalina : a climate change story. Chicago, Ill.: Haymarket Books. ISBN 978-1-60846-171-4. OCLC 754333941.</ref>
- Kivalina Strategic Management Plan<ref>City of Kivalina (2016). "Kivalina Strategic Management Plan" (PDF).
- City of Kivalina Local Hazards Mitigation Plan
External links
edit
- Re-Locate Kivalina
- America ReFramed: Kivalina (documentary)
- Alaska Climate Change Impact Mitigation Program: Kivalina at Department of Commerce, Community, and Economic Development, State of Alaska