Kudur-Enlil, rendered in cuneiform as Ku-dur dEN.LÍL (c. 1254–1246 BC short chronology), "son of Enlil,"[1] was the 26th king of the 3rd or Kassite dynasty of Babylon. He reigned into his ninth year, as attested in contemporary economic tablets.[2] His relationship with his predecessor and successor is uncertain and does not appear in contemporary inscriptions. The personal name "Marduk is king of the gods" first appears during his reign marking the deity"s ascendancy to the head of the pantheon.[3]
| Kudur-Enlil | |
|---|---|
| King of Babylon | |
| Reign | 9 regnal years 1254–1246 BC |
| Predecessor | Kadašman-Enlil II |
| Successor | Šagarakti-Šuriaš |
| House | Kassite |
Biography
editHe succeeded Kadašman-Enlil II and was possibly the first Kassite king to have a wholly Babylonian name,[4] or one containing an Elamite derived word, from kudurru,[5] which might be middle Assyrian.[6] Although the Babylonian King List A records him as son of Kadašman-Enlil,[i 1] it is a late source and no contemporary inscriptions exist which support this contention. It has been suggested that he may in fact have been the brother of Kadašman-Enlil,[7] as his predecessor ascended the throne as a child and ruled perhaps nine years.
A daughter of Babylon was married into the Hittite royal family, possibly to Tudhaliya IV, a younger son of Ḫattušili III who went on to succeed him. This would have been a daughter or sister of Kudur-Enlil and the news elicited contempt from Ramesses II, king of Egypt, who apparently no longer regarded Babylon significant. Pudu-Ḫepa, the Hittite queen, replied in a letter,[i 2] "If you say "the king of Babylon is not a Great King", then you do not know the status of Babylon".[8]
Nippur renaissance
editNippur experienced explosive growth under Kudur-Enlil and his successor, with the city expanding almost to its Ur III extent.[9] Kudur-Enlil extensively refurbished the Enlil Temple in Nippur, with its baked-brick bench or socle lining the base of all except the northeast outer walls. The later period of construction is witnessed by his stamped brick inscriptions[i 3] which describe him as a benefactor of the temple.[4] A brick of Kudur-Enlil bearing a twelve-line Sumerian inscription which was found inside the temple states that he built the supporting wall with bitumen and baked bricks.[i 4] It was customary for the king to travel to Nippur at the 'beginning of the year' for the Akitu spring festival and there is an example of a record of the 'return of the crown prince' in the third year of Kudur-Enlil.[10]
His name appears on various votive and civic monument inscriptions, as well as on numerous economic texts, such as a legal text about the escape and capture of a slave and a note of payment for mat-makers.[11][i 5] The extent to which the number of texts extant reflects the degree of economic activity is disputed, possibly more due to fortuitous discovery of archives, however, more than 270 have been recovered, 70 recently published from an archive from Dūr-Enlilē,[12] dated for a reign of only nine years.[4]
Other Babylonian centers
editExcavations at `Aqar-Qūf, ancient Dūr-Kurigalzu revealed in level II inscriptions of the time of Kudur-Enlil and the later king Kaštiliašu IV,[13] showing that this city continued to be occupied by Kassite kings long after its foundation by Kurigalzu I. There are one or two administrative records amongst a cache of 64 from the palace dated to him. A private archive from Babylon of seven clay tablets in a pot includes legal texts dated to his reign.[14]
A Kudurru stone,[i 6] found at Larsa, recorded a land grant and tax exemptions, or zakûtu.[4]
Inscriptions
edit- ^ Babylonian King List A, BM 33332, ii 5: a broken and badly worn tablet in the British Museum, also errs with respect to the length of his reign, 6 years rather than 9 proven by economic texts, after Brinkman MSKH I p. 430.
- ^ KUB 21.38: letter from Pudu-Ḫepa.
- ^ Stamped bricks IM 56097 and IM 61767 in the National Museum of Iraq and more than forty others.
- ^ 5 NT 700, now in the Iraq Museum.
- ^ Tablets BM 17626 and BM 17710.
- ^ Kudurru L. 7076 land grant and tax exemptions.
References
edit- ^ CAD K, p. 497.
- ^ J. A. Brinkman (1968). A political history of post-Kassite Babylonia, 1158-722 B.C. Analecta Orientalia. p. 27.
- ^ Walter Sommerfeld (1982). Der Aufstieg Marduks. Die Stellung Marduks in der babylonischen Religion des zweiten Jahrtausends v. chr. (Alter Orient und Altes Testament, Bd. 213). Ugarit-Verlag. p. 159.
- ^ a b c d J. A. Brinkman (1976). Materials for the Study of Kassite History, Vol. I. Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago. pp. 190–204.
- ^ L. Sassmannshausen (2000). "The adaptation of the Kassites to the Babylonian Civilization". In K. Van Lerberghe and G. Voet (ed.). Languages and Cultures in Contact at the Crossroads of Civilizations in the Syro-Mesopotamia Realm. Peeters Publishers. p. 413. footnote 22.
- ^ J. A. Brinkman (20 Aug 2011). "Review: Administration and Society in Kassite Babylonia". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 124 (2): 283–304. doi:10.2307/4132216.
- ^ Johannes Boese (2009). "Kadašman-Enlil, Kadašman-Turgu und die kassitische Chronologie des 14. und 13.Jahrhunderts v.Chr". Altorientalische Forschungen. 36 (1): 85–96. doi:10.1524/aofo.2009.0003.
- ^ Trevor Bryce (2005). The Kingdom of the Hittites. Oxford University Press. pp. 297–298.
- ^ Richard L. Zettler; et al. (1993). Nippur III, Kassite Buildings in Area WC-1. Oriental Institute Publication. p. 9.
- ^ Leonhard Sassmannshausen (2001). Beiträge zur Verwaltung und Gesellschaft Babyloniens in der Kassitenzeit. Philipp Von Zabern. p. 13.
- ^ M. Sigrist, H. H. Figulla and C. B. F. Walker (1996). Catalogue of Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum, Volume II. British Museum Press. pp. 79, 82.
- ^ Wilfred van Soldt (2015). Middle Babylonian Texts in the Cornell University Collections: I. The Later Kings (CUSAS 30). CDL Press. p. 23.
- ^ P. Van Der Meer (1955). The Chronology of Ancient Western Asia and Egypt. E. J. Brill. p. 19.
- ^ Olof Pedersén (1998). Archives and Libraries of the Ancient Near East: 1500–300 BC. CDL Press. pp. 107–108.