The Kresy myth (Polish: mit Kresów) ('myth' in Polish sometimes not referring to a necessarily false belief as in English) is the name to a certain sense of views or attitudes in connection to nostalgic attachment of the former eastern borderlands of Poland (Kresy), sometimes in an ethnic nationalist sense, sometimes as a multicultural land dominated by Polish culture.[1][2][3] According to Andrii Portnov, the Kresy is seen even as "'the lost paradise' of Poland’s 'civilisational mission'" at the same time as the location of "bloody and romantic clashes with the Cossacks and Tatars".[4] The Kresy was part of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Second Polish Republic but since 1945 is outside of Poland, in present-day Ukraine, Belarus, Lithuania.[3][5] The Kresy, in certain definitions, extend beyond the areas which became part of interwar Poland. In particular after the territorial changes, population transfers of World War II, the nostalgia focused on the Vilnius region and East Galicia.[6] It is argued exponents of the discourse tend to focus specifically on Poles, living in the Kresy without paying sufficient attention to the region's Ukrainian, Lithuanian, or Belarusian inhabitants.[7]
Mythology
editThe Kresy myth is an important component of certain versions of the Polish national mythology.[6][8] According to Bogusław Bakuła it is a highly orientalist postimperial narrative.[3][7] Historian Daniel Beauvois has called for the abandonment of the Kresy myth, calling it historically false, based on notions of Polish cultural superiority over Belarusian, Lithuanian, and Ukrainian culture.[3] According to Leszek Szaruga,
"The myth of the kresy is a myth founded in many respects on the sentimental self-delusion of the Poles. The mechanism whereby that self-delusion operated is understandable, but that does not mean it has to be fully accepted."
According to Antony Polonsky, this is a particularly harsh view.[9]
Maria Janion compares the Kresy myth to the American frontier myth of the Wild West.[3] Several scholars, including Robert Traba, point out the similarity between the Kresy myth and the German discourse on East Prussia.[3] Kresy is viewed as a "bulwark of Christianity" in the same manner East Prussia was a "bulwark of German-ness".[5] According to Agnieszka Niemojewska, the myth "presents the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth not as it really was, but as many would like to remember. A Poland that is strong, respected, safe behind a solid wall of a noble court and armed in a chivalrous ethos. Simply put: Poland that you could love."[6] The militaristic battles fought in the borderlands against various enemies across the centuries led the Kresy myth to grow out of the Sarmatian one. The military element of the myth was developed in the works of Henryk Sienkiewicz.[6]
According to Niemojewska, one of the main sources of the myth was Adam Mickiewicz's Ballads and Romances, which present an alternative truth from Enlightenment rationalism which is based on romanticism and rituals passed down through generations of people. She writes that various Polish authors have used elements of this myth in their work, such as Stanisław Lem (Highcastle, 1966) and Tadeusz Konwicki (A Chronicle of Amorous Accidents, 1974). Even Czesław Miłosz, who usually eschewed sentimental myths, in a certain sense arguably used elements of Kresy mythology when writing about Lithuania.[6] However, Bakuła argues that the fullest expression of the myth is not in literature but in academic and historical publications.[7]
References
edit- ^ Czyżewski, Krzysztof (2012). "REINVENTING CENTRAL EUROPE". Yet Another Europe after 1984. Brill Rodopi. pp. 171–182. ISBN 978-94-012-0817-8.
- ^ Jansen, Jan; Lässig, Simone (October 2020). Refugee Crises, 1945-2000. Cambridge University Press. p. 79. ISBN 978-1-108-83513-8.
- ^ a b c d e f Waldstein, Maxim; Turoma, Sanna (6 May 2016). Empire De/Centered: New Spatial Histories of Russia and the Soviet Union. Routledge. p. 277. ISBN 978-1-317-14436-6.
- ^ Portnov, Andrii. "Clash of victimhoods: the Volhynia Massacre in Polish and Ukrainian memory". openDemocracy. Retrieved 29 October 2020.
- ^ a b Zarycki, Tomasz (2014). "The Kresy (old borderlands) discourse and its critics". Ideologies of Eastness in Central and Eastern Europe. Routledge. p. 142. doi:10.4324/9781315819006. ISBN 978-1-317-81857-1. S2CID 129401740.
- ^ a b c d e Niemojewska, Agnieszka (2 September 2018). "Mit o polskich Kresach Wschodnich". Rzeczpospolita (in Polish). Retrieved 31 October 2020.
- ^ a b c Bakuła, Bogusław (2014). "Colonial and Postcolonial Aspects of Polish Borderlands Studies" (PDF). Teksty Drugie (1): 96–123.
- ^ MACH, ZDZISŁAW (1993). "Myth and Cultural Construction of Time Among a Resettled Population". The Polish Sociological Bulletin (102): 131–138 [133]. ISSN 0032-2997. JSTOR 45275297.
- ^ Polonsky, Antony (2001). Focusing on Jews in the Polish Borderlands. Littman Library of Jewish Civilization. p. 18. ISBN 978-1-874774-69-3.
Further reading
edit- Tierling-Śledź, Ewa (2002). Mit Kresów w prozie Marii Rodziewiczówny [The Kresy myth in the prose of Maria Rodziewiczówna] (in Polish). Wydawn. Naukowe Uniwersytetu Szczecińskiego. ISBN 978-83-7241-249-2.