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List of massacres in the United States

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This is a partial list of massacres in the United States; death tolls may be approximate.

Map of the United States showing the locations of mass shootings in 2022
List of massacres in the United States
List of massacres in the United States
List of massacres in the United States
List of massacres in the United States
List of massacres in the United States
List of massacres in the United States
List of massacres in the United States
List of massacres in the United States
List of massacres in the United States
List of massacres in the United States
List of massacres in the United States
List of massacres in the United States
List of massacres in the United States
List of massacres in the United States
List of massacres in the United States
List of massacres in the United States
List of massacres in the United States
List of massacres in the United States
List of massacres in the United States
List of massacres in the United States
List of massacres in the United States
List of massacres in the United States
List of massacres in the United States
List of massacres in the United States
List of massacres in the United States
List of massacres in the United States
List of massacres in the United States
List of massacres in the United States
List of massacres in the United States
List of massacres in the United States
List of massacres in the United States
List of massacres in the United States
List of massacres in the United States
List of massacres in the United States
List of massacres in the United States
List of massacres in the United States
List of massacres in the United States
List of massacres in the United States
List of massacres in the United States
List of massacres in the United States
List of massacres in the United States
List of massacres in the United States
List of massacres in the United States
List of massacres in the United States
List of massacres in the United States
List of massacres in the United States
List of massacres in the United States
List of massacres in the United States
List of massacres in the United States
List of massacres in the United States
List of massacres in the United States
List of massacres in the United States
List of massacres in the United States
List of massacres in the United States
List of massacres in the United States
List of massacres in the United States
List of massacres in the United States
List of massacres in the United States
List of massacres in the United States
List of massacres in the United States
List of massacres in the United States
List of massacres in the United States
List of massacres in the United States
List of massacres in the United States
List of massacres in the United States
List of massacres in the United States
List of massacres in the United States
List of massacres in the United States
List of massacres in the United States
List of massacres in the United States
List of massacres in the United States
List of massacres in the United States
List of massacres in the United States
List of massacres in the United States
List of massacres in the United States
List of massacres in the United States
List of massacres in the United States
List of massacres in the United States
List of massacres in the United States
List of massacres in the United States
List of massacres in the United States
List of massacres in the United States
List of massacres in the United States
List of massacres in the United States
List of massacres in the United States
List of massacres in the United States
List of massacres in the United States
List of massacres in the United States
List of massacres in the United States
List of massacres in the United States
List of massacres in the United States
List of massacres in the United States
List of massacres in the United States
List of massacres in the United States
List of massacres in the United States
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Massacres in the United States

List

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Name Date Location State Deaths, including any perpetrators Notes
Boston Massacre 1770 Mar 5 Boston Massachusetts 5 5 Bostonians killed and 6 wounded by soldiers of the 29th Regiment of Foot. The killed and wounded were part of a mob which was harassing the soldiers, and the soldiers opened fire after being stoned by the crowd.[1][2]
Baylor Massacre 1778 September 27 River Vale New Jersey 16 A force of British soldiers under the command of Major-General Charles Grey carried a successful surprise attack against the 3rd Regiment of Continental Light Dragoons under the command of Colonel George Baylor while they slept.
Long Run massacre 1781 September 13–14 Floyds Fork Kentucky 32 British-allied Native Americans attacked a party of U.S. settlers, killing 15. They also attacked American soldiers under Colonel John Floyd who returned the next day to bury the dead, killing a further 17.[3]
Gnadenhutten massacre 1782 Mar 8 Gnadenhutten Ohio 96 Christian Lenape who were massacred by American militiamen during the Revolutionary War
Goliad massacre 1836 Mar 27 Goliad Texas 425–445 Largest massacre to have taken place on what is today United States territory, occurring after the Battle of Refugio and the Battle of Coleto; 425–445 prisoners of war from the Texian Army of the Republic of Texas were executed by the Mexican Army in the town of Goliad, Mexican Texas, (not the Republic of Texas), which is today in Texas, United States.
Hawn's Mill massacre 1838 Oct 30 Fairview Township Missouri 19 Mob/Missouri Volunteer Militia attacked Mormons.[4]
Dawson massacre 1842 Sep 17 Presidio San Antonio de Béxar Texas 66 36 of the Texan militia killed by Mexican soldiers during the Woll Expedition.[5] 30 Mexican soldiers were also killed.[6]
Black Bean Episode 1843 March 25 Salado Texas 17 Mexican soldiers under Francisco Mexia, governor of Coahuila executed 17 from a group of 176 prisoners, Texans captured in Mexico. He had been ordered to execute all of them, but instead chose to "decimate" them, killing one of every ten.[7]
Bloody Monday 1855 Aug 6 Louisville Kentucky >22 Scores injured in anti-Catholic religious mob violence and arson.[8]
Pottawatomie massacre 1856 May 24–25 Franklin County Kansas 5 John Brown and followers killed 5 pro-slavery settlers during the Bleeding Kansas period.[9][10]
Spirit Lake Massacre 1857 Mar 5–12 West Okoboji Iowa 35–40 A band of Dakota people led by Inkpaduta conducted a series of raids on white settlers.
Mountain Meadows Massacre 1857 Sep 7–11 Mountain Meadows Utah Territory 100–140 Emigrant wagon train annihilated by the Mormon Utah Territorial Militia.
Marais des Cygnes massacre 1858 May 19 Linn County Kansas 5 Last major outbreak of violence in Bleeding Kansas.[11]
Pratt Street Massacre 1861 Apr 19 Baltimore Maryland 16 Political riot between Copperheads, Confederate sympathizers, and Union militias.
Sacking of Osceola 1861 Sep 23 Osceola Missouri 9 Tried by drumhead court martial and executed, town of 3,000 sacked and burned in a raid by Jim Lane's Kansas Brigade.[12][better source needed]
Nueces massacre 1862 Aug 10 Kinney County Texas 34 German Texans killed by Confederate soldiers.
Shelton Laurel massacre 1863 Jan 18 Madison County North Carolina 13 Unarmed Unionists, including three boys, were shot by Confederates after capture.[13]
Lawrence massacre 1863 Aug 21 Douglas County Kansas 185–200 Pro-Confederate Guerrillas killed civilians and burned a quarter of the town.[14]
Baxter Springs Massacre 1863 Oct 6 Cherokee County Kansas 115 Convoy of Union soldiers led by James B. Pond who were ambushed by Confederate raiders under the command of William C. Quantrill. Many of the convoy were massacred as they tried to surrender.
Fort Pillow massacre 1864 Apr 12 Henning Tennessee 277–297 Black Union troops were killed by Forrest's Cavalry Corps while trying to surrender.
Centralia massacre 1864 Sep 27 Centralia Missouri 24 Unarmed U.S. soldiers murdered by their Confederate captors including Jesse James. 123 killed in ensuing Battle of Centralia.[15]
Saltville massacre 1864 Oct 2–3 Saltville Virginia 45–50 Wounded/captured Federal black troops by Confederate soldiers and guerrillas.[16]
Opelousas Massacre 1868 Sep 28 Opelousas Louisiana 35+ African Americans from Opelousas attempted to join the local Democratic party which was controlled by whites. The African Americans were rejected for membership and the white Democrats then subsequently went on a hunt for African Americans. In the end an estimated 200–300 African Americans were killed.[17][18]
Chinese massacre 1871 Oct 24 Los Angeles, California California >18 Killed by hanging and unknown injured in mob violence against people and property in Chinatown.[19][20]
Goingsnake massacre 1872 Apr 15 Tahlequah Indian Territory (present-day Oklahoma) 11 Died in a shoot out in a crowded courtroom, the dead included 8 Deputy US Marshals and 3 Cherokee citizens. Six Cherokee were wounded including the defendant and the judge.[21]
Colfax massacre 1873 Apr 13 Colfax Louisiana 83–153 Black people killed at courthouse and as prisoners afterwards.[22]
Coushatta massacre 1874 Aug Coushatta Louisiana 11–26 Six whites, remainder black killed as political intimidation.[23][24]
Election riot of 1874 1874 Nov 3 Eufaula Alabama 8 70 injured. White League Democrats drove African American Republicans from the polls.
Hamburg massacre 1876 Jul 4 Hamburg South Carolina 7 Town looted in a racially motivated incident during Reconstruction.
Ellenton massacre 1876 Sep 15-16 Aiken County South Carolina 25–100 Racially motivated killings after the alleged attack on a white woman.
Guadalupe Canyon massacre 1881 Aug 13 Guadalupe Mountains Arizona Territory 5 1 wounded; cowboys ambushed while sleeping. Perpetrators disputed.[25]
Rock Springs massacre 1885 Sep 2 Rock Springs Wyoming 28 15 injured in a racial dispute between white and Chinese miners.
Haymarket affair 1886 May 4 Chicago Illinois 11 More than 130 injured by dynamite bomb and crossfire of bullets during a FOTLU rally for an eight-hour work day.[26]
Bay View massacre 1886 May 5 Bay View Wisconsin 7 Knights of Labor protesters killed by National Guardsmen.
Chinese Massacre Cove 1887 May Wallowa County Oregon 10–34 Chinese gold miners ambushed and murdered by a gang of horse thieves.
Thibodaux massacre 1887 Nov 22 Thibodaux Louisiana >35 Perhaps as many as 300 killed, 5+ injuries to striking black sugar-cane workers.[27][28]
1891 New Orleans lynchings 1891, Mar 14 New Orleans Louisiana 11 A lynch mob storms the Old Parish Prison and lynches 11 Italians who had been found not guilty of the murder of Police Chief David Hennessy.
Lattimer massacre 1897 Sep 10 Lattimer Pennsylvania 19 Coal miners killed by sheriff's posse.
Wilmington Massacre of 1898 1898 Nov 10 Wilmington North Carolina 60–300 A mob of 2000 white men armed from the looted Wilmington armory, led by white supremacist and Democratic politician Alfred Moore Waddell[29] burnt down The Daily Record newspaper building, destroyed numerous black-owned properties, and murdered somewhere between 60 and 300 Black residents of Wilmington.[30]
The 1906 Atlanta Race Massacre 1906 Sep 22 -24 Atlanta Georgia 27+ Racially motivated massacre against African Americans.
1908 Hickman massacre 1908 Oct 3 Hickman Kentucky 4-8 A mob of around 50 men who called themselves "Night Riders" shot 8 members of the Walker family, four of which are confirmed to have died.[31]
Villisca massacre 1912 Jun 10 Villisca Iowa 8 Unsolved axe murders of members of 2 families.[32][33][34]
Ludlow Massacre 1914 Apr 20 Ludlow Colorado 19 Killed by Colorado National Guard and Colorado Fuel & Iron Company camp guards on a tent colony of 1,200 striking coal miners and their families.[35]
Newberry massacre 1916 Aug 18 Newberry Florida 6 A white mob shot and killed a black man and then hung two black men, one of which was a minister, and two black women, one of which was pregnant at the time.
Everett massacre 1916 Nov 5 Everett Washington 5 27 injured and scores of IWW unionists arrested by police and vigilantes.
Elaine massacre 1919 Sep 30 Phillips County Arkansas 100–241 Racially motivated massacre against African Americans.
Centralia massacre 1919 Nov 11 Centralia Washington 6 Four American Legionnaires killed by Industrial Workers of the World members in proximity to the storming of the IWW union hall. Also killed were IWW organizer Wesley Everest and, four days later, a deputy sheriff.
Matewan massacre 1920 May 19 Matewan West Virginia 11 The confrontation resulted in the deaths of Matewan Mayor Cabell Testerman, two striking coal miners, seven men from the Baldwin-Felts Detective Agency, and an unarmed bystander.
Ocoee massacre 1920 Nov 2 Ocoee Florida 56~ Black population of Ocoee, a town near Orlando, was nearly obliterated during the 1920 election season.[36]
Tulsa race massacre 1921 May 31 and Jun 1 Tulsa Oklahoma 39–300 ≥ 800 wounded. One of the nation's worst incidents of racial violence.
Battle of Blair Mountain 1921 Aug 25 Logan County West Virginia 10–33 Private army and US Troops against union organizers. WWI gas bombs used against union organizers.
Herrin massacre 1922 Jun 21 Herrin Illinois 23 Exchange of gunfire between strikebreakers and union guards at coal mine.[37]
Rosewood massacre 1923 Jan Rosewood Florida 8 The entire population of African-Americans in and near Rosewood, about 350, were forced from their homes and never returned.[38]
Hanapepe massacre 1924 Sep 9 Hanapepe Hawaii 20 101 arrested.[39]
Bath School disaster 1927 May 18 Bath Township Michigan 45 School Bombing
Columbine Mine massacre 1927 Nov 21 Serene Colorado 6 Miners killed with machine guns by the Colorado Rangers and the Rocky Mountain Fuel Company during a United Mine Workers coal mine strike.[40]
Saint Valentine's Day Massacre 1929 Feb 14 Chicago Illinois 7 Prohibition gang killing in Lincoln Park by Al Capone's Chicago Outfit.[41]
Kansas City massacre 1933 Jun 17 Kansas City Missouri 5 The dead include law enforcement officers and a criminal fugitive shot by members of a gang.[42]
1937 Memorial Day massacre 1937 May 30 Chicago Illinois 10 The Chicago Police Department shot and killed ten unarmed demonstrators in Chicago during the Little Steel strike.
Utah prisoner of war massacre 1945 Jul 7–8 Salina, Utah Utah 9 German POWs killed by an American guard
Camden shootings 1949 Sep 6 Camden New Jersey 13 Included three children in a 12-minute walk through his neighbourhood.
16th Street Baptist Church bombing 1963 September 15 Birmingham Alabama 4 Members of the Ku Klux Klan and segregationists plant bombs inside the African-American 16th Street Baptist Church in Birmingham, killing four young African American girls and injuring 14-22 more.
University of Texas tower Shooting 1966 Aug 1 Austin Texas 18 including the shooter 31 others wounded.
Kent State shootings 1970 May 4 Kent Ohio 4 Ohio National Guard opened fire on unarmed student protesters at Kent State University.
Easter Sunday Massacre 1975 Mar 30 Hamilton Ohio 11 All victims were family members of the killer shot and killed by pistols at a family gathering.
Golden Dragon massacre 1977 Sep 4 San Francisco California 5 11 injured. Hong Kong American street gang the Joe Boys committed violent shooting[43]
Greensboro massacre 1979 Nov 3 Greensboro North Carolina 5 Violent clash between Ku Klux Klan and Communist Workers' Party demonstration.
1982 Wilkes-Barre shootings 1982 Sep 25 Wilkes-Barre and Jenkins Township Pennsylvania 13 1 wounded
Wah Mee massacre 1983 Feb 18 Seattle Washington 13 1 injured by 3 perpetrators during an armed robbery.
Palm Sunday massacre 1984 Apr 15 Brooklyn New York 10 Three women, a teenage girl, and six children. There was one survivor, an infant girl.
San Ysidro McDonald's massacre 1984 Jul 18 San Ysidro California 22 including the gunman 19 others wounded
1985 MOVE bombing 1985 May 13 6221 Osage Ave, Philadelphia Pennsylvania 11 Philadelphia, Mayor Wilson Goode orders police to storm the radical black American resistance group MOVE's headquarters to end a stand-off. The police drop an explosive device into the headquarters, killing eleven members of MOVE and destroying the homes of 61 city residents in the resulting fire
Edmond post office shooting 1986 Aug 20 Edmond Oklahoma 15 including the gunman 6 wounded. This incident is the origin of the phrase 'going postal'.
4 O'Clock murders 1988 Jun 6 Houston and Irving Texas 4 Murder by shooting of four people at the same time on June 6, 1988, at three locations in Texas led by Mormon fundamentalist leader Heber LeBaron of the Church of the Firstborn.
Las Cruces bowling alley massacre 1990 Feb 10 Las Cruces New Mexico 5 Robbers, who remain unidentified, shot seven people, including one employee's 2-year-old daughter, in the bowling alley's office after taking $4–5,000 from the safe. Four died that day; another succumbed to complications of her injuries in 1999.[44]
GMAC shootings 1990 Jun 18 Jacksonville Florida 10 including the gunman The attacker began killing the day before killing 2 others. He wounded a total of 6 people over the 2 days.
Luby's shooting 1991 Oct 16 Killeen Texas 24 including the gunman 27 others were wounded although only 19 of those were from gunfire.
Brown's Chicken massacre 1993 Jan 8 Palatine Illinois 7 Store robbery with murder.
Waco siege 1993 Feb 28 – Apr 19 Waco Texas 86 4 ATF agents and 6 Branch Davidians killed in a shoot out February 28; on April 19 a final assault on the compound by the FBI occurred. A fire destroyed the compound resulting in the deaths of 76 Branch Davidians, including 25 children. The fire started following law enforcement deployment of flammable CS gas. A panel of arson investigators concluded that the Davidians were responsible for igniting the fire simultaneously in at least three different areas of the compound.[45]
Long Island Rail Road shooting 1993 Dec 7 Garden City New York 6 19 Injured
Oklahoma City bombing 1995 April 19 Oklahoma City Oklahoma 168 680 others injured, and destroyed more than one-third of the building, which had to be demolished.
Freddy's Fashion Mart attack 1995 Dec 8 Harlem New York 8 including the gunman[46]
Westside Middle School shooting 1998 March 24 Jonesboro Arkansas 5 (all female) 10 others injured. 13-year-old Mitchell Johnson and 11-year-old Andrew Golden opened fire on the school with multiple weapons, and both were arrested when they attempted to flee the scene.
Columbine High School massacre 1999 Apr 20 Columbine Colorado 15 including both gunmen 24 others were wounded, 21 of those by gunfire.
1999 Atlanta day trading firm shootings 1999 Jul 29 Atlanta Georgia 10 including the gunman He also killed his wife on the 27th, his 2 children on the 28th then the main attack occurred on the 29th where he killed 9 victims and wounded 13 others.
Wichita Massacre 2000 Dec 8–14 Wichita Kansas 5 Two brothers Reginald and Jonathan Carr, committed multiple acts of assault, robbery, rape and murder of several people, all white, over the course of a week.[47]
Red Lake shootings 2005 Mar 21 Red Lake Minnesota 10 including the gunman 5 wounded.
Virginia Tech shooting 2007 Apr 16 Blacksburg Virginia 33 including the gunman 23 Wounded, 17 by gunfire.
Westroads Mall shooting 2007 Dec 5 Omaha Nebraska 9 6 injured; perpetrator committed suicide with the murder weapon after 6 minutes of shooting.
Geneva County shootings 2009 Mar 10 Geneva and Samson Alabama 11 including the gunman 6 wounded.
Binghamton shooting 2009 Apr 3 Binghamton New York 14 including the gunman 4 wounded.
Fort Hood shooting 2009 Nov 5 Fort Hood Texas 13 30+ wounded by Nidal Hasan, it was the deadliest mass shooting on an American military base.
Aurora shooting 2012 Jul 20 Aurora Colorado 12 70 people were wounded, 58 from gunfire, 4 from tear gas, and 8 from injuries sustained fleeing from shooting during a screening of The Dark Knight Rises.
Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting 2012 Dec 14 Newtown Connecticut 28 including the gunman 27 at the school (including the gunman) and the attacker's mother at her home. 20 of the dead were children aged 6–7 years old.
Washington Navy Yard shooting 2013 Sep 16 Washington Navy Yard Washington D.C. 13 including the gunman 8 wounded, 3 from gunfire.
2014 Isla Vista killings 2014 May 23 Isla Vista California 7 including the gunman 14 wounded. Misogynist terrorism, revenge for sexual and social rejection, incel ideology
Charleston church shooting 2015 Jun 17 Charleston South Carolina 9 1 wounded. White supremacist shooting at African Methodist Episcopal Bible study
Broken Arrow killings 2015 Jul 22 Broken Arrow, Oklahoma Oklahoma 5 1 wounded. Two brothers kill their family in preparation for a Mass shooting plot which they hoped would acquire them notoriety and infamy
Umpqua Community College shooting 2015 Oct 1 Roseburg Oregon 10 including the gunman 8 wounded.
San Bernardino attack 2015 Dec 2 San Bernardino California 16 including both gunmen 24 wounded. Attackers brought pipe bombs as well as firearms, they _targeted a San Bernardino County Department of Public Health training event and Christmas party.
Orlando nightclub shooting 2016 Jun 12 Orlando Florida 50 including the gunman 53 wounded. Anti-LGBT ISIS shooting at a gay nightclub
Las Vegas shooting 2017 Oct 1 Las Vegas Nevada 61 including the gunman 867 wounded, 411 from gunfire. Deadliest mass shooting in US history.
Sutherland Springs church shooting 2017 Nov 5 Sutherland Springs Texas 26 including the gunman 20 wounded and an unborn child not counted in the 26 dead was also lost.
Stoneman Douglas High School shooting 2018 Feb 14 Parkland Florida 17 17 killed; 17 wounded.
2018 Santa Fe High School shooting 2018 May 18 Santa Fe Texas 10 14 wounded, including the suspect.
Pittsburgh synagogue shooting 2018 Oct 27 Pittsburgh Pennsylvania 11 7 wounded, including the suspect. Anti-Semitic shooting at a synagogue.
2022 Buffalo shooting 2022 May 14 Buffalo New York 10 Mass shooting against African-American shoppers at a Tops Friendly Markets. Suspect said motive was to prevent others from 'eliminating the white race'
Robb Elementary School shooting 2022 May 24 Uvalde Texas 22 One of the deadliest school shootings in American history,[48] leaving 19 children and 2 adults dead. The perpetrator was killed in a shootout with police.[49]
2023 Goshen shooting 2023 January 16 Goshen California 6 Gang violence. Three others survived the shooting uninjured

See also

edit

References

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  1. ^ A Fair Account of the Late Unhappy Disturbance at Boston. London: B. White. 1770. p. 3. ISBN 9780665204395. OCLC 535966548. Original printing of the governor's account.
  2. ^ Historical Dictionary of American Propaganda. Martin J. Manning, p. 33
  3. ^ Kleber, John E., editor. The Long Run Massacre, The Kentucky Encyclopedia. University Press of Kentucky, 1992
  4. ^ Baugh, Alexander L. (Spring 2010). "Jacob Hawn and the Hawn's Mill Massacre: Missouri millwright and Oregon pioneer". Mormon Historical Studies. 11 (1). Mormon Historic Sites Foundation. OCLC 722375475.
  5. ^ "The Mier Expedition by George Lord". Archived from the original on December 5, 2010. Retrieved September 12, 2020.
  6. ^ "TSHA | Dawson Massacre". www.tshaonline.org. Retrieved May 19, 2023.
  7. ^ Open access
  8. ^ Hutcheon, Wallace S., Jr., The Louisville Riots of August 1855. Register of the Kentucky Historical Society, 69 (1971), pp. 150–172
  9. ^ PBS Online. People & Events: Pottawatomie Massacre "John Brown's Holy War." The American Experience. WGBH, 1999, accessdate December 28, 2012.
  10. ^ Reynolds, David S. John Brown, Abolitionist: The Man Who Killed Slavery, Sparked the Civil War, and Seeded Civil Rights. New York: Vintage, 2005. ISBN 0-375-41188-7.
  11. ^ Kansas Historical Society. Marais des Cygnes Massacre site, June 2011, accessdate December 28, 2012.
  12. ^ Sunderwith, Richard, The Burning of Osceola, Missouri
  13. ^ Paludan, Philip S. 1981. Victims: A True Story of the Civil War. Knoxville, Tennessee, The University of Tennessee Press. p. 144.
  14. ^ Goodrich, Thomas. Bloody Dawn: The Story of the Lawrence Massacre. Kent State University Press December 12, 1992. 978-0873384766. 207 pages.
  15. ^ Quantrell, Charles W., A History of His Guerrilla Warfare on the Missouri And Kansas Border During the Civil War, Kessinger Publishing, March 1, 2005, pp. 175–176.
  16. ^ ""Was there a Saltville Massacre in 1864?" David Brown's analysis". Archived from the original on December 19, 2012.
  17. ^ Christensen, Matthew (May 1, 2012). The 1868 St. Landry Massacre: Reconstruction' s Deadliest Episode of Violence. University of Wisconsin – Milwaukee. pp. 61–62. Retrieved May 30, 2020.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  18. ^ Boissoneault, Lorraine (September 28, 2018). "The Deadliest Massacre in Reconstruction-Era Louisiana Happened 150 Years Ago". Smithsonian. Retrieved May 30, 2020.
  19. ^ Zesch, Scott, "Chinese Los Angeles in 1870–1871: The Makings of a Massacre", Southern California Quarterly, 90 (Summer 2008), 109–158
  20. ^ De Falla, Paul M., "Lantern in the Western Sky", The Historical Society of Southern California Quarterly, 42 (March 1960), 57–88 (Part I), and 42 (June 1960), 161–185 (Part II)
  21. ^ Smith, Robert Barr, Blood Bath at Going Snake: The Cherokee Courtroom Shootout, 2004. Wild West, History Net
  22. ^ Lane, Charles, The Day Freedom Died: The Colfax Massacre, the Supreme Court, and the Betrayal of Reconstruction, Henry Holt & Company, New York. 2008. pp. 54–56
  23. ^ Alexander, Danielle "Forty Acres and a Mule: The Ruined Hope of Reconstruction", Humanities, January/February 2004, Vol.25/No. 1. Archived September 16, 2008, at the Wayback Machine, accessdate April 14, 2008
  24. ^ Shoalmire, Jimmy G., Carpetbagger Extraordinary: Marshall H. Twitchell, 1840–1905, dissertation at Mississippi State University, Starkville, Mississippi, 1969
  25. ^ Traywick, Ben T., Wyatt Earp's Thirteen Dead Men: Chapter 6, The Tombstone News, accessdate December 26, 2012.
  26. ^ "Lists of National Historic Landmarks". National Historic Landmarks Program. National Park Service. March 2004. Archived from the original on July 9, 2008. Retrieved January 19, 2008.
  27. ^ Bell, Ellen Baker, Thibodaux Massacre (1887), KnowLA Encyclopedia of Louisiana, September 15, 2011, accessdate January 2, 2013
  28. ^ Rodrigue, John. Reconstruction in the Cane Fields: From Slavery to Free Labor in Louisiana’s Sugar Parishes, 1862–1880. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2001.
  29. ^ McCoury, Kent. "Alfred Moore Waddell (1834–1912)". North Carolina History Project. John Locke Foundation. Retrieved September 18, 2021.
  30. ^ Tyson, Timothy B. (November 17, 2006). "The Ghosts of 1898" (PDF). The News & Observer.
  31. ^ "The Nashville globe. [volume] (Nashville, Tenn.) 1906-193?, October 09, 1908, Image 4". Library of Congress. October 9, 1908. p. 8. ISSN 2373-4892. Retrieved September 1, 2024.
  32. ^ PDF He said he killed eight at God's command: Iowa preacher studying sermon on 'slay utterly' when impulse to slay seized him. New York Times, September 2, 1917, accessdate December 28, 2012
  33. ^ Villisca Axe Murders, 1912, accessdate December 28, 2012.
  34. ^ Carlson, Mark, 100 Years After Iowa Ax Murders, Case Remains Unsolved Archived September 13, 2012, at the Wayback Machine KCRG ABC, accessdate December 28, 2012.
  35. ^ Simmons, R.; Laurie, Thomas H.; Simmons, Charles Haecker; Erika Martin Siebert (May 2008), National Historic Landmark Nomination: Ludlow Tent Colony Site (PDF), National Park Service
  36. ^ Go Ahead On, Ocoee Archived January 10, 2013, at the Wayback Machine – A narrative documentary film by Bianca White & Sandra Krasa.
  37. ^ Paul M. Angle, Bloody Williamson: A Chapter in American Lawlessness, University of Illinois Press, 1992, page 294
  38. ^ D'Orso, Michael (1996). Like Judgment Day: The Ruin and Redemption of a Town Called Rosewood, Grosset/Putnam. ISBN 0-399-14147-2
  39. ^ Chapin, Helen Geracimos (1996). "Suppressing the News and Contributing to a Massacre". Shaping History: The Role of Newspapers in Hawai'i. University of Hawaii Press. pp. 131–138. ISBN 978-0-8248-1718-3.
  40. ^ Myers, Richard; Margolis, Eric; Sampson, Joanna; Goodstein, Phil (2005). May, Lowell (ed.). Slaughter in Serene: the Columbine Coal Strike Reader. Bread and Roses Workers' Cultural Center & Industrial Workers of the World. ISBN 978-0-917124-01-3.
  41. ^ Taylor, Troy 2008. Blood, Roses and Valentines: The haunted history of the St. Valentine's Day Massacre Archived March 2, 2008, at the Wayback Machine, accessdate December 27, 2012
  42. ^ "FBI story of the Kansas City Massacre". Archived from the original on October 27, 2009.
  43. ^ Mullen, Kevin J., Chinatown Squad: Policing the Dragon from the Gold Rush to the 21st Century 978-0926664104 – 208 pages Noir Publications, September 1, 2008.
  44. ^ López, Carlos Andres (February 9, 2016). "'Bowling Alley Massacre' case remains unsolved". Las Cruces Sun-News.
  45. ^ "Waco: The Inside Story". PBS. December 26, 1996. Archived from the original on March 24, 2024. Retrieved March 24, 2024.
  46. ^ "8 Die as Gunman Sets Afire N.Y. Store Tied to Dispute". Los Angeles Times. December 9, 1995.
  47. ^ Crime Library. The Wichita Horror Archived November 16, 2006, at the Wayback Machine, accessdate October 25, 2014.
  48. ^ "Gunman kills 19 children, 2 adults in Texas school rampage". AP NEWS. May 25, 2022. Retrieved May 29, 2022.
  49. ^ "US reels after massacre in fourth-grade classroom leaves 21 dead". the Guardian. May 25, 2022. Retrieved May 29, 2022.
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