Livedo reticularis is a common skin finding consisting of a mottled reticulated vascular pattern that appears as a lace-like purplish discoloration of the skin.[1] The discoloration is caused by reduction in blood flow (ischemia) through the arterioles that supply the cutaneous capillaries, resulting in deoxygenated blood showing as blue discoloration (cyanosis). This can be a secondary effect of a condition that increases a person's risk of forming blood clots (thrombosis), including a wide array of pathological and nonpathological conditions. Examples include hyperlipidemia, microvascular hematological or anemia states, nutritional deficiencies, hyper- and autoimmune diseases, and drugs/toxins.
| Livedo reticularis | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Livedo reticularis secondary to obscure severe infrarenal aortoiliac stenosis with severe transient lactic acidosis. | |
| Specialty | Dermatology, cardiology  |
| Symptoms | Purpura, mottling of the skin, blood clots, skin discoloration |
| Causes | Autoimmune diseases, hyperlipidemia, poisons, drug abuse |
The condition may be normal or related to more severe underlying pathology.[2] Its differential diagnosis is broadly divided into possible blood diseases, autoimmune (rheumatologic), cardiovascular diseases, cancers, and endocrine disorders. It can usually (in 80% of cases) be diagnosed by biopsy.[3]
It may be aggravated by exposure to cold, and occurs most often in the lower extremities.[4]
The condition's name derives from Latin livere 'bluish' and reticular 'net-like pattern'.[5]
Causes
editA number of conditions may cause the appearance of livedo reticularis:
- Cutis marmorata telangiectatica congenita, a rare congenital condition
- Sneddon syndrome – association of livedoid vasculitis and systemic vascular disorders, such as strokes, due to underlying genetic cause[6]
- Idiopathic livedo reticularis – the most common form of livedo reticularis, completely benign condition of unknown cause affecting mostly young women during the winter:[7] It is a lacy purple appearance of skin in extremities due to sluggish venous blood flow. It may be mild, but ulceration may occur later in the summer.[8]
- Secondary livedo reticularis:
- Vasculitis autoimmune conditions:
- Livedoid vasculitis – with painful ulceration occurring in the lower legs
- Polyarteritis nodosa
- Systemic lupus erythematosus[9]
- Dermatomyositis
- Rheumatoid arthritis
- Lymphoma
- Pancreatitis[10]
- Chronic pancreatitis[11]
- Tuberculosis
- Drug-related:
- Adderall (side effect) [citation needed]
- Amantadine (side effect)
- Bromocriptine (side effect)
- Beta interferon treatment, e.g. in multiple sclerosis[12][13][14]
- Livedo reticularis associated with rasagiline[15]
- Methylphenidate and dextroamphetamine-induced peripheral vasculopathy[16]
- Gefitinib[17]
- Obstruction of capillaries:
- Cryoglobulinaemia – proteins in the blood that clump together in cold conditions[18]
- Antiphospholipid syndrome due to small blood clots
- Hypercalcaemia (raised blood calcium levels which may be deposited in the capillaries)
- Haematological disorders of polycythaemia rubra vera or thrombocytosis (excessive red cells or platelets)
- Infections (infective endocarditis, syphilis, tuberculosis, Lyme disease)
- Associated with acute kidney injury due to cholesterol emboli status after cardiac catheterization
- Arteriosclerosis (cholesterol emboli)[19][20] and homocystinuria (due to Chromosome 21 autosomal recessive Cystathionine beta synthase deficiency)
- Intra-arterial injection (especially in drug addicts)
- Ehlers-Danlos syndrome – connective tissue disorder, often with many secondary conditions, may be present in all types
- Pheochromocytoma[21]
- Livedoid vasculopathy and its association with factor V Leiden mutation[22]
- FILS syndrome (polymerase ε1 mutation in a human syndrome with facial dysmorphism, immunodeficiency, livedo, and short stature)[23]
- Primary hyperoxaluria, oxalosis (oxalate vasculopathy)[24][25][26][27][28]
- Cytomegalovirus infection (very rare clinical form, presenting with persistent fever and livedo reticularis on the extremities and cutaneous necrotizing vasculitis of the toes)[29]
- Generalized livedo reticularis induced by silicone implants for soft tissue augmentation[30]
- As a rare skin finding in children with Down syndrome[31][32]
- Idiopathic livedo reticularis with polyclonal IgM hypergammopathy[33]
- CO2 angiography (rare, reported case)[34]
- A less common skin lesion of eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis[35]
- Erythema nodosum-like cutaneous lesions of sarcoidosis showing livedoid changes in a patient with sarcoidosis and Sjögren's syndrome[36]
- Livedo vasculopathy associated with IgM antiphosphatidylserine-prothrombin complex antibody[37]
- Livedo vasculopathy associated with plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 promoter homozygosity and prothrombin G20210A heterozygosity[37]
- As a first sign of metastatic breast carcinoma (very rare)[38]
- Livedo reticularis associated with renal cell carcinoma (rare)[39]
- Buerger's disease (as an initial symptom)[40]
- As a rare manifestation of Graves hyperthyroidism[41]
- Associated with pernicious anaemia[42]
- Moyamoya disease (a rare, chronic cerebrovascular occlusive disease of unknown cause, characterized by progressive stenosis of the arteries of the circle of Willis leading to an abnormal capillary network and resultant ischemic strokes or cerebral hemorrhages)[43]
- Associated with the use of a midline catheter. ( atheroempolic renal DX )due to angioplasty[44]
- Familial primary cryofibrinogenemia.[45]
- Vasculitis autoimmune conditions:
Diagnosis
editLivedo reticularis is diagnosed by its clinical appearance and history. No further test or examination confirms idiopathic livedo reticularis. However, further investigations may be undertaken where an underlying cause is suspected such as skin biopsies, or blood tests for antibodies associated with antiphospholipid syndrome or systemic lupus erythematosus.[46]
Treatment
editOther than identifying and treating any underlying conditions in secondary livedo,[47] idiopathic livedo reticularis may improve with warming the area.
See also
edit- Livedoid dermatitis
- Livedo racemosa
- Perinatal gangrene of the buttock
- erythema ab igne (AKA livedo recticularis e calore) - a rash caused by prolonged heat exposure (e.g. hot water bottle or heat pad)
- List of cutaneous conditions
References
edit- ^ Rapini, Ronald P.; Bolognia, Jean L.; Jorizzo, Joseph L. (2007). Dermatology: 2-Volume Set. St. Louis: Mosby. p. 1615. ISBN 978-1-4160-2999-1.
- ^ "livedo reticularis" at Dorland's Medical Dictionary
- ^ Kroshinsky; Stone, John H.; Bloch, Donald B.; Sepehr, Alireza (February 2009). "Case 5-2009 — A 47-Year-Old Woman with a Rash and Numbness and Pain in the Legs". New England Journal of Medicine. 360 (7): 711–20. doi:10.1056/NEJMcpc0807822. PMID 19213685.
- ^ James, William D.; Elston, Dirk; Treat, James R.; Rosenbach, Misha A.; Neuhaus, Isaac (2020). "35.Cutaneous vascular diseases". Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: Clinical Dermatology (13th ed.). Edinburgh: Elsevier. p. 817. ISBN 978-0-323-54753-6. Archived from the original on 2023-03-18. Retrieved 2023-03-18.
- ^ Sundriyal, Deepak; Kumar, Naveen; Kumar, Gaurav; Walia, Meenu (15 May 2014). "Livedo reticularis heralding hypercalcaemia of malignancy". BMJ Case Reports. 2014 (may14 4): bcr2013201371. doi:10.1136/bcr-2013-201371. PMC 4024535. PMID 24832704.
- ^ Sneddon IB (April 1965). "Cerebro-Vascular Lesions And Livedo Reticularis". British Journal of Dermatology. 77 (4): 180–5. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2133.1965.tb14628.x. PMID 14278790. S2CID 43219068.
- ^ Gibbs, Mark B.; English, Joseph C.; Zirwas, Matthew J. (2005). "Livedo reticularis: an update". J Am Acad Dermatol. 52 (6): 1009–19. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2004.11.051. PMID 15928620.
- ^ Feldaker M, Hines E, Kierland R (1955). "Livedo reticularis with summer ulcerations". AMA Arch Dermatol. 72 (1): 31–42. doi:10.1001/archderm.1955.03730310033007. PMID 14387292.
- ^ Golden R (March 1963). "Livedo reticularis in systemic lupus erythematosus". Arch Dermatol. 87 (3): 299–301. doi:10.1001/archderm.1963.01590150015002. PMID 13948706.
- ^ Sigmund W, Shelley W (1954). "Cutaneous manifestations of acute pancreatitis, with special reference to livedo reticularis". N Engl J Med. 251 (21): 851–3. doi:10.1056/NEJM195411182512104. PMID 13214346.
- ^ Gould, Jennifer W.; Helms, Stephen E.; Schulz, Susan M.; Stevens, Seth R. (1998). "Relapsing livedo reticularis in the setting of chronic pancreatitis". Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 39 (6): 1035–1036. doi:10.1016/S0190-9622(98)70290-7. PMID 9843029.
- ^ Rot, Uroš; Ledinek, Alenka Horvat (December 2013). "Interferons beta have vasoconstrictive and procoagulant effects: a woman who developed livedo reticularis and Raynaud phenomenon in association with interferon beta treatment for multiple sclerosis". Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery. 115 (Suppl 1): S79–81. doi:10.1016/j.clineuro.2013.09.027. PMID 24321162. S2CID 11757438.
- ^ Fox, Michelle; Tahan, Steven; Kim, Caroline C. (2012). "Livedo Reticularis: A Side Effect of Interferon Therapy in a Pediatric Patient with Melanoma". Pediatric Dermatology. 29 (3): 333–5. doi:10.1111/j.1525-1470.2011.01426.x. PMID 21575046. S2CID 37285113.
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- ^ Blume, Jonathan E.; Miller, Craig C. (2007). "Livedo reticularis with retiform purpura associated with gefitinib (Iressa®)". International Journal of Dermatology. 46 (12): 1307–8. doi:10.1111/j.1365-4632.2007.03319.x. PMID 18173531. S2CID 43388374.
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- ^ Buckley, Sarah A.; Lessing, Juan N.; Mark, Nicholas M. (2013). "Livedo Reticularis in a Patient with Pheochromocytoma Resolving After Adrenalectomy". The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 98 (2): 439–40. doi:10.1210/jc.2012-2842. PMID 23275529.
- ^ Yong AA, Tan AW, Giam YC, Tang MB (December 2012). "Livedoid vasculopathy and its association with factor V Leiden mutation" (PDF). Singapore Med J. 53 (12): e258–60. PMID 23268168. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2014-03-22.
- ^ Pachlopnik Schmid, Jana; Lemoine; Nehme, Nadine; Cormier-Daire, Valéry; Revy, Patrick; Debeurme, Franck; Debré, Marianne; Nitschke, Patrick; Bole-Feysot, Christine; Legeai-Mallet, Laurence; Lim, Annick; de Villartay, Jean-Pierre; Picard, Capucine; Durandy, Anne; Fischer, Alain; de Saint Basile, Geneviève (2012). "Polymerase ε1 mutation in a human syndrome with facial dysmorphism, immunodeficiency, livedo, and short stature ('FILS syndrome')" (PDF). Journal of Experimental Medicine. 209 (13): 2323–30. doi:10.1084/jem.20121303. PMC 3526359. PMID 23230001.
- ^ Jorquera-Barquero, E.; Súarez-Marrero, M.C.; Fernández Girón, F.; Borrero Martín, J.J. (2013). "Oxalosis y livedo reticularis" [Oxalosis and Livedo Reticularis]. Actas Dermo-Sifiliográficas (in Spanish). 104 (9): 815–8. doi:10.1016/j.ad.2012.04.019. PMID 23103120.
- ^ Bogle MA, Teller CF, Tschen JA, Smith CA, Wang A (October 2003). "Primary hyperoxaluria in a 27-year-old woman". J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 49 (4): 725–8. doi:10.1067/s0190-9622(03)00119-1. PMID 14512927.
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- ^ Arslan, Ferhat; Batirel, Ayse; Mert, Ali; Ozer, Serdar (2012). "Cytomegalovirus (CMV)-related cutaneous necrotizing vasculitis: Case report and literature review". The Brazilian Journal of Infectious Diseases. 16 (5): 482–5. doi:10.1016/j.bjid.2012.08.002. PMID 22975173.
- ^ Camacho, Diana; Machan, Shalma; Pilesanski, Ursula; Revelles, Juan Maria; Martín, Lucia; Requena, Luis (2012). "Generalized Livedo Reticularis Induced by Silicone Implants for Soft Tissue Augmentation". The American Journal of Dermatopathology. 34 (2): 203–7. doi:10.1097/DAD.0b013e31821cb3c5. PMID 22441370.
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