Kuaizhou (KZ, Chinese: 快舟; pinyin: kuàizhōu, meaning "speedy vessel")[1] (also called Feitian Emergency Satellite Launch System, Feitian-1, FT-1)[2][3][4] is a family of Chinese "quick-reaction" orbital launch vehicles. Flying since 2013, Kuaizhou 1 and 1A consist of three solid-fueled rocket stages, with a liquid-fueled fourth stage as part of the satellite system.[5] Kuaizhou 11, which flew an unsuccessful maiden flight in July 2020 (and successful second flight in 2022), is a larger model able to launch a 1,500 kg (3,300 lb) payload into low Earth orbit. Heavy-lift models KZ-21 and KZ-31 are in development.[6] The Kuaizhou series of rockets is manufactured by ExPace, a subsidiary of China Aerospace Science and Industry Corporation (CASIC), as their commercial launch vehicles.[7][8]
History
edit
The rocket series is based on CASIC's Anti-satellite weapon (ASAT) and BMD mid-course interceptor rockets, in particular the DF-21 Intermediate-range ballistic missile (IRBM) (another Chinese rocket that was based on DF-21 was the Kaituozhe-1). Development on the KZ launch vehicles started in 2009. The Kuaizhou launch vehicles were to provide an integrated launch vehicle system with the rapid ability to replace Chinese satellites that might be damaged or destroyed in an act of aggression in orbit. The vehicle uses mobile launch platform. The launch vehicle is operated by the PLA Rocket Force.[7][9][5]
The maiden flight of Kuaizhou 1 launch vehicle, orbiting the Kuaizhou 1 natural disaster monitoring satellite, occurred on 25 September 2013, launched from Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center.[10]
Second flight of Kuaizhou 1 launch vehicle, orbiting the Kuaizhou 2 natural disaster monitoring satellite, was launched at 06:37 UTC on 21 November 2014, again from Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center.[5][1]
The first commercial launch inaugurated the Kuaizhou 1A version on 9 January 2017, from Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center. It placed three small satellites into a polar orbit.[11]
The maiden launch of Kuaizhou 11 was on 10 July 2020. The launch was a failure, and the rocket was initially declared retired in April 2022,[12] but later that year it was revealed that a second launch was planned for December.[13] The successful launch of Kuaizhou 11 on 7 December 2022 marked the rocket's return to service.[14]
Specifications
editThe solid-fuel KZ-1A can place 200 kg payload into a Sun-synchronous orbit at an altitude of 700 kilometres. The KZ-11 version is able to put 1000 kg to the same orbit.[15]
Launch preparations are designed to take very little time, and the launch can be conducted on rough terrain.[8] The rocket's low requirements for launch help with cost savings, yielding a launch price under US$10,000 per kilogram of payload. This price level is very competitive in the international market.[9]
Satellites can be installed on a Kuaizhou launch vehicle and stored in a maintenance facility. Once needed, the launch vehicle is deployed by a Transporter erector launcher (TEL) vehicle to a secure location. Launch readiness time can be as short as several hours.[16][4]
Models
edit| Rocket | First launch | Last Launch | Payload fairing size | Payload to LEO | Payload to SSO | Lift-off mass | Length | Diameter | Thrust | Payload cost |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kuaizhou 1 (KZ-1) |
25 September 2013 | 21 November 2014 | 430 kg (950 lb) (500 km)[5][17][18] | 30–32 tonnes[5] | 19.4 m (64 ft) | 1.4 m (4 ft 7 in) | ||||
| Kuaizhou 1A (KZ-1A) |
9 January 2017 | 20 September 2024 | 1.2–1.4 m (3 ft 11 in – 4 ft 7 in)[19] | 400 kg (880 lb)[20][21] | 250 kg (550 lb) (500 km) 200 kg (440 lb) (700 km)[19] |
30 tonnes, TEL-capable[17] | 19.4 m (64 ft)[19] | 1.4 m (4 ft 7 in)[19] | $20,000/kg ($9,100/lb)[22] | |
| Kuaizhou 1A Pro (KZ-1A Pro) |
4 December 2024 | 1.8 m (5 ft 11 in)[23] | 450 kg (990 lb)[24] | 360 kg (790 lb) (500 km) [25] | 1.4 m (4 ft 7 in)[19] | |||||
| Kuaizhou 11 (KZ-11) |
10 July 2020[26] | 2.2–2.6 m (7 ft 3 in – 8 ft 6 in)[19] | 1,500 kg (3,300 lb) | 1,000 kg (2,200 lb) (700 km)[19] | 78 tonnes,[19] TEL-capable[17] | 2.2 m (7 ft 3 in)[19] | $10,000/kg ($4,500/lb)[9] | |||
| Kuaizhou 21 (KZ-21) |
2025 (projected)[17] | 20,000 kg (44,000 lb)[6] | 4 m (13 ft)[6] | |||||||
| Kuaizhou 31 (KZ-31) |
(TBD)[citation needed] | 70,000 kg (150,000 lb)[6] | 4 m (13 ft) (engines)[6] |
List of launches
edit| Flight No. | Date (UTC) | Launch site | Version; Flight number | Payload | Orbit | Result |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 25 September 2013 04:37 [10] |
Jiuquan, LS-95A | Kuaizhou 1 Y1 |
Kuaizhou 1 | SSO | Success |
| 2 | 21 November 2014 06:37 [5] |
Jiuquan, LS-95B | Kuaizhou 1 Y2 |
Kuaizhou 2 | SSO | Success |
| 3 | 9 January 2017 04:11 |
Jiuquan, LS-95A | Kuaizhou 1A Y1 |
Jilin-1-03 | SSO | Success |
| 4 | 29 September 2018 04:13 |
Jiuquan, LS-95A | Kuaizhou 1A Y8 |
Centispace 1-S1 | SSO | Success |
| 5 | 30 August 2019 23:41 |
Jiuquan, LS-95A | Kuaizhou 1A Y10 |
KX-09 | SSO | Success |
| 6 | 13 November 2019 03:40 |
Jiuquan, LS-95A | Kuaizhou 1A Y11 |
Jilin-1-02A | SSO | Success |
| 7 | 17 November 2019 09:52 [27] |
Jiuquan, LS-95A | Kuaizhou 1A Y7 |
KL-Alpha A and B | LEO | Success |
| 8 | 7 December 2019 02:55 [28] |
Taiyuan, LC-16 | Kuaizhou 1A Y2 |
Jilin-1-02B | SSO | Success |
| 9 | 7 December 2019 08:52 [28] |
Taiyuan, LC-16 | Kuaizhou 1A Y12 |
HEAD-2 A/B, SPACETY-16/17, Tianqi-4 A/B | SSO | Success |
| 10 | 16 January 2020 03:02 [29] |
Jiuquan, LS-95A | Kuaizhou 1A Y9 |
Yinhe-1 | LEO | Success |
| 11 | 12 May 2020 01:16 [30] |
Jiuquan, LS-95A | Kuaizhou 1A Y6 |
Xingyun 2-01 and Xingyun 2-02 | LEO | Success |
| 12 | 10 July 2020 04:17 [31] |
Jiuquan, LS-95A | Kuaizhou 11 Y1 |
Jilin-1-02E and Centispace-1-S2 | SSO | Failure |
| 13 | 12 September 2020 05:02 [32] |
Jiuquan, LS-95A | Kuaizhou 1A Y3 |
Jilin-1 Gaofen-02C | SSO | Failure |
| 14 | 27 September 2021 06:19 [33] |
Jiuquan, LS-95A | Kuaizhou 1A Y4 |
Jilin-1 Gaofen-02D | SSO | Success |
| 15 | 27 October 2021 06:19[34][32] |
Jiuquan, LS-95A | Kuaizhou 1A Y5 |
Jilin-1 Gaofen-02F | SSO | Success |
| 16 | 24 November 2021 23:41[35] |
Jiuquan, LS-95A | Kuaizhou 1A Y13 |
Shiyan 11 | SSO | Success |
| 17 | 15 December 2021 02:00[36] |
Jiuquan, LS-95A | Kuaizhou 1A Y17 |
GeeSAT-1A/1B | LEO | Failure |
| 18 | 22 June 2022 02:08[37] |
Jiuquan, LS-95A | Kuaizhou 1A Y23 |
Tianxing-1 | LEO | Success |
| 19 | 23 August 2022 02:36[38] |
Xichang | Kuaizhou 1A Y15 |
Chuangxin-16 A/B | LEO | Success |
| 20 | 6 September 2022 02:24[39] |
Jiuquan, LS-95A | Kuaizhou 1A Y16 |
Centispace 1-S3/S4 | LEO | Success |
| 21 | 24 September 2022 22:55[40] |
Taiyuan, LC-16 | Kuaizhou 1A Y14 |
Shiyan 14/Shiyan 15 | SSO | Success |
| 22 | 7 December 2022 01:15[41] |
Jiuquan, LS-95A | Kuaizhou 11 Y2 |
Xingyun Jiaotong VDES | SSO | Success |
| 23 | 22 March 2023 09:09[42] |
Jiuquan, LS-95A | Kuaizhou 1A Y19 |
Tianmu-1 03–06 | SSO | Success |
| 24 | 9 June 2023 02:35[43] |
Jiuquan, LS-95A | Kuaizhou 1A Y20 |
Longjiang-3 | LEO | Success |
| 25 | 20 July 2023 03:20[44] |
Jiuquan, LS-95A | Kuaizhou 1A Y22 |
Tianmu-1 07–10 | SSO | Success |
| 26 | 14 August 2023 05:32[45] |
Xichang (Mobile Launcher Pad) | Kuaizhou 1A Y21 |
Jiaotong 06–10 (HEAD 3A–3E) | LEO | Success |
| 27 | 25 December 2023 01:00[46] |
Jiuquan, LS-95A | Kuaizhou 1A Y26 |
Tianmu-1 11–14 | SSO | Success |
| 28 | 27 December 2023 06:50[47] |
Jiuquan, LS-95A | Kuaizhou 1A Y27 |
Tianmu-1 19–22 | SSO | Success |
| 29 | 5 January 2024 11:20[48] |
Jiuquan, LS-95A | Kuaizhou 1A Y28 |
Tianmu-1 15–18 | SSO | Success |
| 30 | 11 January 2024 03:52[49] |
Jiuquan, LS-95A | Kuaizhou 1A Y24 |
Tianxing-1 02 | SSO | Success |
| 31 | 21 May 2024 04:15[50] |
Jiuquan, LS-95A | Kuaizhou 11 Y4 |
Wuhan-1, VLEO test satellite, Tianyan-22, Lingque-3-01 | SSO | Success |
| 32 | 20 September 2024 09:43[51] |
Xichang, (Mobile Launcher Pad) | Kuaizhou 1A Y31 |
Tianqi 29-32 (4 satellites) | LEO | Success |
| 33 | 4 December 2024 04:46[52] |
Xichang, (Mobile Launcher Pad) | Kuaizhou 1A Pro Y30 |
Haishao-1 | LEO | Success |
Launch Statistics
editKuaizhou configurations
edit- Kuaizhou 1
- Kuaizhou 1A
- Kuaizhou 11
Launch sites
edit- Jiuquan
- Xichang
- Taiyuan
Launch outcomes
edit- Success
- Partial failure
- Failure
- Planned
See also
edit
- Kaituozhe-1, a previous Chinese small lift orbital launcher based on the DF-21 IRBM.
- China National Space Administration
- ExPace
- Long March (rocket family)
- Space program of China
- Small-lift launch vehicle
References
edit- ^ a b Clark, Stephen (21 November 2014). "China launches for the second time in 24 hours". Spaceflight Now. Retrieved 22 November 2014.
- ^ "Kuaizhou-1 (KZ-1) / Fei Tian 1". space.skyrocket.de. Retrieved 17 October 2022.
- ^ "Chinese Kuaizhou-1A rocket launches several small satellites". 9 January 2017.
- ^ a b "China Unveils New Rocket, People Get Real Curious About What It's For". 13 November 2014.
- ^ a b c d e f Barbosa, Rui C. (21 November 2014). "China launches Kuaizhou-2 in second launch within 24 hours". NASASpaceFlight.com. Retrieved 10 March 2018.
- ^ a b c d e "China to test large solid-fuel rocket engine". China Daily. 25 December 2017. Retrieved 10 March 2018.
- ^ a b Keane, Phillip (20 September 2016). "ExPace, China's Very Own SpaceX". Asian Scientist.
- ^ a b "First commercial space base to be built in Wuhan". SpaceDaily. 14 September 2016.
- ^ a b c Lin, Jeffrey; Singer, P.W. (7 October 2016). "China's Private Space Industry Prepares To Compete With SpaceX And Blue Origin". Popular Science. Retrieved 10 March 2018.
- ^ a b "China launches satellite to monitor natural disaster". Xinhua. 25 September 2013.
- ^ Clark, Stephen (9 January 2017). "Kuaizhou rocket lifts off on first commercial mission". Spaceflight Now. Retrieved 9 January 2017.
- ^ China Spaceflight [@CNSpaceflight] (23 April 2022). "In a summary of "other" launch vehicles, Kuaizhou-11 of CASIC was labeled "retired". [...]" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
- ^ "新型"太空快递员"运力再升级，快舟十一号计划年底发射" [The capacity of the new "space courier" has been upgraded, and Kuaizhou 11 is scheduled to launch at the end of the year]. 25 November 2022. Retrieved 25 November 2022.
- ^ Todd, David (7 December 2022). "Kuaizhou-11 returns to operational status with launch of Jiaotong VDES". Seradata. Retrieved 7 December 2022.
- ^ Kuaizhou-11 (KZ-11) Gunter's Space Page
- ^ "New rocket readies for liftoff in 2016". www.spacedaily.com. 10 November 2015.
- ^ a b c d "Kuai Zhou (Fast Vessel)". China Space Report. Archived from the original on 11 March 2018. Retrieved 10 March 2018.
- ^ "TSE - Kuaizhou".
- ^ a b c d e f g h i "快舟十一号小型固体运载火箭(KZ-11)：推迟到2018年首飞" [Kuaizhou 11 small solid launch vehicle (KZ-11): First flight planned for 2018] (in Chinese). 30 October 2017. Archived from the original on 27 July 2018. Retrieved 10 March 2018.
- ^ Krebs, Gunter. "Kuaizhou-1". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 21 May 2024.
- ^ Archived at Ghostarchive and the Wayback Machine: "Kuaizhou-1A Launch". YouTube. 14 January 2017.
- ^ Zhou, Xin (30 October 2017). "Kuaizhou-11 to send six satellites into space". Xinhua. Archived from the original on 7 March 2018. Retrieved 10 March 2018.
- ^ "The new Kuaizhou-1A has larger upper stages, 1.2m to 1.4m, and wider fairings, 1.4m to 1.8m. LEO capacity increases to 450kg from 300kg 500km SSO to 360kg from 260kg 500km 45° to 500kg from 390kg 700km SSO to >300kg from 200kg Upper stage is restartable, good for ride-sharing". X. CNSpaceflight. Retrieved 4 December 2024.
- ^ "The new Kuaizhou-1A has larger upper stages, 1.2m to 1.4m, and wider fairings, 1.4m to 1.8m. LEO capacity increases to 450kg from 300kg 500km SSO to 360kg from 260kg 500km 45° to 500kg from 390kg 700km SSO to >300kg from 200kg Upper stage is restartable, good for ride-sharing". X. CNSpaceflight. Retrieved 4 December 2024.
- ^ "The new Kuaizhou-1A has larger upper stages, 1.2m to 1.4m, and wider fairings, 1.4m to 1.8m. LEO capacity increases to 450kg from 300kg 500km SSO to 360kg from 260kg 500km 45° to 500kg from 390kg 700km SSO to >300kg from 200kg Upper stage is restartable, good for ride-sharing". X. CNSpaceflight. Retrieved 4 December 2024.
- ^ "Next Launch". twitter.com. Retrieved 10 July 2020.
- ^ "KL-Alpha A, KL-Alpha B Mission (Kuaizhou 1A) - RocketLaunch.Live". www.rocketlaunch.live. Retrieved 17 October 2022.
- ^ a b Barbosa, Rui C. (7 December 2019). "China conducts double Kuaizhou-1A launch from Taiyuan". NASASpaceFlight.com. Retrieved 7 December 2019.
- ^ Barbosa, Rui C. (16 January 2020). "Kuaizhou-1A lofts Yinhe-1 for China". NASASpaceFlight.com. Retrieved 16 January 2020.
- ^ "First two smallsats launched for Chinese data relay constellation". Spaceflight Now. 12 May 2011. Retrieved 12 May 2020.
- ^ "New Chinese satellite launcher fails on first flight". spaceflightnow.com. Spaceflight Now. 10 July 2020. Retrieved 10 July 2020.
- ^ a b Clark, Stephen (13 September 2020). "Chinese smallsat launcher fails". Spaceflight Now. Retrieved 14 September 2020.
- ^ Corbett, Tobias (27 September 2021). "Chinese KZ-1A returns to flight and lofts new remote sensing satellite into orbit". NASASpaceFlight.com. Retrieved 28 September 2021.
- ^ "【TBD】快舟一号甲 • 吉林一号遥感卫星星座 • 高分02-F星 • Kuaizhou-1A • Jinlin-1(Gaofen02-F)". spaceflightfans.cn (in Chinese). 14 February 2021. Archived from the original on 11 July 2021. Retrieved 30 April 2021.
- ^ "我国成功发射试验十一号卫星" [Our country successfully launched the Shiyan-11 satellite]. Xinhua (in Chinese). 25 November 2021. Retrieved 25 November 2021.
- ^ "Launch of GeeSAT commercial satellites fails". Xinhua. 25 November 2021. Retrieved 15 December 2021.
- ^ "China launches new test satellite". Xinhua. 22 June 2022. Retrieved 22 June 2022.
- ^ Davenport, Justin (24 August 2022). "Kuaizhou-1A, Chang Zheng 2D launches highlight busy China week in spaceflight". NASASpaceFlight. Retrieved 25 August 2022.
- ^ Davenport, Justin (6 September 2022). "China launches twice in under two hours and conducts spacewalk". NASASpaceFlight. Retrieved 6 September 2022.
- ^ "China launches two new experimental satellites". Xinhua. 25 September 2022. Retrieved 25 September 2022.
- ^ Jones, Andrew (7 December 2022). "Private Chinese rocket reaches orbit 2 years after test-flight failure". Space.com. Retrieved 8 December 2022.
- ^ "中国成功发射天目一号气象星座03~06星" [China successfully launched satellites 03~06 of the Tianmu-1 meteorological constellation]. China News (in Chinese). 22 March 2023. Retrieved 22 March 2023.
- ^ Andrew, Jones (9 June 2023). "China's first stackable satellite reaches orbit on solid rocket launch". spacenews.com. Retrieved 9 June 2023.
- ^ China 'N Asia Spaceflight [@CNSpaceflight] (20 July 2023). "Kuaizhou-1A launched Tianmu-1 07~10 satellites from Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center at ~03:20UTC on July 20" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
- ^ "China's Kuaizhou-1A rocket launches five new satellites". Xinhua. 14 August 2023. Retrieved 14 August 2023.
- ^ "China launches four meteorological satellites". Xinhua. 25 December 2023. Retrieved 25 December 2023.
- ^ "China launches four meteorological satellites". Xinhua. 27 December 2023. Retrieved 27 December 2023.
- ^ "China launches four meteorological satellites". Xinhua. 5 January 2024. Retrieved 5 January 2024.
- ^ "China launches test satellite using Kuaizhou-1A carrier rocket". Xinhua. 11 January 2024. Retrieved 11 January 2024.
- ^ "China's Kuaizhou-11 Y4 rocket launches 4 new satellites". Xinhua. 21 May 2024. Retrieved 21 May 2024.
- ^ "China launches new Tianqi constellation satellites". Xinhua. 20 September 2024. Retrieved 20 September 2024.
- ^ "China launches new remote-sensing satellite". Xinhua. 4 December 2024. Retrieved 4 December 2024.