The Ayyubid dynasty ruled many parts of the Middle East and North Africa in the 12th, 13th and 14th centuries. The following is a list of Ayyubid rulers by county/province.
| Sultans of The Ayyubid Sultanate | |
|---|---|
 Reconstruction of Saladin's personal standard, using a double headed eagle. The specific design of double headed eagle is taken from a coin of a later Ayyubid Sultan, Al-Adil I. | |
| Details | |
| Last monarch |
|
| Formation | 1171 |
| Abolition | 1260/1340/1524 |
| Residence | |
Sultans of Egypt
edit| # | Sultan | Start | End | Title | Fate | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Saladin | 
|
10 September 1171 | 4 March 1193 | Sultan | Died in office (In 1171, he abolished the Fatimid dynasty and realigned the country's allegiance with the Abbasid caliphs) |
| 2 | Al-Aziz | No picture available | 4 March 1193 | 29 November 1198 | Sultan | Died |
| 3 | Al-Mansur | No picture available | 29 November 1198 | February 1200 | Sultan | Deposed |
| 4 | Al-Adil I | 
|
February 1200 | 31 August 1218 | Sultan | Died |
| 5 | Al-Kamil | 
|
2 September 1218 | 8 March 1238 | Sultan | Died |
| 6 | Al-Adil II | No picture available | 8 March 1238 | 31 May 1240 | Sultan | Deposed by his brother and successor Salih |
| 7 | As-Salih Ayyub | No picture available | 1 June 1240 | 21 November 1249 | Sultan | Died |
| - | Shajar al-Durr | 
|
21 November 1249 | 27 February 1250 | Regent | Abdicated |
| 8 | Turanshah | 
|
27 February 1250 | 2 May 1250 | Sultan | Assassinated by the Mamluks |
| 9 | Al-Ashraf Musa | No picture available | 1250 | 1254 | Co-sultan with Aybak | Dethroned / custody |
Sultans and Emirs of Damascus
editSee Rulers of Damascus.
- Saladin, 1174–1193
- Al-Afdal, son of Saladin, 1193–1196
- Al-Adil I, brother of Saladin, 1196–1218
- Al-Mu'azzam (Sharaf al-Din) Isa, son of al-Adil I, 1218–1227
- An-Nasir Dawud, son of al-Mu'azzam Isa, 1227–1229
- Al-Ashraf Musa, son of al-Adil I, 1229–1237
- As-Salih Ismail, son of al-Adil I, 1237–1238
- Al-Kamil, son of al-Adil I, 1238
- Al-Adil Sayf al-Din Abu Bakr II (al-Adil II), son of al-Kamil, 1238–1239
- As-Salih Ayyub, son of al-Adil I, 1239
- As-Salih Ismail (second rule), 1239–1245
- As-Salih Ayyub (second rule), 1245–1249
- Al-Muazzam Turanshah, son of as-Salih Ayyub, 1249–1250
- An-Nasir Yusuf, son of al-Aziz Muhammad, 1250–1260.
Takeover by Mongols, and then Mamluks following the battle of Ain Jalut, 1260.
Family Tree of the Rulers of Damascus
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Emirs of Aleppo
editSee Rulers of Aleppo.
| Portrait | Epithet | Name | Sultan From | Sultan Until | Relationship with Predecessor(s) | Notes | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
Al-Nasir Salah al-Din | Yusuf I | 1183 | 1193 | • Married Mahmud III Widow | Sultan of Halab | |
|
Al-Zahir | Ghazi | 1193 | 1216 | • Son of Salah al-Din | Sultan of Halab | |
| Al-Aziz | Muhammad | 1216 | 1236 | • Son of Al-Zahir Ghazi | Sultan of Halab | ||
| Al-Nasir | Yusuf II | 1236 | 1260 | • Son of Al-Aziz |
|
Sultan of Halab |
Takeover by Mongols, and then Mamluks following the battle of Ain Jalut, 1260.
Emirs of Baalbek
editSee Baalbek, Middle Ages.
- Shams al-Din Muhammad ibn al-Muqaddam (non-dynastic, former governor of Damascus), appointed by Saladin, 1175–1178
- Turan-Shah, brother of Saladin, 1178–1179
- Farrukh Shah, nephew of Saladin, 1179–1182
- Bahram Shah, son of Farrukh Shah, 1182–1230
- Al-Ashraf Musa, son of al-Adil I, 1230–1237
- As-Salih Ismail, brother of al-Ashraf Musa, 1237–1246
- Saʿd al-Din al-Humaidi (non-dynastic, appointed by as-Salih Ayyub), 1246–1249
- Al-Muazzam Turanshah, son of al-Salih Ayyub, 1249–1250
- An-Nasir Yusuf, as sultan of Aleppo and Damascus, son of al-Aziz Muhammad, 1250–1260.
Takeover by Mongols, and then Mamluks following the battle of Ain Jalut, 1260.
Emirs of Hama
editSee Hama, Muslim Rule.
- Al-Muzaffar I Umar, son of Nur ad-Din Shahanshah (brother of Saladin), 1178–1191
- Al-Mansur I Muhammad, son of al-Muzaffar Umar, 1191–1221
- Al-Nasir Kilij Arslan, son of al-Mansur Muhammad, 1221–1229
- Al-Muzaffar II Mahmud, son of al-Mansur Muhammad, 1229–1244
- Al-Mansur II Muhammad, son of al-Muzaffar II Mahmud, 1244–1284
- [Vassals to Mamluk sultans after 1260]
- Al-Muzaffar III Mahmud, son of al-Mansur II Muhammad, 1284–1299
- [Ruled by emirs of Mamluk sultan al-Nasir Muhammad, 1299–1310]
- Abu al-Fida, son of Malik ul-Afdal (brother of al-Mansur II Muhammad), 1310–1332
- Al-Afdal Muhammad, son of Abu al-Fida, 1332–1341.
Formal takeover by Mamluk sultanate in 1341.
Emirs of Homs
editSee Homs, Seljuk, Ayyubid and Mamluk Rule.
- Muhammad ibn Shirkuh, son of Shirkuh (uncle of Saladin), 1178–1186
- Al-Mujahid Shirkuh, son of Muhammad ibn Shirkuh, 1186–1240
- Al-Mansur Ibrahim, son of al-Mujahid Shirkuh, 1240–1246
- Al-Ashraf Musa, son of al-Mansur Ibrahim, 1246–1248 (Homs), 1248–1260 (Tell Bashir)
- An-Nasir Yusuf, as sultan of Aleppo and Damascus, son of al-Aziz Muhammad, 1250–1260
- Al-Ashraf Musa (second rule), 1260–1263.
Directly ruled by Mamluks under Alam al-Din Sanjar al-Bashqirdi, assigned by Baibars, sultan of Egypt and Syria, from 1263.
Emirs of Hisn Kaifa
editSee Hisn Kaifa, Ayyubid and Mongols.
- As-Salih Ayyub, son of al-Kamil, 1232–1239
- Al-Mu'azzam Turanshah, son of as-Salih Ayyub, 1239–1249
- Muwahhid Taqiyya ad-Din Abdullah, son of al-Mu'azzam Turanshah, 1249–1294
- Kamil Ahmad I, 1294–1325
- Adil Mujir ad-Din Muhammad, 1325–1328
- Adil Shahab ad-Din, 1328–1349 (Meinecke gives this ruler as al-ʿĀdil Ghāzī, 1341–1367)[3]
- Salih Abu-Bakr Khalil I, 1349–1378
- Adil Fakhr ad-Din Sulayman I, 1378-1432 (Meinecke gives this ruler as al-ʿĀdil Sulaimān, 1377–1424)[3]
- Ashraf Sharaf ad Din, 1432–1433
- Salih Salah ad-Din, 1433–1452
- Kamil Ahmad II, 1452–1455
- Adil Khalif, 1455–1462
- Salih Khalil II, 1482–1511
- Adil Sulayman II, 1511–1514
- Salih Khalil II (second rule), 1514–1520
- Malik Hussayn, 1520–1521
- Adil Sulayman II (second rule), 1521–1524.
Takeover by the Ottoman Empire in 1524.
Emirs of al-Karak
editAlso referred to as governors of Transjordan.[4] See al-Karak, Crusader, Ayyubid and Mamluk Periods.
- Saladin, 1188
- Al-Adil I, brother of Saladin, 1188-1193
- Al-Mu'azzam Isa, son of al-Adil I, 1193–1227
- An-Nasir Dawud, son of al-Mu'azzam Isa, 1229–1249
- Al-Mughith 'Umar, son of al-Adil II, 1249–1263.
Taken by Mamluks under Baibars, sultan of Egypt and Syria, in 1263.
Emirs of Al-Jazirah
editSee Upper Mesopotamia & Al-Jazirah.
- Saladin, 1185–1193
- Al-Adil I, brother of Saladin, 1193–1200
- Al-Awhad Ayyub, son of al-Adil I, 1200–1210
- Al-Ashraf Musa, son of al-Adil I, 1210–1220
- Al-Muzaffar Ghazi, son of al-Adil I, 1220–1244
- Al-Kamil (II) Muhammad, son of al-Muzaffar Ghazi, 1244–1260.
Taken by Mongols in 1260.
Emirs of Yemen and Hejaz
edit- Turan-Shah, brother of Saladin, 1173–1181
- Tughtakin ibn Ayyub, brother of Saladin, 1181–1197
- Al-Mu'izz Fath ud-Din Isma'il, son of Tughtakin ibn Ayyub, 1197–1202
- An-Nasir Muhammed ibn Tughtakin ibn Ayyub, son of Tughtakin ibn Ayyub, 1202–1214
- Al-Muzaffar Sulayman, son of Al-Mansur I Muhammad, 1214–1215
- Al-Mas'ud Yusuf, son of Al-Kamil, 1215–1229.
Takeover by Rasulid dynasty of Yemen in 1229.
Emirs of Banyas
editSee Banyas.
- Al-Aziz 'Uthman, son of al-Adil I 1218–1232.
- Al-Zahir Ghazi, son of al-'Aziz 'Uthman 1232–1232.
- Al-Sa'id Hasan, son of al-'Aziz 'Uthman 1232–1247.
- As-Salih Ayyub, son of al-Kamil (dependency of Egypt) 1247–1249.
- An-Nasir Yusuf, son of al-Aziz Muhammad (dependency of Damascus) 1250-?.
- Al-Sa'id Hasan b. al-'Aziz (second reign; d. 658) 1260–1260.
References
edit- ^ Lane-Poole, Stanley (1894), "Ayyūbids", The Mohammadan Dynasties: Chronological and Genealogical Tables with Historical Introductions, Westminster: Archibald Constable and Company, pp. 74–79, OCLC 1199708
- ^ According to Stephen Humphreys, From Saladin to the Mongols: The Ayyubids of Damascus, 1193–1260 (State University of New York Press, 1977), p. 229, the council consisted of the emirs Shams al-Dīn Luʾluʾ al-Amīnī and ʿIzz al-Dīn ʿUmar ibn Mujallī, the vizier Ibn al-Qifṭī and Dayfa Khatun's representative, Jamāl al-Dawla Iqbāl al-Khātūnī.
- ^ a b Meinecke 1996, p. 66.
- ^ Wolff, Robert L. and Hazard, H. W., A History of the Crusades: Volume Two, The Later Crusades 1187-1311, The University of Wisconsin Press, Madison, 1977, pg. 814
Sources
edit- Bosworth, C.E. (1996). The New Islamic Dynasties: A Chronological and Genealogical Manual. Columbia University Press, pp. 70-75.
- Humphreys, R.S. (1977). From Saladin to the Mongols: The Ayyubids of Damascus, 1193-1260. New York: SUNY press. pp. 381–386. ISBN 0-87395-263-4.
- Lane-Poole, Stanley (1894), "Ayyūbids", The Mohammadan Dynasties: Chronological and Genealogical Tables with Historical Introductions, Westminster: Archibald Constable and Company, pp. 74–79, OCLC 1199708
- Meinecke, Michael (1996), "3. Hasankeyf/Ḥiṣn Kaifā on the Tigris: A Regional Center on the Crossroad of Foreign Influences", Patterns of Stylistic Changes in Islamic Architecture: Local Traditions Versus Migrating Artists, New York University Press, ISBN 9780814754924