Leonor Michaelis (16 January 1875 – 8 October 1949) was a German biochemist, physical chemist, and physician, known for his work with Maud Menten on enzyme kinetics in 1913, as well as for work on enzyme inhibition, pH and quinones.
Leonor Michaelis | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Born | 16 January 1875 |
| Died | 8 October 1949 (aged 74) |
| Nationality | German |
| Alma mater | Berlin University |
| Known for | Enzyme kinetics, pH, quinones |
| Spouse | Hedwig Philipsthal |
| Children | Ilse Wolman, Eva M. Jacoby |
| Scientific career | |
| Fields | Biochemistry, physical chemistry |
| Institutions | Berlin, Nagoya, New York |
| Patrons | Paul Ehrlich |
Early life and education
editLeonor Michaelis was born in Berlin, Germany, on 16 January 1875 to Jewish parents Hulda and Moritz [1] . He had three brothers and one sister. Michaelis graduated from the humanistic Köllnisches Gymnasium in 1893 after passing the Abiturienten Examen. It was here that Michaelis's interest in physics and chemistry was first sparked as he was encouraged by his teachers to utilize the relatively unused laboratories at his school.[citation needed]
With concerns about the financial stability of a pure scientist, he commenced his study of medicine at Berlin University in 1893. Among his instructors were Emil du Bois-Reymond for physiology, Emil Fischer for chemistry, and Oscar Hertwig for histology and embryology.
During his time at Berlin University, Michaelis worked in the lab of Oscar Hertwig, even receiving a prize for a paper on the histology of milk secretion. Michaelis's doctoral thesis work on cleavage determination in frog eggs led him to write a textbook on embryology. Through his work at Hertwig's lab, Michaelis came to know Paul Ehrlich and his work on blood cytology; he worked as Ehrlich's private research assistant from 1898 to 1899.
He passed his physician's examination in 1896 in Freiburg, and then moved to Berlin, where he received his doctorate in 1897. After receiving his medical degree, Michaelis worked as a private research assistant to Moritz Litten (1899–1902) and for Ernst Viktor von Leyden (1902–1906).[1]
Life and work
editFrom 1900 to 1904, Michaelis continued his study of clinical medicine at a municipal hospital in Berlin, where he found time to establish a chemical laboratory. He attained the position of Privatdocent at the University of Berlin in 1903. In 1905 he accepted a position as director of the bacteriology lab in the Klinikum Am Urban, becoming Professor extraordinary at Berlin University in 1908. In 1914 he published a paper suggesting that Emil Abderhalden's pregnancy tests could not be reproduced,[2] a paper which fatally compromised Michaelis's position as an academic in Germany. In addition to that, he feared that being Jewish[3] would make further advancement in the university unlikely, and in 1922, Michaelis moved to the Medical School of the University of Nagoya (Japan)[4] as Professor of biochemistry, becoming one of the first foreign professors at a Japanese university, bringing with him several documents, apparatuses and chemicals from Germany.[5] His research in Japan focussed on potentiometric measurements and the cellular membrane. Nagatsu has provided an account of Michaelis's contributions to biochemistry in Japan.[6]
In 1926, he moved to Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore as resident lecturer in medical research and in 1929 to the Rockefeller Institute of Medical Research in New York City, where he retired in 1941.
The Michaelis-Menten equation
editMichaelis's work with Menten led to the Michaelis–Menten equation.[7] This is now available in English.[8][9]
for a steady-state rate in terms of the substrate concentration and constants and (written with modern symbols).
An equation of the same form and with the same meaning appeared in the doctoral thesis of Victor Henri, a decade before Michaelis and Menten.[10][11] However, Henri did not take it further: in particular he did not discuss the advantages of considering initial rates rather than time courses. Nonetheless, it is historically more accurate to refer to the Henri–Michaelis–Menten equation.[12]
Classification of Inhibition types
editMichaelis was one of the first to study enzyme inhibition, and to classify inhibition types as competitive or non-competitive.[13][14] In competitive inhibition the apparent value of is increased, and in non-competitive inhibition the apparent value of is decreased. Nowadays we consider the apparent value of to be decreased in competitive inhibition, with no effect on the apparent value of : Michaelis's competitive inhibitors are still competitive inhibitors by this definition. However, non-competitive inhibition by his criterion is very rare, but mixed inhibition, with effects on the apparent values of both and is important. Some authors call this non-competitive inhibition, but it is not non-competitive inhibition as understood by Michaelis. The remaining important kind of inhibition, uncompetitive inhibition, in which the apparent value of is decreased with no effect on the apparent value of , was not considered by Michaelis. Fuller discussion can be found elsewhere.[15]
Hydrogen ion concentration
editMichaelis built virtually immediately on Sørensen's 1909 introduction of the pH scale with a study of the effect of hydrogen ion concentration on invertase,[16] and he became the leading world expert on pH and buffers. His book[17] was the major reference on the subject for decades.
Quinones
editIn his later career he worked extensively on quinones, and discovered Janus green as a supravital stain for mitochondria and the Michaelis–Gutmann body in urinary tract infections (1902). He found that thioglycolic acid could dissolve keratin, a discovery that would come to have several implications in the cosmetic industry, including the permanent wave ("perm").
A full discussion of his life and contributions to biochemistry[12] may be consulted for more information.
"Catalysing" the Suzuki method of music teaching
editDuring his time in Japan Michaelis knew the young Shinichi Suzuki, later famous for the Suzuki method of teaching the violin and other instruments. Suzuki asked his advice about whether he should become a professional violinist. Perhaps more honest than tactful, Michaelis advised him to take up teaching, and thus catalysed the invention of the Suzuki method.[18]
Personal life and death
editMichaelis was married to Hedwig Philipsthal; they had two daughters, Ilse Wolman and Eva M. Jacoby. Leonor Michaelis died on 8 October[1] or 10 October,[19] 1949 in New York City.
Honors
editMichaelis was a Harvey Lecturer in 1924 and a Sigma Xi Lecturer in 1946. He was elected to be a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in 1929, a member of the National Academy of Sciences in 1943. In 1945, he received an honorary LL.D. from the University of California, Los Angeles.[1]
References
edit- ^ a b c Leonor Michaelis 1875–1949 A Biographical Memoir by L. Michaelis, D. A. MacInnes and S. Granick J
- ^ Michaelis, L.; von Lagermarck, L. (1914). "Die Abderhaldensche Schwangerschaftsdiagnose" [Abderhalden's pregnancy test]. Dtsch. Med. Wochenschr. 7 (1): 316–319. doi:10.1055/s-0029-1190182.
- ^ "Leonor Michaelis and Maud Leonora Menten". June 2016.
- ^ Michaelis, L. (1925). "Contribution to the Theory of Permeability of Membranes for Electrolytes". The Journal of General Physiology. 8 (2): 33–59. doi:10.1085/jgp.8.2.33. PMC 2140746. PMID 19872189.
- ^ (Bill) Slater, E. (2006). "Leonor Michaelis in Japan". IUBMB Life. 58 (5–6): 376–377. doi:10.1080/15216540600702222. PMID 16754334.
- ^ Nagatsu, T. (2013). "In memory of Professor Leonor Michaelis in Nagoya: Great contributions to biochemistry in Japan in the first half of the 20th century". FEBS Lett. 587 (17): 2721–2724. Bibcode:2013FEBSL.587.2721N. doi:10.1016/j.febslet.2013.04.020. PMID 23628780.
- ^ Michaelis, L.; Menten, M.L. (1913). "Die Kinetik der Invertinwirkung" [The kinetics of invertin action]. Biochemische Zeitschrift. 49 (17): 333–369.
- ^ Michaelis, L.; Menten, M.L. (2013). "The kinetics of invertin action". FEBS Lett. 587 (17). Translated by Boyde, T.R.C: 2712–2720. doi:10.1016/j.febslet.2013.07.015. PMID 23867202.
- ^ Johnson, Kenneth A.; Goody, Roger S. (2011). "The Original Michaelis Constant: Translation of the 1913 Michaelis–Menten Paper". Biochemistry. 50 (39): 8264–8269. doi:10.1021/bi201284u. PMC 3381512. PMID 21888353.
- ^ V. Henri: Théorie générale de l’action de quelques diastases. C. R. Hebd. Séances Acad. Sci. 135 (1902) 916–919
- ^ Cornish-Bowden, A.; Mazat, J.-P.; Nicolas, S. (2014). "Victor Henri: 111 years of his equation". Biochimie. 107: 161–166. doi:10.1016/j.biochi.2014.09.018. PMID 25252213.
- ^ a b Deichmann, U.; Schuster, S.; Mazat, J.-P.; Cornish-Bowden, A. (2013). "Commemorating the 1913 Michaelis–Menten paper Die Kinetik der Invertinwirkung: three perspectives". FEBS J. 281 (2): 435–463. doi:10.1111/febs.12598. PMID 24180270.
- ^ Michaelis, L; Rona, P (1914). "Die Wirkungsbedingungen der Maltase au Bierhefe. III Über die Natur der Verschiedenartigen Hemmungen der Fermentwirkungen". Biochemische Zeitschrift. 60: 62–78.
- ^ Michaelis, L; Pechstein, H (1914). "Über der Verschiedenartige Natur der Hemmungen der Invertasewirk". Biochemische Zeitschrift. 60: 79–90.
- ^ Cornish-Bowden, A. (2012). Fundamentals of Enzyme Kinetics (4th ed.). Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 133–168. ISBN 978-3-527-33074-4.
- ^ Michaelis, L; Davidsohn, H (1911). "Die Wirkung der Wasserstoffionen auf das Invertin". Biochem. Z. 35: 366–412.
- ^ Michaelis, L. (1914). Die Wasserstoffionenkonzentration; Ihre Bedeutung für die Biologie und die Methoden Ihrer Messung (in German). Berlin: Springer.
- ^ Azzi, A (2006). "Leonor Michaelis and Music: Transcript of a Conversation with Kunio Yagi in 1986". IUBMB Life. 58 (5–6): 378. doi:10.1080/15216540600702230. PMID 16754335.
- ^ Whonamedit Biography