Manda is a village and an archaeological site in the Jammu district of the Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir, India. It was excavated by Archaeological Survey of India during 1976-77 by J. P. Joshi. The site contains ruins of an ancient Indus Valley civilization.[4]
  Location in Jammu and Kashmir, India  Manda, Jammu (India) | |
| Location | Manda, Jammu, J&K, India |
|---|---|
| Region | India |
| Coordinates | 32°56′00″N 74°48′00″E / 32.93333°N 74.80000°E |
| Type | Settlement |
| Part of | Indus Valley civilisation, Mauryan Empire and Kushan Empire |
| History | |
| Founded | 400BC [1][2] |
| Abandoned | 300A.D [2] |
| Periods | 2350-1750 BC (Indus Valley Civilisation)
(Mauryan Empire)[2] 78-200 C.E (Kushan Empire)[3] |
| Site notes | |
| Excavation dates | 1976-77 |
| Archaeologists | J. P. Joshi |
| Condition | Abandoned |
Excavation
editExcavation at Manda revealed a 9.20 m deposit with threefold sequence with two sub periods in Period I. Period II has early historical pottery of types comparable with those of same period from Northern part of India and period III is represented by Kushan antiquities and house walls with 3 m wide street.[5] After the Kushan period, the site seems to have been deserted.[4]
Historical significance
editManda is situated on the right bank of Chenab River in the foothills of Pir Panjal range, 28 km northwest of Jammu, and was considered the northernmost limit of the Harappan civilisation.[5] It is considered the northmost site (excluding Shortugai) of Indus Valley civilisation.[6][7][8][9][10]
It is considered a site established to procure wood from Himalayan Sub hills and send it downriver to other towns of the Indus Valley Civilisation.[11]
Artefacts
editPre Harappan Red ware (15%-25%) Harappan Red ware, including jars, dishes, dishes-on-stand, beakers, goblets etc. and copper double spiral headed spin (having west Asian affinity), tangled bone arrow-heads, terracotta bangles, cakes, chert blade etc.[4]
Significant finds include potsherds bearing incised Harappan Script and one unfinished seal.[4]
Further scope
editDue to the restricted nature of the dig undertaken, no specific structures could be exposed, except a collapsed rubble wall-like structure.[4]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Kumar, Sudershan (2012). "Akhnoor and Indus Valley Civilization". Daily Excelsior.
- ^ a b c KUSHANA SETTLEMENTS AND THEIR MATERIAL CULTURE (PDF). p. 162.
- ^ Higham, Charles (14 May 2014). Encyclopedia of Ancient Asian Civilizations. Infobase Publishing. p. 212. ISBN 9781438109961.
- ^ a b c d e Indian Archaeology 1976-77, A Review. Archeologival Survey of India, New Delhi.1980. Page 19-21. ASI Archived 2012-05-08 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ a b "Archaeological Survey of India". Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 22 June 2012.
- ^ Kumar, Sudershan (2012). "Akhnoor and Indus Valley Civilization". Daily Excelsior.
- ^ Higham, Charles (14 May 2014). Encyclopedia of Ancient Asian Civilizations. Infobase Publishing. p. 212. ISBN 9781438109961.
- ^ Shinde, Vasant (1 February 2016). "Harappan Civilization: Current Perspective and its Contribution – By Dr. Vasant Shinde". Origin and Extent.
- ^ Roy, T.N (1984). The Concept, Provenance and Chronology of Painted Grey Ware. Vol. 34. Istituto Italiano per l'Africa e l'Oriente (IsIAO). pp. 127–137.
- ^ Pokharia, Anil K,Jeewan Singh Kharakwal,Alka Srivastava. Archaeobotanical evidence of millets in the Indian subcontinent with some observations on their role in the Indus civilization. Journal of Archaeological Science 42 (2014). p. 442-455.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ McIntosh, Jane.(2008) The Ancient Indus Valley, New Perspectives. ABC-CLIO.Page 209,412
External links
editMap of Indus Valley Civilisation sites [1]