Kutai is a historical region in what is now the Indonesian province of East Kalimantan on the island of Borneo. The region shares its name with the native ethnic group of the region (known as Urang Kutai 'the Kutai people'), with a total population around 300,000, who have their own language known as the Kutainese language which accompanies their own rich history. Today, the name is preserved in the names of three regencies in East Kalimantan province which are the Kutai Kartanegara Regency, the West Kutai Regency and East Kutai Regency with the major river flowing in the heart of the region known as the Mahakam River. The Kutai Martadipura Kingdom (399–1635) was the earliest Hindu kingdom in the East Indies. It was later succeeded by the Muslim sultanate of Kutai Kartanegara (1300–1844).
Kutai Martadipura Kingdom
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The Kutai Martadipura Kingdom (399–1635; locally known as Kerajaan Kutai Martadipura) is a 4th-century Hindu kingdom located in the Kutai area, East Kalimantan.[1]: 52 Its capital is believed to be the current Muara Kaman district located in Kutai Kartanegara Regency and is one of the earliest kingdoms in Indonesian history. Muara Kaman district which is currently one of the many districts in Kutai Kartanegara Regency is proven to be the place where the capital of the kingdom once stood, it is proven by an ancient remnant of a megalith stone known as Lesong Batu, believed to have been used to make the yūpa inscriptions during the 4th century. The seven stone pillars, or yūpa ('sacrificial posts'), have been found in Kutai, Kaman Estuary, near the Mahakam River.[2] The plinths bear an inscription in the Indic Pallava script, reading "a gift to the Brahmin priests" in Sanskrit. The style of the script has been dated to the last half the 4th century.[3] It is believed these religions were brought to Indonesia around the 2nd and 4th centuries, respectively, when Indian traders arrived on the islands of Sumatra, Java and Sulawesi.[4]
The names of three rulers are known from the inscriptions. The first ruler mentioned is Kudungga, the 'lord of men' (narendra), his son Aśwawarman, styled the 'founder of the dynasty' (vaṇśa-kartṛ) and grandson of the first and son of the later, Mulavarman called the 'lord of kings' (rājendra). As the name "Kuṇḍungga" does not seem to be a name of Sanskrit-Hinduistic origin while the other two are, it is presumed he was a leader of local origin (Dayak people) and it was his son Aśwawarman that adopted the Hinduistic belief.[3] The origin of Kudungga has long been debated, some sources also argue that he was of Indian origin, presumably a descendant from the royalty of the Magadha period,[5] as Dayak people back then lived in the inner jungle parts of Borneo not in the coastal areas, while others argued that the name is similar to Bugis name of Kadungga, with several inscriptions similar to what is found in Kutai were found in Sulawesi.[6] During the reign of King Mūlawarman, he is the one who let the yūpa inscriptions be made, and it was believed to be made by the Brahmins which received alms from Mulavarman. While nothing of the military actions of his two predecessors is known, Raja Mūlawarman is stated to have conquered his neighbors in battle. He is also said to have increased the land of Kutai by a Vedic ritual known as the "Ashvamedha", a ritual also performed by Indian rulers of the past. This ritual required a horse released to his land. The footsteps of the freely roaming horse were taken as evidence that this land belonged to his kingdom. Mulawarman was also known for his tribute of gold to his God. The name of his kingdom is not mentioned on the inscriptions nor do any other documents in other countries relate to a kingdom at this time in this region. It is not known what became of the kingdom after these pillars had been erected. It may be possible that the name Kutai, as in Tuñjung Kute of the 1365 Javanese Majapahit poem "Nagarakretagama" is as ancient and reflects the original name used a thousand years earlier.
The Lesong Batu is a megalith stone located in Muara Kaman district, Kutai Kartanegara Regency believed to be the remnants to make yūpa inscriptions during the 4th century.
Sultanate of Kutai Kartanegara
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The Kutai Kartanegara Sultanate (1300–1844; locally known as Kesultanan Kutai Kertanegara ing Martadipura) was established around the end of the 13th century in the region of Tepian Batu or Kutai Lama. The first known ruler is known to be Aji Batara Agung Dewa Sakti, who was thought to have ruled from 1300 to 1325.[2] Aji Pangeran Sinum Panji Mendapa, who ruled 1635–1650, was able to conquer the kingdom of Kutai Martadipura and merged the two realms thus becoming "Kutai Kartanegara Ing Martadipura".[2]
In 1667, the Dutch East India Company attacked Makassar on the island of Sulawesi leading to the downfall of the Bugis Kingdom of Gowa. Some of the Bugis under the leadership of Lamohang Daeng Mangkona or Pua Ado I immigrated to Kutai on neighboring Borneo and the ruler of Kutai allowed them to settle in Kampung Melantai along the Karang Mumus River, now known as Kampung Selili. This settlement eventually developed into the modern town of Samarinda.
Islam took hold in the region since the 17th century (most of the Bugis were Muslims) and Aji Muhammad Idris, ruling 1732–1739?, was the first ruler to have an Islamic name.
After a civil war, Aji Muhammad Muslihuddin moved the capital in 1782 from Pemarangan to Tepian Pandan.[2] The name of the capital city eventually developed from Tangga Arung to its present form of Tenggarong.
In 1844, following the repulse of James Erskine Murray's expedition and attempt to settle,[7] the Dutch defeated the sultan Aji Muhammad Salehudin, forced him into exile, and took direct control of Kutai.
The Japanese invaded the region in 1942 and acknowledged a "Kooti Kingdom", that was a subject of the Tenno. In 1945 Kutai joined, along with its neighbours, into the East Kalimantan federation.
In 1949, Kutai became part of the United States of Indonesia.
Contemporary governance
editOn 4 October 1999, the territory once belonging to the Sultanate of Kutai Kartanegara, until then composing the single Kutai Regency, was divided between the Kutai Kartanegara, East Kutai and West Kutai regencies, and the independent city of Bontang; on 14 December 2012 the western districts of West Kutai Regency were split off to create a separate Mahakam Ulu Regency. Each regency was and is headed by a regent (known locally as Bupati) and forms a part of East Kalimantan|East Kalimantan. Meanwhile, the position of Sultan of Kutai Kartanegara still exists and resides in the Kutai Palace (Kedaton) in Tenggarong but administratively, the governance is conducted by the regional government of the Republic of Indonesia, not the sultanate. The Sultan[who?] holds an honorary status in Kutai and is highly respected by Kutai people. During the festival of Erau, he will be the guest of honour accompanied by the local government officials such as the governor of East Kalimantan and the Regent of Kutai Kartanegara.
Kutai people
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The Kutai people, or known locally as Urang Kutai is the ethnic group which their ancestors are believed to be descendants of the Dayak Ot Danum people that have already embraced Islam and currently live on the banks of the great Mahakam River, East Kalimantan. They are native to the city of Tenggarong, Kutai Kartanegara Regency, the West and the East Kutai regencies.
Language
editThe traditional language of the region is the Kutainese language,[8][citation needed] such as Banjarese to the south, Kota Bangun Kutainese to the west, Berau Malay to the north, and other languages spoken in coastal east Borneo.[9] This language belongs to the [[Austronesian language family].
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Coedès, George (1968). Vella, Walter F. (ed.). The Indianized States of Southeast Asia. Translated by Brown Cowing, Susan. University of Hawaiʻi Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-0368-1.
- ^ a b c d Kutai Kingdom Archived 3 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine on Melayu Online
- ^ a b "The Earliest Indic State: Kutai". Archived from the original on 25 December 2013. Retrieved 18 July 2008.
- ^ "The Period of Hindu Kingdoms". Embassy of Republic of Indonesia at Bangkok, Thailand. 2006. Archived from the original on 7 November 2006. Retrieved 17 October 2006.
- ^ "Silsilah Kemashuran Sang Maharaja Kutai Mulawarman". Warta Ekspress. 2016. Retrieved 27 September 2017.
- ^ Marwati Djoened Poesponegoro & nugroho notosusanto, 1993. Sejarah nasional Indonesia II. Balai pustaka:Jakarta
- ^ Iem Brown. The Territories of Indonesia (2004).
- ^ Ethnologue report for Local Malay
- ^ Language Map on www.ethnologue.com
- Kutai Martadipura
- Vogel, J.Ph. 1918 The yūpa inscriptions of King Mūlavarman from Koetei (East Borneo). Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde 74:216–218.
- Chhabra, B.Ch. 1965 Expansion of Indo-Aryan culture during Pallava rule (as evidenced by inscriptions). Delhi: Munshi Ram Manohar Lal. 50–52, 85–92;
- Casparis, J.G. de 1975 Indonesian palaeography: a history of writing in Indonesia from the beginning to c. A.D. 1500. Leiden: E.J. Brill. 14–18
External links
edit- Explanation of the Kutai Kingdoms
- Example of Kutai language
- Kutai traditional music
- The Museum of Mulawarman
- Description of the Erau, a traditional yearly Kutai culture festival.