Wikipedia

Human body weight

(Redirected from Leffler formula)

Human body weight is a person's mass or weight.

Strictly speaking, body weight is the measurement of mass without items located on the person. Practically though, body weight may be measured with clothes on, but without shoes or heavy accessories such as mobile phones and wallets, and using manual or digital weighing scales. Excess or reduced body weight is regarded as an indicator of determining a person's health, with body volume measurement providing an extra dimension by calculating the distribution of body weight.

Average adult human weight varies by continent, from about 60 kg (130 lb) in Asia and Africa to about 80 kg (180 lb) in North America, with men on average weighing more than women.

Estimation in children

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An example of a half unfolded Broselow tape

There are a number of methods to estimate weight in children for circumstances (such as emergencies) when actual weight cannot be measured. Most involve a parent or health care provider guessing the child's weight through weight-estimation formulas. These formulas base their findings on the child's age and tape-based systems of weight estimation. Of the many formulas that have been used for estimating body weight, some include the Advanced Pediatric Life Support formula, the Leffler formula, and Theron formula.[1] There are also several types of tape-based systems for estimating children's weight, with the best-known being the Broselow tape.[2] The Broselow tape is based on length with weight read from the appropriate color area. Newer systems, such as the PAWPER tape, make use of a simple two-step process to estimate weight: the length-based weight estimation is modified according to the child's body habitus to increase the accuracy of the final weight prediction.[3]

The Leffler formula is used for children 0–10 years of age.[1] In those less than a year old, it is

 

and for those 1–10 years old, it is

 

where m is the number of kilograms the child weighs and am and ay respectively are the number of months or years old the child is.[1]

The Theron formula is

 

where m and ay are as above.[1]

Fluctuation

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Body weight varies in small amounts throughout the day, as the amount of water in the body is not constant. It changes due to activities such as drinking, urinating, or exercise.[4] Professional sports participants may deliberately dehydrate themselves to enter a lower weight class, a practice known as weight cutting.[5]

Ideal body weight

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Ideal body weight (IBW) was initially introduced by Ben J. Devine in 1974 to allow estimation of drug clearances in obese patients;[6] researchers have since shown that the metabolism of certain drugs relates more to IBW than total body weight.[7] The term was based on the use of insurance data that demonstrated the relative mortality for males and females according to different height-weight combinations.

The most common estimation of IBW is by the Devine formula; other models exist and have been noted to give similar results.[7] Other methods used in estimating the ideal body weight are body mass index and the Hamwi method. The IBW is not the perfect fat measurement, as it does not show the fat or muscle percentage in one's body. For example, athletes' results may show that they are overweight when they are actually very fit and healthy. Machines like the dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry can accurately measure the percentage and weight of fat, muscle, and bone in a body.

Devine formula

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The Devine formula for calculating ideal body weight in adults is as follows:[7]

  • Male ideal body weight = 50 kilograms (110 lb) + 0.9 kilograms (2.0 lb) × (height (cm) − 152)
  • Female ideal body weight = 45.5 kilograms (100 lb) + 0.9 kilograms (2.0 lb) × (height (cm) − 152)

Hamwi method

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The Hamwi method is used to calculate the ideal body weight of the general adult:[8]

  • Male ideal body weight = 48 kilograms (106 lb) + 1.1 kilograms (2.4 lb) × (height (cm) − 152)
  • Female ideal body weight = 45.4 kilograms (100 lb) + 0.9 kilograms (2.0 lb) × (height (cm) − 152)

Usage

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Sports

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Many disciplines in weightlifting or combat sports separate competitors into weight classes.

Medicine

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Ideal body weight, specifically the Devine formula, is used clinically for multiple reasons, most commonly in estimating renal function in drug dosing, and predicting pharmacokinetics in morbidly obese patients.[9][10]

Average weight around the world

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By region

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Data from 2005:

Region Adult
population
(millions) 		Average weight %
Overweight 		Ref
Africa 535 60.7 kg (133.8 lb) 28.9% [11]
Asia 2,815 57.7 kg (127.2 lb) 24.2% [11]
Europe 606 70.8 kg (156.1 lb) 55.6% [11]
Latin America and
the Caribbean		 386 67.9 kg (149.7 lb) 57.9% [11]
North America 263 80.7 kg (177.9 lb) 73.9% [11]
Oceania 24 74.1 kg (163.4 lb) 63.3% [11]
World 4,630 62.0 kg (136.7 lb) 34.7% [11]

By country

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Country Average male weight Average female weight Sample population /
age range 		Method Year Ref
  Afghanistan 69.2 kg (152.6 lb) 62.6 kg (138.0 lb) 18–69 Measured 2018 [12]
  Algeria 68.7 kg (151.5 lb) 65.1 kg (143.5 lb) 25–64 Measured 2005 [13]
  Armenia 74.6 kg (164.5 lb) 66.4 kg (146.4 lb) 18–69 Measured 2016 [14]
  Australia 87.0 kg (191.8 lb) 71.8 kg (158.3 lb) 18+ Measured 2018 [15]
  Azerbaijan 72.1 kg (159.0 lb) 65.7 kg (144.8 lb) 16+ Measured 2005 [16]
  Bangladesh 55.2 kg (121.7 lb) 49.8 kg (109.8 lb) 25+ Measured 2009–2010 [17]
  Belarus 69 kg (152.1 lb) 56 kg (123.5 lb) 18+ Measured 2008 [18]
  Belize 74.2 kg (163.6 lb) 70.5 kg (155.4 lb) 20+ Measured 2010 [19]
  Benin 63.7 kg (140.4 lb) 60.9 kg (134.3 lb) 18–69 Measured 2015 [20]
  Bhutan 63.2 kg (139.3 lb) 57.4 kg (126.5 lb) 18–69 Measured 2014 [21]
  Botswana 63.6 kg (140.2 lb) 64.3 kg (141.8 lb) 15–69 Measured 2014 [22]
  Brazil 72.7 kg (160.3 lb) 62.5 kg (137.8 lb) 20–74 Measured 2008–2009 [23]
  Brunei 74.1 kg (163.4 lb) 62.9 kg (138.7 lb) 19+ Measured 2010–2011 [24]
  Bulgaria 76.9 kg (169.5 lb) 69.1 kg (152.3 lb) 21-59 Self-reported 2021 [25]
  Burkina Faso 65.2 kg (143.7 lb) 59.0 kg (130.1 lb) 25–64 Measured 2013 [26]
  Cambodia 56.8 kg (125.2 lb) 50.8 kg (112.0 lb) 25–64 Measured 2010 [27]
  Cameroon 68.3 kg (150.6 lb) 67.0 kg (147.7 lb) 15+ Measured 2003 [28]
  Canada 84.6 kg (187 lb) 70.1 kg (155 lb) 18–79 Measured 2007–2009 [29]
  Chile 77.3 kg (170.4 lb) 67.5 kg (148.8 lb) 15+ Measured 2009–2010 [30]
  Costa Rica - San José 76.6 kg (168.9 lb) 64.9 kg (143.1 lb) 20+ Measured 2010 [31]
  Czech Republic 92.1 kg (203.0 lb) 73.8 kg (162.7 lb) 25–64 Measured 2016–2017 [32]
  Estonia 84.4 kg (186.1 lb) 71.2 kg (157.0 lb) 18+ Measured 2003–2010 [33]
  France 77.1 kg (170 lb) 62.7 kg (138 lb) 15+ Measured 2005 [34]
  Georgia 84.4 kg (186.1 lb) 73.6 kg (162.3 lb) 18–69 Measured 2016 [35]
  Germany 85.9 kg (189.4 lb) 69.2 kg (152.6 lb) 18+ Self-reported 2021 [36]
  India 65.0 kg (143.3 lb) 55.0 kg (121.3 lb) 16+ Measured 2020 [37]
  Norway 86.6 kg (190.9 lb) 71.6 kg (157.9 lb) 18+ Self-reported 2020 [38]
  Oman 74.9 kg (165.1 lb) 68.1 kg (150.1 lb) 18+ Measured 2017 [39]
  Pakistan 66.0 kg (145.5 lb) 59.0 kg (130.1 lb) 18–69 Measured 2013–2014 [40]
  Papua New Guinea 62.5 kg (137.8 lb) 56.8 kg (125.2 lb) 15–64 Measured 2007–2008 [41]
  Qatar 84.6 kg (186.5 lb) 73.4 kg (161.8 lb) 18–64 Measured 2012 [42]
  Russia 70.6 kg (155.6 lb) 60.2 kg (132.7 lb) 19+ Measured 2018 [43]
  Rwanda 58.4 kg (128.7 lb) 55.9 kg (123.2 lb) 15–64 Measured 2012–2013 [44]
  Saint Kitts and Nevis 84.5 kg (186.3 lb) 83.0 kg (183.0 lb) 25–64 Measured 2007–2008 [45]
  Saudi Arabia 77.3 kg (170.4 lb) 71.7 kg (158.1 lb) 25–64 Measured 2005 [46]
  Serbia 84.6 kg (186.5 lb) 70.0 kg (154.3 lb) 20+ Measured 2013 [47]
  Sierra Leone 62.0 kg (136.7 lb) 59.0 kg (130.1 lb) 25–64 Measured 2009 [48]
  Solomon Islands 75.3 kg (166.0 lb) 70.4 kg (155.2 lb) 25–64 Measured 2006 [49]
  South Korea 73.34 kg (161.7 lb) 58.29 kg (128.5 lb) 18+ Measured 2019 [50]
  Spain 82.4 kg (181.7 lb) 66.6 kg (146.8 lb) 18–64 Measured 2013 [51]
  Sri Lanka 61.4 kg (135.4 lb) 54.6 kg (120.4 lb) 18–69 Measured 2014–2015 [52]
  Sudan 65.4 kg (144.2 lb) 61.6 kg (135.8 lb) 18–69 Measured 2016 [53]
  Sweden 81.9 kg (180.6 lb) 66.7 kg (147.0 lb) 16–84 Measured 2003–2004 [54]
  Togo 63.2 kg (139.3 lb) 60.0 kg (132.3 lb) 15–64 Measured 2010 [55]
  Tonga 99.4 kg (219.1 lb) 97.7 kg (215.4 lb) 25–64 Measured 2012 [56]
  Trinidad and Tobago 76.7 kg (169.1 lb) 71.1 kg (156.7 lb) 15–64 Measured 2011 [57]
  Turkey 78.0 kg (172.0 lb) 70.1 kg (154.5 lb) 15+ Measured 2017 [58]
  Turkmenistan 76.6 kg (168.9 lb) 67.4 kg (148.6 lb) 18–69 Measured 2018 [59]
  United Kingdom – England 85.4 kg (188.3 lb) 72.1 kg (159.0 lb) 16+ Measured 2019 [60]
  United Kingdom – Wales 84.0 kg (185.2 lb) 69.0 kg (152.1 lb) 16+ Measured 2009 [61]
  Ukraine 80.0 kg (176.4 lb) 71.0 kg (156.5 lb) 18+ Measured 2020 [62]
  United States 90.6 kg (199.7 lb) 77.5 kg (170.9 lb) 20+ Measured 2015–2018 [63]

Global statistics

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Researchers at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine published a study of average weights of adult humans in the journal BMC Public Health and at the United Nations conference Rio+20.[64]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b c d So TY, Farrington E, Absher RK (June 2009). "Evaluation of the accuracy of different methods used to estimate weights in the pediatric population". Pediatrics. 123 (6): e1045–51. doi:10.1542/peds.2008-1968. PMID 19482737. S2CID 6009482.
  2. ^ Lubitz, Deborah; Seidel, JS; Chameides, L; Luten, RC; Zaritsky, AL; Campbell, FW (1988). "A rapid method for estimating weight and resuscitation drug dosages from length in the pediatric age group". Ann Emerg Med. 17 (6): 576–81. doi:10.1016/S0196-0644(88)80396-2. PMID 3377285.
  3. ^ Wells, Mike (2011). "Clinical: The PAWPER Tape". Sanguine. 1 (2). Retrieved 13 June 2013.
  4. ^ Smith, Jessica (16 May 2013). "Stop Hating the Scale". Shape Magazine. Retrieved 23 January 2017.
  5. ^ Lee, Orion (4 August 2013). "Making Weight: Why Fighters Cut Weight and 3 Tips for Doing It". Breaking Muscle. Retrieved 23 January 2017.
  6. ^ McCarron, Margaret M.; Devine, Ben J. (1 November 1974). "Clinical Pharmacy: Case Studies: Case Number 25 Gentamicin Therapy". Drug Intell Clin Pharm. 8 (11): 650–5. doi:10.1177/106002807400801104. S2CID 80397846.
  7. ^ a b c Pai, Manjunath P; Paloucek, Frank P (September 2000). "The Origin of the "Ideal" Body Weight Equations". The Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 34 (9): 1066–1069. doi:10.1345/aph.19381. PMID 10981254. S2CID 6213850.
  8. ^ Bartlett, Stephen; Marian, Mary; Taren, Douglas; Muramoto, Myra L. (30 November 1997). Geriatric Nutrition Handbook. Jones & Bartlett Learning. p. 15. ISBN 978-0412136412.
  9. ^ Jones, Graham RD (2011). "Estimating Renal Function for Drug Dosing Decisions". The Clinical Biochemist Reviews. 32 (2): 81–88. PMC 3100285. PMID 21611081.
  10. ^ van Kraligen, S; van de Garde, EMW; Knibbe, CAJ; Diepstraten, J; Wiezer, MJ; van Ramshorst, B; Dongen, EPA (2011). "Comparative evaluation of atracurium dosed on ideal body weight vs. total body weight in morbidly obese patients". British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 71 (1): 34–40. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2125.2010.03803.x. PMC 3018024. PMID 21143499.
  11. ^ a b c d e f g Walpole, Sarah C; Prieto-Merino, David; Edwards, Phil; Cleland, John; Stevens, Gretchen; Roberts, Ian; et al. (18 June 2012). "The weight of nations: an estimation of adult human biomass". BMC Public Health. 12 (1). BMC Public Health 2012, 12:439: 439. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-12-439. PMC 3408371. PMID 22709383.
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  18. ^ Отдел антропологии и экологии Института истории НАН Беларуси (21 September 2012). "Чем отличаются "вчерашние" белорусы от "сегодняшних"?". news.tut.by. Archived from the original on 11 June 2020. Retrieved 11 October 2019.
  19. ^ "The Central America Diabetes Initiative (CAMDI), Survey of Diabetes, Hypertension and Chronic Disease Risk Factors" (PDF). Pan American Health Organization. 2011. pp. 25–26, 61.
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  32. ^ Cífková, Renata; Bruthans, Jan; Wohlfahrt, Peter; Krajčoviechová, Alena; Šulc, Pavel; Jozífová, Marie; Eremiášová, Lenka; Pudil, Jan; Linhart, Aleš; Widimský, Jiří; Filipovský, Jan (11 May 2020). Shimosawa, Tatsuo (ed.). "30-year trends in major cardiovascular risk factors in the Czech population, Czech MONICA and Czech post-MONICA, 1985 – 2016/17". PLOS ONE. 15 (5): e0232845. Bibcode:2020PLoSO..1532845C. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0232845. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 7213700. PMID 32392239.
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  51. ^ López-Sobaler, Ana M.; Aparicio, Aránzazu; Aranceta-Bartrina, Javier; Gil, Ángel; González-Gross, Marcela; Serra-Majem, Lluis; Varela-Moreiras, Gregorio; Ortega, Rosa M. (2016). "Overweight and General and Abdominal Obesity in a Representative Sample of Spanish Adults: Findings from the ANIBES Study". BioMed Research International. 2016: 1–11. doi:10.1155/2016/8341487. ISSN 2314-6133. PMC 4921130. PMID 27382572.
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  60. ^ "Health Survey for England 2019 Overweight and obesity in adults and children" (PDF). Nhs.uk. 15 September 2010.
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  63. ^ "Anthropometric Reference Data for Children and Adults: United States, 2015–2018" (PDF). Retrieved 17 February 2021.
  64. ^ Data extracted from "The world's fattest countries: how do you compare?". The Daily Telegraph. 21 June 2012. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022. Retrieved 22 September 2016.
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Human_body_weight&oldid=1262882482#Estimation_in_children"
  NODES
Idea 13
idea 13
INTERN 2
Note 2