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Lanzarote (UK: /ˌlænzəˈrɒti/,[3][4] Spanish: [lanθaˈɾote] , locally [lansaˈɾote]) is a Spanish island, the easternmost of the Canary Islands in the Atlantic Ocean, 125 kilometres (80 miles) off the north coast of Africa and 1,000 kilometres (600 miles) from the Iberian Peninsula. Covering 845.94 square kilometres (326.62 square miles), Lanzarote is the fourth-largest of the islands in the archipelago. With 152,289 inhabitants at the start of 2019,[2] it is the third most populous Canary Island, after Tenerife and Gran Canaria. Located in the centre-west of the island is Timanfaya National Park, one of its main attractions. The island was declared a biosphere reserve by UNESCO in 1993.[5] The island's capital is Arrecife, which lies on the eastern coastline.[6] It is the smaller main island of the Province of Las Palmas.
 Flag | |
 Location in the Canary Islands | |
  Lanzarote Location in Spain | |
| Geography | |
|---|---|
| Coordinates | 29°02′06″N 13°38′06″W / 29.035°N 13.635°W |
| Archipelago | Canary Islands |
| Area | 845.94 km2 (326.62 sq mi)[1] |
| Coastline | 191 km (118.7 mi)[1] |
| Highest elevation | 671 m (2201 ft)[1] |
| Highest point | Peñas del Chache |
| Administration | |
Spain | |
| Autonomous community | Canary Islands |
| Province | Las Palmas |
| Capital and largest city | Arrecife (pop. 62988) |
| President of the cabildo insular | María Dolores Corujo Berriel |
| Demographics | |
| Demonym | lanzaroteño, -ña; conejero, -a (es) |
| Population | 154530 (2020)[2] |
| Pop. density | 180.0/km2 (466.2/sq mi) |
| Languages | Spanish, specifically Canarian Spanish |
| Ethnic groups | Spanish, Canary Islanders, other minority groups |
| Additional information | |
| Time zone | |
| • Summer (DST) | |
The first recorded name for the island, given by Italian-Majorcan cartographer Angelino Dulcert, was Insula de Lanzarotus Marocelus, after the Genoese navigator Lancelotto Malocello, from which the modern name is derived. The island's name in the native Guanche language was Tyterogaka or Tytheroygaka, which may mean "one that is all ochre" (referring to the island's predominant colour).[7]
History
edit
Lanzarote is believed to have been the first Canary Island to be settled. The Phoenicians may have visited or settled there, though no material evidence survives. The first known record came from Roman author Pliny the Elder in the encyclopaedia Naturalis Historia on an expedition to the Canary Islands.[8] The names of the islands (then called Insulae Fortunatae or the "Fortunate Isles") were recorded as Junonia (Fuerteventura), Canaria (Gran Canaria), Ninguaria (Tenerife), Junonia Major (La Palma), Pluvialia (El Hierro), and Capraria (La Gomera). Lanzarote and Fuerteventura, the two easternmost Canary Islands, were only mentioned as the archipelago of the "purple islands".[clarification needed] The Roman poet Lucan and the Greek astronomer and geographer Ptolemy gave their precise locations.[9] It was settled by the Majos tribe of the Guanches.[10] After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, interaction with the Canary Islands is unrecorded before 999, when the Arabs arrived at the island which they dubbed al-Djezir al-Khalida (among other names).[citation needed]
In 1336, a ship arrived from Lisbon under the guidance of Genoese navigator Lancelotto Malocello, who used the alias "Lanzarote da Framqua". A fort was later built in the area of Montaña de Guanapay near today's Teguise. Castilian slaving expeditions in 1385 and 1393 seized hundreds of Guanches and sold them in Spain, initiating the slave trade in the islands.[11][12] French explorer Jean de Béthencourt arrived in 1402, heading a private expedition under Castilian auspices. Bethencourt first visited the south of Lanzarote at Playas de Papagayo, and the French overran the island within a matter of months.[citation needed] The island lacked mountains and gorges to serve as hideouts for the remaining Guanche population, and so many Guanches were taken away as slaves that only 300 Guanche men were said to have remained.[citation needed]
At the southern end of the Yaiza municipality, the first European settlement in the Canary Islands appeared in 1402 in the area known as El Rubicón, where the conquest of the Archipelago began.[13] In this place, the Cathedral of Saint Martial of Limoges was built. The cathedral was destroyed by English pirates in the 16th century. A diocese was moved in 1483 to Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (Roman Catholic Diocese of Canarias).[13] In 1404, the Castilians (with the support of the King of Castile) came and fought the local Guanches, who were further decimated. The islands of Fuerteventura and El Hierro were later similarly conquered. In 1477, a decision by the royal council of Castile confirmed a grant of Lanzarote and Fuerteventura, with the smaller islands of Ferro and Gomera to the Castilian nobles Herrera, who held their fief until the end of the 18th century.[14] In 1586, the Ottoman admiral Murat Reis temporarily seized Lanzarote.[citation needed] In the 17th century, pirates raided the island and took 1,000 inhabitants into slavery in Cueva de los Verdes.[citation needed]
Lanzarote and Fuerteventura would be the main exporters of wheat and cereals to the central islands of the archipelago during the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries; Tenerife and Gran Canaria.[15] Although this trade was almost never reversed for the inhabitants of Lanzarote and Fuerteventura (due to the fact that the landowners of these islands profited from this activity), producing periods of famine, so the population of these islands had to travel to Tenerife and Gran Canaria. The island of Tenerife is a major focus of attraction for the inhabitants of Lanzarote and Fuerteventura, hence the feeling of union that has always existed in the popular sphere with Tenerife.[15]
From 1730 to 1736, the island was hit by a series of volcanic eruptions, producing 32 new volcanoes in a stretch of 18 kilometres (11 miles).[16] The priest of Yaiza, Don Andrés Lorenzo Curbelo, documented the eruption in detail until 1731. Lava covered a quarter of the island's surface, including the most fertile soil and 11 villages. 100 smaller volcanoes were located in the area called Montañas del Fuego, the "Mountains of Fire".[17] In 1768, drought affected the deforested island, and winter rains did not fall. Much of the population was forced to emigrate to Cuba and the Americas, including a group which formed a significant addition to the Spanish settlers in Texas at San Antonio de Bexar in 1731.[citation needed]
In 1927, Lanzarote and Fuerteventura became part of the province of Las Palmas. Several archaeological expeditions have uncovered the prehistoric settlement at the archaeologic site of El Bebedero in the village of Teguise.[18] In one of those expeditions, by a team from the University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria and a team from the University of Zaragoza, yielded about 100 Roman potsherds, nine pieces of metal, and one piece of glass. The artefacts were found in strata dated between the 1st and 4th centuries. They show that Romans did trade with the Canarians, though there is no evidence of settlements.[9]
The island has a UNESCO Biosphere Reserve protected site status. According to a report in the Financial Times, this status was endangered by a local corruption scandal. Since May 2009, police have arrested the former president of Lanzarote, the former mayor of Arrecife and more than 20 politicians and businessmen in connection with illegal building permits along Lanzarote's coastline. UNESCO has threatened to revoke Lanzarote's Biosphere Reserve status, "if the developments are not respecting local needs and are impacting on the environment".[19][20] The President of the Cabildo of Lanzarote denied "any threat to Lanzarote's UNESCO status".[21]
Geography
editLanzarote is located 11 km (7 mi) north-east of Fuerteventura and just over 1 km (5⁄8 mi) from La Graciosa. The dimensions of the island are 60 km (37 mi) from north to south and 25 km (16 mi) from west to east. Lanzarote has 213 kilometres (132 miles) of coastline, of which 10 km (6 mi) are sand, 16.5 km (10+1⁄4 mi) are beach, and the remainder is rocky. Its landscape includes the mountain ranges of Famara (671 metres or 2,201 feet)[22] in the north and Ajaches (608 metres or 1,995 feet) to the south. South of the Famara massif is the El Jable desert, which separates Famara and Montañas del Fuego. The highest peak is Peñas del Chache, rising to 670 metres (2,200 feet) above sea level. The "Tunnel of Atlantis", the largest underwater volcanic tunnel in the world, is part of the Cueva de los Verdes lava tube.[23]
Climate
editOften called the "Island of Eternal Spring",[24] Lanzarote has a hot desert climate (BWh) according to the Köppen climatic classification.[25] The small amount of precipitation is mainly concentrated in the winter. Rainfall during summer is a rare phenomenon and very often summers are completely dry without any precipitation. On average the island receives approximately 16 days of precipitation between December and February.[24] Sometimes, the hot sirocco wind prevails, causing dry and dusty conditions across the island.[24] Average precipitation in June and August is less than 0.5 millimetres (0.020 inches).
| Climate data for Lanzarote Airport (1991–2020 normals) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 21.7 (71.1) |
22.2 (72.0) |
23.6 (74.5) |
24.4 (75.9) |
25.8 (78.4) |
27.3 (81.1) |
28.9 (84.0) |
29.9 (85.8) |
29.0 (84.2) |
27.5 (81.5) |
24.9 (76.8) |
22.7 (72.9) |
25.7 (78.3) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 17.6 (63.7) |
18.0 (64.4) |
19.1 (66.4) |
20.0 (68.0) |
21.3 (70.3) |
23.0 (73.4) |
24.5 (76.1) |
25.5 (77.9) |
24.8 (76.6) |
23.3 (73.9) |
20.9 (69.6) |
18.8 (65.8) |
21.4 (70.5) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 13.6 (56.5) |
13.8 (56.8) |
14.6 (58.3) |
15.5 (59.9) |
16.9 (62.4) |
18.7 (65.7) |
20.2 (68.4) |
21.0 (69.8) |
20.5 (68.9) |
19.1 (66.4) |
16.8 (62.2) |
14.9 (58.8) |
17.1 (62.8) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 15.4 (0.61) |
16.1 (0.63) |
10.9 (0.43) |
4.1 (0.16) |
1.2 (0.05) |
0.1 (0.00) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.5 (0.02) |
1.8 (0.07) |
12.8 (0.50) |
15.5 (0.61) |
21.4 (0.84) |
99.8 (3.93) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 2.8 | 2.5 | 2.2 | 0.9 | 0.3 | trace | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.4 | 2.1 | 3.0 | 3.2 | 17.5 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 68.0 | 67.6 | 67.1 | 66.2 | 66.1 | 67.0 | 67.8 | 68.7 | 70.6 | 70.6 | 69.0 | 70.2 | 68.2 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 212.5 | 208.5 | 256.6 | 264.8 | 300.0 | 297.3 | 320.3 | 309.1 | 267.1 | 240.3 | 208.4 | 207.7 | 3,092.6 |
| Source: NOAA/NCEI[26] | |||||||||||||
| Climate data for Lanzarote Airport (altitude 14m, 1981–2010 normals, extremes 1972–present) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 27.9 (82.2) |
29.4 (84.9) |
34.4 (93.9) |
36.3 (97.3) |
42.6 (108.7) |
40.7 (105.3) |
43.4 (110.1) |
43.6 (110.5) |
40.5 (104.9) |
37.3 (99.1) |
34.2 (93.6) |
27.5 (81.5) |
43.6 (110.5) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 20.7 (69.3) |
21.3 (70.3) |
22.9 (73.2) |
23.5 (74.3) |
24.6 (76.3) |
26.3 (79.3) |
28.2 (82.8) |
29.1 (84.4) |
28.6 (83.5) |
26.7 (80.1) |
24.2 (75.6) |
21.8 (71.2) |
24.8 (76.6) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 17.4 (63.3) |
17.9 (64.2) |
19.0 (66.2) |
19.6 (67.3) |
20.8 (69.4) |
22.6 (72.7) |
24.3 (75.7) |
25.2 (77.4) |
24.7 (76.5) |
23.0 (73.4) |
20.7 (69.3) |
18.6 (65.5) |
21.1 (70.0) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 14.0 (57.2) |
14.3 (57.7) |
15.0 (59.0) |
15.7 (60.3) |
16.8 (62.2) |
18.8 (65.8) |
20.4 (68.7) |
21.2 (70.2) |
20.8 (69.4) |
19.4 (66.9) |
17.2 (63.0) |
15.4 (59.7) |
17.4 (63.3) |
| Record low °C (°F) | 8.0 (46.4) |
7.6 (45.7) |
8.3 (46.9) |
9.5 (49.1) |
11.5 (52.7) |
12.4 (54.3) |
15.4 (59.7) |
16.6 (61.9) |
15.5 (59.9) |
12.0 (53.6) |
10.9 (51.6) |
9.0 (48.2) |
7.6 (45.7) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 16 (0.6) |
18 (0.7) |
12 (0.5) |
5 (0.2) |
2 (0.1) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
trace | 2 (0.1) |
10 (0.4) |
15 (0.6) |
29 (1.1) |
111 (4.4) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 3.2 | 2.7 | 2.4 | 1.3 | 0.4 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.4 | 1.9 | 3.0 | 3.8 | 19.0 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 68 | 68 | 66 | 66 | 66 | 66 | 68 | 68 | 70 | 71 | 69 | 71 | 68 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 203 | 201 | 241 | 255 | 297 | 292 | 308 | 295 | 248 | 235 | 207 | 196 | 2,986 |
| Average ultraviolet index | 4 | 5 | 7 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 11 | 10 | 9 | 7 | 5 | 4 | 8 |
| Source: Agencia Estatal de Meteorología[27][28] | |||||||||||||
Geology
edit
Lanzarote is the northernmost and easternmost island of the main Canary Islands and has a volcanic origin.[29] The island emerged about 15 million years ago as product of the Canary hotspot. The island, along with others, emerged after the breakup of the African and the American continental plates. The greatest recorded eruptions occurred between 1730 and 1736 in the area now designated Timanfaya National Park.[30]
Biodiversity
edit
Flora
editThere are five hundred different kinds of plants on the island, of which 17 species are endemic. These plants have adapted to the relative scarcity of water in the same way as succulents. They include the Canary Island date palm (Phoenix canariensis), which is found in damper areas of the north, the Canary Island pine (Pinus canariensis), ferns, and wild olive trees (Olea europaea). Laurisilva trees, which once covered the highest parts of Risco de Famara, are rarely found today.[citation needed] After winter rainfall, the vegetation comes to a colourful bloom between February and March.[citation needed]
The vineyards of La Gería, Lanzarote DO wine region, are a protected area. Single vines are planted in pits 4–5 metres (13–16 feet) wide and 2–3 metres (6 feet 7 inches – 9 feet 10 inches) deep, with small stone walls around each pit. This agricultural technique is designed to harvest rainfall and overnight dew and to protect the plants from the winds.[16]
Fungi
editThere are 180 different species of lichen-forming fungi. These survive in the suitable areas like rock surfaces, and promote weathering.
Fauna
editApart from the native bats and the mammals which accompanied humans to the island (including the dromedary, which was used for agriculture and is now a tourist attraction), there are few vertebrate species on Lanzarote. These include birds (such as falcons) and reptiles. Some interesting endemic animals are the Gallotia lizards and the blind Munidopsis polymorpha crabs found in the Jameos del Agua lagoon, which was formed by a volcanic eruption. The island is also home to one of two surviving populations of the threatened Canarian Egyptian vulture.
Natural symbols
editThe official natural symbols associated with Lanzarote are Munidopsis polymorpha (Blind crab) and Euphorbia balsamifera (Tabaiba dulce).[31]
Demographics
edit
As of 2023[update], 158798 people live on Lanzarote, an increase of 14.9% from 2011 (138201).[2] The seat of the island government (Cabildo insular) is in the capital, Arrecife, which has a population of 62988 in 2019.[2] According to the 2011 census, the majority of the inhabitants are Spanish (72.1%) with a sizeable number of residents of other nationalities, notably Britons (5.6%), Colombians (3.2%), Germans (3.1%) and Moroccans (3.1%).[32] Other populous groups include Italians, Koreans, Cubans, and Romanians, which constitute a large proportion of the remaining 12.9% of the population.[32]
| Nationality | Population | Percentage |
|---|---|---|
| Spanish | 102720 | |
| British | 8026 | |
| Colombian | 4566 | |
| German | 4404 | |
| Moroccan | 4384 | |
| Other nationalities | 18417 |
Administration
editLanzarote is part of the province of Las Palmas, and is divided into seven municipalities:
| Name | Area (km2) |
Census Population | Estimated Population (2023)[33] | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2001[34] | 2011[35] | 2021[36] | |||
| Arrecife | 22.72 | 44,980 | 55,381 | 64,278 | 64,735 |
| Haría | 106.59 | 4,027 | 5,054 | 5,395 | 5,543 |
| San Bartolomé | 40.89 | 13,030 | 18,118 | 19,305 | 19,443 |
| Teguise | 263.98 | 12,392 | 20,294 | 22,976 | 23,788 |
| Tías | 64.61 | 12,820 | 19,148 | 20,469 | 21,296 |
| Tinajo | 135.28 | 4,512 | 5,738 | 6,441 | 6,725 |
| Yaiza | 211.85 | 5,020 | 14,468 | 17,080 | 17,268 |
| Totals | 845.92 | 96,781 | 138,201 | 155,944 | 158,798 |
Transport
edit
Air
editThe island's main point of entry is César Manrique-Lanzarote Airport which, in 2018, handled 7327019 passengers.[37] It was renamed in 2019 to include the name of local artist César Manrique, in honour of the legacy he left behind on the island and coinciding with the centenary of his birth.[38] The airport has two passenger terminal buildings, T1 and T2, with T2 being used exclusively for inter-island flights to and from the other Canary Islands. These inter-island flights are operated by regional airlines Binter Canarias and Canaryfly. Lanzarote Airport is located about 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) southwest of the island's capital, Arrecife, to which it is connected by the LZ-2 road.
Sea
editMost of the goods arrive by sea through the Port of Arrecife, Puerto de los Mármoles. This port is also used by cruise ships.
Furthermore, there are regular ferry lines that connect the Port of Arrecife with Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Santa Cruz de Tenerife and Cadiz.
Ferry services to the neighbouring island of Fuerteventura depart from Playa Blanca, the island's southernmost town.
The two main companies operating these services are Fred Olsen Express and Naviera Armas.
Ferries to the island of La Graciosa depart from Órzola, Lanzarote's northernmost town.
Road
editThe LZ-1 road connects the capital, Arrecife, to the northernmost town of Órzola. The LZ-2 road connects Arrecife to the southernmost town of Playa Blanca. LZ-3 is a highway that acts as a ring road around Arrecife, connecting Puerto de los Mármoles on the northern side of the city to LZ-2 on the southern side. These three roads form the island's central road axis from which other roads connect to the rest of the island's towns, settlements and points of interest.
Public transport on the island is provided by Arrecife Bus, operating under the name of Intercity Bus Lanzarote. The company operates 30 bus lines connecting the island's major and minor settlements, as well as serving the airport, and includes internal bus services in the towns of Playa Blanca, San Bartolomé and Tías. Most lines begin or end in the capital, Arrecife.[39] The public bus service within the city of Arrecife is provided by the local council and consists of five lines, including one to the neighbouring town of Playa Honda.[40]
Notable people
edit- Francisco Aguilar y Leal (1776–1840), soldier and merchant
- Princess Alexia of Greece and Denmark (born 1965), Greek royalty, resides on the island
- Rosana Arbelo (born 1963), singer
- Diego Barber, guitarist
- Benito Cabrera (born 1963), musician
- Blas Cabrera Felipe (1878–1945), physicist
- José Clavijo y Fajardo (1726–1806), journalist
- Saúl Coco (born 1999), footballer
- Juan Curbelo (1680–1760), politician, Alcalde (mayor) of San Antonio de Bexar, Texas (1737, 1739)
- Robbie Dale (1940-2021), British radio disc jockey
- Archie Davies (born 1998), English footballer
- Dorotea de Armas (1899 – 1997), traditional ceramist
- Pupo De Luca (1924-2006), Italian actor and jazz musician
- Paco Delgado (born 1965), costume designer.
- Penelope Farmer (born 1939), English fiction writer
- Alan Kitching, British graphic designer and architect
- Juan Leal (1676–1742/1743), settler and politician, 1st mayor of San Antonio
- César Manrique (1919–1992), artist
- Jordi Martín (born 1991), footballer
- Óscar Martín (born 1988), footballer
- Manuel Medina (born 1935), politician
- Carlos Mendes Gomes (born 1998), footballer
- Claudio Mendes (born 2000), footballer
- Rafael Morera (1903-unknown), footballer
- Jonathan Pérez Olivero (born 1982), footballer
- Hernan Peraza the Younger (c.1450-1488), nobleman and Castilian conquistador
- Jonathan Proietti (born 1982), Luxembourgish footballer
- Salvador Rodríguez (1688–unknown), politician, Regidor (council member) of San Antonio de Bexar, Texas
- Carlos Morales Quintana (born 1970), architect and husband of Princess Alexia resides on the island
- Patricia Díaz Perea (born 1984), triathlete, represents Lanzarote-based club Triatlón Titanes
- Stephan Remmler (born 1946), German musician
- Nasser Saleh (born 1992), actor
- José Saramago (1922–2010), Portuguese writer, resided on the island
- Beverly Swerling (1938-2018), American writer
- Jason deCaires Taylor (born 1974), British sculptor
- Kimberley Tell (born 1989), Canadian actress and singer
- Goya Toledo (born 1969), actress and model
- Jonas Van de Steene (born 1987), Belgian Para-cyclist
- Jacinto Vera (1813-1881), Uruguayan Roman Catholic prelate
- Thomas Zacharias (born 1947), German high jumper
- Rayderley Zapata (born 1993), gymnast
Festivals
editThe most established festival on the island is held each year on 15 September in the village of Mancha Blanca, in honour of Our Lady of Dolours (Virgen de los Dolores), also called the "Virgin of the Volcanoes" (the Patron Saint of Lanzarote). People from all over the island participate in this pilgrimage, mostly dressed in traditional costumes.
Sport
editThe island's only professional football team is UD Lanzarote, founded in 1970 who play at the 7,000 capacity Ciudad Deportiva de Lanzarote. The island is also home to smaller clubs CD Teguise and CD Orientación Marítima. In tennis, the Open Isla de Lanzarote was hosted between 2006 and 2008.
Views
edit
References
edit- ^ a b c "Estadística del Territorio" [Territory Statistics] (in Spanish). Instituto Canario de Estadística (ISTAC). Retrieved 17 July 2019.
- ^ a b c d "Población de derecho de Lanzarote según municipio. Evolución (1996-2023)" [Legal population of Lanzarote by municipality. Evolution (1996-2019)]. Centro de Datos. Cabildo de Lanzarote (in Spanish). Retrieved 15 July 2019.
- ^ "Lanzarote". Collins English Dictionary. HarperCollins. Retrieved 6 July 2019.
- ^ "Lanzarote". Lexico UK English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 22 March 2020.
- ^ "UNESCO - MAB Biosphere Reserves Directory". UNESCO. Retrieved 5 April 2019.
- ^ Hernández Luis, José Ángel; Sobral García, Silvia Inmaculada; González Morales, Alejandro (2006). "Planeamiento territorial, desarrollo urbano-turístico y sostenibilidad en Lanzarote". Ciudad y Territorio. Estudios Territoriales. XXXVIII (148). Madrid: Ministerio de Fomento: 315. ISSN 1133-4762.
- ^ "Diccionario Ínsuloamaziq-Tyterogaka". Archived from the original on 21 October 2013.
- ^ Pliny the Elder. "Ch 37 The Fortunate Islands". In John Bostock (ed.). The Natural History. Vol. Book VI. Retrieved 18 November 2016.
- ^ a b "Roman Trade with the Canary Islands". Retrieved 24 November 2009.
- ^ "Majo, Toponimia de las islas Canarias". Retrieved 13 December 2022.
- ^ Crosby, Alfred W. (2004). Ecological Imperialism: The Biological Expansion of Europe, 900–1900. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-39404-9.
- ^ Mercer, John (1980). The Canary Islanders: their prehistory, conquest, and survival. Collings. pp. 148–159. ISBN 978-0-86036-126-8.
- ^ a b San Marcial del Rubicón y los Obispados de Canarias
- ^ Kamen, Henry (2004). Empire: How Spain Became a World Power, 1492-1763. HarperCollins. p. 11. ISBN 978-0-06-093264-0.
- ^ a b Jornadas de Estudios sobre Lanzarote y Fuerteventura
- ^ a b Troll, Valentin R.; Carracedo, Juan Carlos; Jägerup, Beatrice; Streng, Michael; Barker, Abigail K.; Deegan, Frances M.; Perez-Torrado, Francisco; Rodriguez-Gonzalez, Alejandro; Geiger, Harri (2017). "Volcanic particles in agriculture and gardening". Geology Today. 33 (4): 148–154. Bibcode:2017GeolT..33..148T. doi:10.1111/gto.12193. ISSN 1365-2451. S2CID 133877260.
- ^ Carracedo, Juan Carlos; Troll, Valentin R. (1 January 2021), "North-East Atlantic Islands: The Macaronesian Archipelagos", in Alderton, David; Elias, Scott A. (eds.), Encyclopedia of Geology (Second Edition), Oxford: Academic Press, pp. 674–699, doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-102908-4.00027-8, ISBN 978-0-08-102909-1, S2CID 226588940, retrieved 17 March 2021
- ^ Atoche Peña, Pablo. "EXCAVACIONES on the Canary islands". www.personales.ulpgc.es. Retrieved 18 November 2016.
- ^ Barr, Caelainn; Mulligan, Mark (5 July 2010). "Lanzarote faces losing its eco status". Financial Times. London, Madrid. Archived from the original on 10 December 2022. Retrieved 12 November 2010.
- ^ Building craze threatens to end Lanzarote's biosphere status The Independent. 7 July 2010
- ^ Greenslade, Roy (8 July 2010). "Canary Islands protests at Financial Times investigation". Greenslade Blog. London: The Guardian. Retrieved 12 November 2010.
- ^ Photo: Famara Official Tourism Office of the Canaries Archived 21 July 2010 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Eyeless Creature Discovered in Undersea Tunnel". LiveScience. 25 August 2009.
- ^ a b c "Lanzarote Weather and Climate". spain-lanzarote.com. Retrieved 22 November 2017.
- ^ "Arrecife, Spain Köppen Climate Classification (Weatherbase)". weatherbase.com.
- ^ "Lanzarote Aeropuerto Climate Normals 1991-2020". NOAA. Archived from the original on 3 April 2024.
- ^ "Valores climatológicos normales. Lanzarote Aeropuerto" (in Spanish). Agencia Estatal de Meteorología. 13 July 2020. Archived from the original on 3 April 2024.
- ^ "Valores extremos. Lanzarote Aeropuerto" (in Spanish). Agencia Estatal de Meteorología. Archived from the original on 3 April 2024.
- ^ Troll, Valentin R.; Carracedo, Juan Carlos (26 May 2016). The Geology of the Canary Islands - 1st Edition. Elsevier Science. ISBN 978-0-12-809663-5. Retrieved 22 October 2020.
{{cite book}}:|website=ignored (help) - ^ "Timanfaya". Lanzarote Guide. Retrieved 1 August 2017.
- ^ "BOC – 1991/061. Viernes 10 de Mayo de 1991 – 577". gobcan.es. Archived from the original on 8 August 2011. Retrieved 29 September 2016.
- ^ a b "Población de derecho de Lanzarote según nacionalidad y municipio de residencia (2011)" [Legal population of Lanzarote by nationality and municipality (2011)]. Centro de Datos. Cabildo de Lanzarote (in Spanish). Retrieved 15 July 2019.
- ^ Estimate at 1 January 2023: Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Madrid.
- ^ Census at 1 November 2001: Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Madrid.
- ^ Census at 1 November 2011: Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Madrid.
- ^ Census at 1 January 2021: Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Madrid.
- ^ "Introduction - César Manrique-Lanzarote Airport - Aena.es". Aena.es. Retrieved 16 July 2019.
- ^ "Orden FOM/211/2019, de 27 de febrero, por la que se modifica la denominación oficial del Aeropuerto de Lanzarote" [Order FOM/211/2019, of 27 February, by which the official designation of Lanzarote Airport is modified] (in Spanish). 1 March 2019.
- ^ "Lines and Timetables". Arrecife Bus, S.L. Retrieved 17 July 2019.
- ^ "Transportes, Guaguas, Recorrido" [Transport, Buses, Routes] (in Spanish). Ayuntamiento de Arrecife. Archived from the original on 6 September 2017. Retrieved 17 July 2019.
Further reading
edit- Pott, Richard; Hüppe, Joachim; de la Torre, Wolfredo Wildpret (2003). Die Kanarischen Inseln: Natur- und Kulturlandschaften [The Canary Islands. Natural and Cultural Landscapes] (in German). Ulmer. ISBN 978-3-8001-3284-3.
- Wilkens, Horst (2009). Lanzarote: Blind Crabs, Hoopoes and Volcanoes; a Guide to the Countryside, Plants and Animals of an Exceptional Volcanic Island. Naturalanza, Strecker. ISBN 978-3-942999-02-1.
- Strecker, Ulrike; Wilkens, Horst (2009). Lanzarote - Leben Auf Lava: Vida Sobre Lava - Life on Lava. Naturalanza, Strecker. ISBN 978-3-942999-03-8.
- Cracknell, Nick (14 September 2017). Island Zero. self published. p. 294. ISBN 978-1976414107. a fiction thriller set entirely on the island.
External links
edit
- Official tourism site of Lanzarote
- Map of Lanzarote with all the architectural works from César Manrique
- Lanzarote, the Land of Volcanos
- "Lanzarote". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 26 June 2021.
Lanzarote travel guide from Wikivoyage
