Wikipedia

Marshall University

Marshall University is a public research university in Huntington, West Virginia, United States. It was founded in 1837 and is named after John Marshall, the fourth chief justice of the United States. The university is classified among "R2: Doctoral Universities – High research activity".[10]

Marshall University
Former name
Marshall Academy (1837–1858)
Marshall College (1858–1867)
State Normal School of Marshall College (1867–1938)
Marshall College (1938–1961)
TypePublic research university
Established1837; 187 years ago (1837)
AccreditationHLC[1]
Academic affiliations
WVHEPC[2]
Endowment$201 million (2021)[3]
PresidentBrad D. Smith[4]
ProvostAvi Mukherjee[5]
Academic staff
806
Students11,252 (fall 2023)[6]
Undergraduates8,290[6]
Postgraduates2,408[6]
554[6]
Location
Huntington
,
West Virginia
,
United States
CampusSmall city[7], 100 acres (0.40 km2)[6]
Other campuses
NewspaperThe Parthenon
ColorsKelly green, black and white[8]
     
NicknameThundering Herd
Sporting affiliations
NCAA Division I FBS - Sun Belt[9]
MascotMarco the Bison
Websitewww.marshall.edu

History

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Old Main is the oldest building on campus and home to many of the university's administrative offices.

Marshall University was founded in 1837 as a private subscription school by residents of Guyandotte and the surrounding area. The landmark Old Main, which now serves as the primary administrative building for the university, was built on land known as Maple Grove, at the time the home of the Mount Hebron Church in what was then the state of Virginia.[11] John Laidley, a local attorney, hosted the meeting which led to the founding of Marshall Academy, which was named after Laidley's friend, the eminent John Marshall[11] who had served as the fourth chief justice of the United States from January 1801 until his death in July 1835.

On March 30, 1838, the institution was formally dedicated by the Virginia General Assembly as Marshall Academy; however this institution was not a college level institution as that was understood at that time.[12] In 1858, the Virginia General Assembly changed the name to Marshall College,[13] but this change still did not reflect its status as a true college. The Civil War closed the often financially challenged school for much of the 1860s.[14]

On June 20, 1863, Cabell County, Virginia, was one of the 50 counties separated from Virginia at the height of the American Civil War to form the state of West Virginia, and the college fell within the new state. In 1867, the West Virginia Legislature resurrected the institution as a teacher training facility and renamed it State Normal School of Marshall College.[14][15] This began the history of the college as a state-supported post-secondary institution.

20th century

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John Marshall statue in front of Drinko Library

With the exception of the Old Main building, expansion of the facilities and the college itself did not begin until 1907, when the West Virginia Board of Regents changed the title of the presiding officer from "principal" to "president" and allowed the creation of new college-level departments.[13] At that time, enrollment surpassed 1,000 students.[14] The school began offering four-year degrees for the first time in 1920.

In 1937, the college suffered through a devastating flooding by the Ohio River.[16] Numerous structures, such as Northcott Hall and the James E. Morrow Library were extensively flooded. Much of Huntington was also heavily damaged, and as a result, a floodwall was constructed around much of the town to prevent future occurrences.

The West Virginia Board of Education authorized Marshall College in 1938 to offer the master's degree in six programs: chemistry, education, history, political science, psychology, and sociology, as the institution underwent another expansion. In that year the school was accredited as a "university level institution"; however, elevation to university status would remain a contentious political issue for decades to come. Further expansion accelerated after World War II.[17]

On March 2, 1961, West Virginia Legislature elevated the college to university status, thus becoming Marshall University.[18] Also in 1961, WMUL-FM began operations; it claims to be the first public radio station in West Virginia.

In 1969, the university's athletic progran faced a number of scandals regarding recruiting violations and giving cash to athletes. Both the football and basketball coaches were fired; the teams were suspended from the Mid-American Conference.[19] The university rebuilt its athletic program and, in 1977, the university joined the Southern Conference.[citation needed]

1970 football team airplane crash

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See also: Southern Airways Flight 932
 
Memorial Fountain on the Student Center Plaza

On the evening of November 14, 1970, the Thundering Herd football team, along with coaches and fans, were returning home to Huntington from Kinston, North Carolina. The team had just lost a game 17–14 against the East Carolina University Pirates at Ficklen Stadium in Greenville, North Carolina. The chartered Southern Airways Flight 932 crashed on approach to the Tri-State Airport after clipping trees just west of the runway and impacting, nose-first, into a hollow. All 75 people on board were killed, including 37 players and five coaches. Thirteen members of the team, as well as the members of the freshman football team, who were not eligible to play varsity under NCAA rules at that time, were not passengers.[20]

The following season a new head coach, Jack Lengyel, was hired. The leaders of the "Young Thundering Herd" (to which the team officially changed its name for the 1971 season) were the few players who did not make the trip due to injury or disciplinary action. Fifteen sophomores from the previous year's freshman team were included, as well as a group of freshmen who were allowed to play at the varsity level after the NCAA granted a waiver to its rule barring them from doing so. Three years later, the NCAA would waive the rule for all schools. Completing the squad were players from other Marshall sports programs. They won only two of their 10 games in 1971: a 15–13 victory against the Xavier Musketeers in the season's first home game, and a 12-10 homecoming game victory against the Bowling Green Falcons.[21]

A fountain and plaza at the center of the school campus is dedicated to the victims of the crash. The water does not flow from November 14 until the first day of spring football practice the following year. The tragedy and its aftermath were the subject of several documentaries, including the award-winning Marshall University: Ashes to Glory. The tragedy and the rebuilding efforts were dramatized in the 2006 Warner Brothers feature We Are Marshall, which opened in Huntington a week before its national release date. Many scenes in the movie were filmed on the campus and throughout Huntington.[citation needed]

On February 22, 2023, West Virginia governor Jim Justice signed House Bill 2412 into law, making November 14 an official Memorial Day in remembrance of the Marshall football plane crash across the state.[22]

From 1970

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A statue of Marco the Bison, the university mascot, stands at Hodges Field.

In 1971 the Williamson and Logan campuses of Marshall University were combined by the West Virginia Legislature to form Southern West Virginia Community College (now Southern West Virginia Community and Technical College).[23]

In 1977 the university founded its School of Medicine, the first professional school and the first doctoral program. Over the next 20 years the school would add doctoral programs in many fields. Twenty years later, in 1997, the West Virginia Graduate College became the graduate college of Marshall University. Its campus is in South Charleston, West Virginia. In 1998, the John Deaver Drinko Library opened on campus. In 1997, Marshall merged with the West Virginia University College of Graduate Studies (COGS),[24] with the latter being renamed Marshall University Graduate College.[25] In 2010 the university was authorized to begin offering undergraduate classes in South Charleston and renamed the facility Marshall University - South Charleston Campus.

Marshall's enrollment was 16,500 in 2004. In addition to the main campus in Huntington and the branch campus in South Charleston, West Virginia, the school maintains undergraduate centers in Gilbert, Point Pleasant, and Hurricane, West Virginia.

21st century

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Brad D. Smith Center for Business and Innovation

In 2005, Stephen J. Kopp took over as Marshall University's president. Kopp died suddenly in 2014, with Gary G. White, former chairman of the Board of Governors, serving as interim president.[26][27] Mississippi State University provost Jerome A. Gilbert was named the 37th president on October 20, 2015.[28]

In August 2021, Marshall opened the Bill Noe Flight School at Yeager Airport in Charleston, West Virginia. The Bill Noe Flight School features a 12,000 sq ft. academic building, a hangar, and an aircraft parking apron. The school of aviation offers two undergraduate programs: commercial pilot: fixed wing and aviation maintenance. These programs began accepting students starting in Fall 2021, with additional programs being added in the future.[29]

Other new programs offered by the university include a physician assistant program offered through the Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, which accepted students in its inaugural class in January 2021.[30]

On October 28, 2021, Brad D. Smith was appointed the university's 38th president, succeeding the retiring President Jerome Gilbert. Smith, retired CEO of financial software company Intuit, was already a major benefactor of the university.[31]

In May 2024 Marshall broke ground on a new 80,000 sq ft. Institute for Cyber Security building. The new facility will be a four-story building that will house cybersecurity technology, and is scheduled to open by Fall 2026.[32]

Campus

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See also: List of buildings at Marshall University
 
Memorial Student Center
 
President's House

Old Main is a collection of five buildings joined together at the center of the university's campus and has been seen as a symbol of the university.[33] The original structure was completed in 1868, with four other additions that were completed at various intervals until 1907.

The Arthur Weisberg Family Applied Engineering Complex opened in 2015 near Pullman Square to house educational resources for Marshall's College of Information Technology, Mechanical & Electrical Engineering, Mathematics & Computational Science, Computer Modeling & Digital Imaging, Transportation Research Corporation, and Marshall University Research Corporation (MURC).[34]

The Brad D. Smith Center for Business and Innovation opened in 2024 near Old Main to develop business ideas and projects created by Marshall University students.[35]

Brad D. Smith Foundation Hall houses the Erickson Alumni Center, Marshall University Foundation, and Marshall University Office of Alumni Relations.[36][37][38]

The Memorial Student Center is the student center for Marshall, named in memory of the 1970 Marshall football team. The building houses the university bookstore, restaurants and student-run organizations, as well as annual events and conventions.[39][40]

The Robert C. Byrd Biotechnology Science Center is named after longtime U.S. Senator Robert C. Byrd, who was a proponent of the project and helped receive funding for its construction. The first floor contains two auditoriums, six teaching laboratories, numerous lecture rooms, and other research appendages.[41]

The Forensic Science Center houses the state's Combined DNA Index System laboratory facility.[42]

Academics

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Undergraduate admissions

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In 2024, Marshall University accepted 96.9% of undergraduate applicants, with those admitted having an average 3.68 high school GPA. The university does not require submission of standardized test scores, Marshall being a test optional school. Those accepted that submitted test scores had an average 930-1150 SAT score or an average 19-25 ACT score.[43]

Organization and programs

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Academic rankings
National
Forbes[44]496
U.S. News & World Report[45]315
Washington Monthly[46]261

Marshall University is organized into 11 degree-granting colleges or schools in addition to an honors college:[47]

In 2021, Marshall formed an aviation program which includes the Bill Noe Flight School, awarding a B.S. in commercial aviation as a professional pilot; and an A.A.S. in aviation maintenance technology. The flight school is based at the Yeager Airport in Charleston, West Virginia; the aviation maintenance program is based at Tri-State Airport in Huntington. In 2024, the flight school opened a second location at Eastern West Virginia Regional Airport in Martinsburg, West Virginia, and a cooperative program with West Liberty University using the Wheeling Ohio County Airport. All schools are FAA-certified.[48]

The school's general engineering program was closed in 1970 but was re-established with a graduate program in 1993, and a general engineering undergraduate program in 2006.[49]

Marshall has granted master's degrees since 1938. The university began granting doctoral degrees in 1994. Marshall now offers a Ph.D. in Biomedical Sciences, an EdD in Educational Leadership or Curriculum and Instruction, and professional doctorates in Nurse Anesthesia, Pharmacy, Psychology, and Physical Therapy.[50]

Divisional campuses

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Erma Byrd Higher Education Center, located on the Beckley Campus

Marshall has three divisional campuses.[51]

Scholarship programs

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The Society of Yeager Scholars is the highest academic scholarship offered at Marshall University, named in honor of Chuck Yeager, the first recorded pilot to break the sound barrier.[52][53] Members of the society are selected through a competitive application and interview process from high school seniors. The core curriculum is designed to assist each Yeager Scholar in developing skills in analysis, synthesis, and critical thinking. Each scholar will be expected to demonstrate superior skills in written and oral communication. To remain in the program, each student must maintain a cumulative 3.5 grade point average. Those who complete all academic requirements are awarded a Yeager medallion containing flecks of the same metal as the Bell X-1.[54]

The John Marshall Scholars Program is an academic scholarship program that covers a majority of the cost of education for member students at Marshall. The program affords a rigorous academic program and provides a full tuition/fee waiver and stipend to students with a composite ACT score of 30 or higher who have been accepted to the university. Students must maintain a 3.5 grade point average to retain their scholarship.[55]

Athletics

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Main article: Marshall Thundering Herd
 
Clockwise: Joan C. Edwards Stadium, Dot Hicks Field, Cam Henderson Center

Marshall's athletic teams are known as the Thundering Herd. The school colors are kelly green and white. Marshall participates in NCAA Division I (FBS for football) as a member of the Sun Belt Conference. The name Thundering Herd came from a Zane Grey novel released in 1925, and a silent movie of the same name two years later. It was originally used by The Herald-Dispatch sports editor Carl "Duke" Ridgley, but many other nicknames were suggested over the next thirty years including Boogercats, Big Green, Green Gobblers, Rams, and Judges. In 1965, students, alums and faculty settled on Thundering Herd in a vote, and Big Green was given to the athletic department's fund-raising wing.[56]

Marshall is home to 15 NCAA Division I teams that compete within the Sun Belt. Sports at the school include women's softball, swimming and diving, tennis, volleyball, and track and field; men's football, baseball; and teams for both genders in basketball, cross country, golf, and soccer.[57]

Marshall began playing football in 1895[58] and has a long tradition as a football school. The plane crash on November 14, 1970, that killed 75 people from the 1970 Thundering Herd football team continues to have a lasting impact on the university and Huntington community. November 14, 2020, marked 50 years since the tragedy.

In 2020, the men's soccer team won the National Championship after defeating Indiana, 1–0, in the 2020 NCAA Division I men's soccer championship game.[59]

Student life

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Student body composition as of May 2, 2022
Race and ethnicity[60] Total
White 85% 85
 
Black 6% 6
 
Other[a] 4% 4
 
Hispanic 3% 3
 
Asian 1% 1
 
Foreign national 1% 1
 
Economic diversity
Low-income[b] 47% 47
 
Affluent[c] 53% 53
 

Marshall is home to over 200+ student organizations and clubs.

Student media includes an on-campus radio station WMUL-FM 88.1, and The Parthenon, the student newspaper.

There are 15 chapters of fraternities and sororities on campus. Disciplinary problems became national news in 2014 when The Atlantic published an article about drug and alcohol abuse in Greek chapters on campus.[61] In 2021, the university closed all of them temporarily after allegations of violations of COVID-19 measures.[62]

Campus Activities Board

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The student-run Campus Activities Board organizes free campus-wide events. Also available to students is the Marshall Artists Series, which brings Broadway, dance, music, comedy, and opera to the university, and two international film festivals. Students can obtain free tickets to athletics, Marshall Artists Series productions and to theater productions at the Joan C. Edwards Performing Arts Center.[citation needed]

 
Marshall Rec Center

Campus services and residence halls

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Nicknamed The Rec, the 123,000 sq ft (11,400 m2) recreation center opened in 2009. The facility features an aquatic center with a spa, 3 lap lanes, a vortex whirlpool, and a leisure area.

There are ten residence halls located on the main campus, with additional housing on the Health Science campus.

Notable people

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Main article: List of notable faculty and alumni of Marshall University

Notable alumni

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Notable faculty

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See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ Other consists of Multiracial Americans & those who prefer to not say.
  2. ^ The percentage of students who received an income-based federal Pell grant intended for low-income students.
  3. ^ The percentage of students who are a part of the American middle class at the bare minimum.

References

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  1. ^ "Accreditations - Marshall University". Marshall University. Retrieved June 13, 2022.
  2. ^ "WVHEPC - Institutions".
  3. ^ As of June 2022. U.S. and Canadian Institutions Listed by Fiscal Year 2020 Endowment Market Value and Change in Endowment Market Value from FY20 to FY21 (Report). National Association of College and University Business Officers and TIAA. June 2022. Retrieved June 6, 2022.
  4. ^ "Office of the President". Marshall University. Retrieved March 22, 2018.
  5. ^ "Mukherjee named provost and senior vice president for academic affairs". marshall.edu. April 6, 2022. Retrieved April 23, 2022.
  6. ^ a b c d e "MU Quick Facts". Marshall University. Retrieved July 28, 2023.
  7. ^ "IPEDS-Marshall University".
  8. ^ "Marshall University Brand Guidelines". Retrieved February 12, 2017.
  9. ^ "Welcome to the New Sun Belt Conference". Sun Belt Conference. July 1, 2022.
  10. ^ "Carnegie Classifications Institution Lookup". carnegieclassifications.iu.edu. Center for Postsecondary Education. Retrieved September 12, 2020.
  11. ^ a b Brown, Lisle, ed."Marshall Academy, 1837." Archived June 28, 2014, at the Wayback Machine Marshall University Special Collections. September 1, 2004, Dec 20. 2006.
  12. ^ Lewis, Virgil A. "A history of Marshall Academy, Marshall College and Marshall College State Normal School." Archived July 5, 2007, at the Wayback Machine Marshall University. December 20, 2006
  13. ^ a b "Becoming A Real College: 1910–1929". Archived from the original on January 7, 2016. Retrieved March 3, 2008.
  14. ^ a b c "The Early Years." Archived January 15, 2016, at the Wayback Machine Marshall University. 1997. December 20, 2006
  15. ^ Brown, Lisle, ed. "Marshall Academy, 1856." Archived June 28, 2014, at the Wayback Machine Marshall University Special Collections. September 1, 2004, Dec 20. 2006
  16. ^ "100 years and growing." Archived December 19, 2006, at the Wayback Machine Marshall University. 1997. December 20, 2006
  17. ^ "100 Years and Growing: 1930–1939". Archived from the original on March 11, 2008. Retrieved March 3, 2008.
  18. ^ "A University at Last: 1960–1969". Archived from the original on March 11, 2008. Retrieved March 3, 2008.
  19. ^ "Marshall University Suspended from Mid-American Conference". Philadelphia Daily News. July 24, 1969. p. 57. Retrieved July 21, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.  
  20. ^ Schroeder, Jessa (November 20, 2016). "A look at the 1970 Marshall University plane crash — and the aftermath still being felt". nydailynews.com. Retrieved April 28, 2021.
  21. ^ "1971 Marshall Thundering Herd Schedule and Results". sports-reference.com. Retrieved June 24, 2021.
  22. ^ Bolden, Joshua (February 22, 2023). "Bill 2412 passes memorializing the Marshall University plane crash". wvva.com. Retrieved July 21, 2024.
  23. ^ History: Southern West Virginia Community and Technical College Archived July 24, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
  24. ^ Moving Forward: 1990–1999[permanent dead link‍]
  25. ^ "The Greenbook: Faculty Handbook-Policy, Governance, Procedure August 2006" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on April 13, 2008. Retrieved March 3, 2008.
  26. ^ "UPDATE: Marshall BOG Meets to Discuss Steps to Name Interim President". Archived from the original on February 9, 2016. Retrieved November 14, 2016.
  27. ^ "Board of Governors Name White Interim President". Archived from the original on January 7, 2016. Retrieved November 14, 2016.
  28. ^ "Marshall announces Dr. Jerome Gilbert as 37th president". WV Metro News. October 20, 2015. Retrieved July 28, 2024.
  29. ^ "Marshall University Bill Noe Flight School opens". wsaz.com. August 10, 2021. Retrieved May 2, 2022.
  30. ^ "Physician Assistant program now accepting applications". marshall.edu. April 30, 2020. Retrieved May 2, 2022.
  31. ^ Flatley, Jake (October 28, 2021). "Brad Smith selected as next president of Marshall University". WV Metro News. Retrieved April 23, 2022.
  32. ^ Saunders, Anna (May 17, 2024). "Marshall breaks ground on cyber security institute, 'East Coast hub' for national security". wchs.com. Retrieved July 14, 2024.
  33. ^ "Old Main." Marshall University. December 20, 2006 [1].
  34. ^ "Ribbon-cutting marks official opening of Weisberg engineering complex". Marshall University. August 12, 2015. Retrieved August 6, 2024.
  35. ^ Pace, Fred (April 11, 2024). "Marshall dedicates Brad D. Smith Center for Business and Innovation". Herald Dispatch. Retrieved July 22, 2024.
  36. ^ Herald-Dispatch, LORI WOLFEThe (January 4, 2010). "Gallery: Erickson Alumni Center and Marshall University Foundation Hall Construction". The Herald-Dispatch. Retrieved August 14, 2024.
  37. ^ Reports, Staff (October 23, 2023). "Marshall to celebrate 25th anniversary of John Deaver Drinko Library on Tuesday". The Tribune. Retrieved August 14, 2024.
  38. ^ "Foundation holds annual Donor Recognition Celebration". Marshall University News. November 9, 2018. Retrieved August 14, 2024.
  39. ^ Davis, Sarah (March 16, 2019). "Photos: First HerdCon celebrates pop culture, entertainment". Herald Dispatch. Retrieved July 23, 2024.
  40. ^ "Annual International Festival Celebrates Diversity". Herald Dispatch. October 30, 2023. Retrieved July 23, 2024.
  41. ^ "New schools, businesses expected in Tri-State." Herald-Dispatch [Huntington] January 1, 2007. January 2, 2007 [2][permanent dead link‍].
  42. ^ "Marshall Debuts Expanded Digital Forensics Lab". Forensic Magazine. Retrieved July 16, 2024.
  43. ^ "Marshall University Admission Requirements". collegesimply.com. CollegeSimply | U.S. Department of Education National Center for Education Statistics. Retrieved September 22, 2024.
  44. ^ "America's Top Colleges 2024". Forbes. September 6, 2024. Retrieved September 10, 2024.
  45. ^ "2024-2025 Best National Universities Rankings". U.S. News & World Report. September 23, 2024. Retrieved November 22, 2024.
  46. ^ "2024 National University Rankings". Washington Monthly. August 25, 2024. Retrieved August 29, 2024.
  47. ^ "Marshall University Colleges and Schools". Retrieved September 7, 2024.
  48. ^ "Professional Pilot, B.S."
  49. ^ "CITE Undergraduate Civil Engineering Program". www.marshall.edu. Archived from the original on May 13, 2006. Retrieved January 13, 2022.
  50. ^ "Select Your Degree or Certificate Program | MU Graduate College". Marshall.edu. Retrieved September 28, 2015.
  51. ^ "Marshall University - Out locations". Retrieved September 7, 2024.
  52. ^ Walker, Jim (March 31, 2024). "D-B senior named as Yeager Scholar". The Tribune. Retrieved September 7, 2024.
  53. ^ "Chuck Yeager | Biography, Test Pilot, & Facts | Britannica". www.britannica.com. August 13, 2024. Retrieved September 7, 2024.
  54. ^ "Society of Yeager Scholars". Society of Yeager Scholars. Retrieved September 7, 2024.
  55. ^ "Incoming Freshmen Merit-based Scholarships for West Virginia Residents". Student Financial Assistance. Retrieved September 7, 2024.
  56. ^ "Official Athletic Site of Marshall Thundering Herd :: Traditions". Herdzone.Com. Archived from the original on June 13, 2015. Retrieved September 28, 2015.
  57. ^ "HERDZONE.COM :: Official Athletic Site of Marshall Thundering Herd :: Sports Finder". Herdzone.cstv.com. Archived from the original on September 29, 2011. Retrieved September 28, 2015.
  58. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on March 4, 2016. Retrieved July 21, 2014.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  59. ^ "National Champions! Marshall Beats Indiana 1-0 In OT For College Cup Title" (Press release). Conference USA. May 17, 2021. Retrieved May 29, 2021.
  60. ^ "College Scorecard: Marshall University". United States Department of Education. Retrieved May 8, 2022.
  61. ^ Flanagan, Caitlin (September 9, 2019). "The Dark Power of Fraternities". The Atlantic.
  62. ^ "Marshall Puts Halt On Greek Life Activities Over Alleged Health Violations". Huntington News. March 8, 2021.
  63. ^ "Frater Robert Byrd Celebrates 91st Birthday". Indianapolis, IN: Tau Kappa Epsilon. November 20, 2008. Retrieved December 23, 2022.
  64. ^ "Billy Crystal | Hollywood Walk of Fame". Walkoffame. Retrieved April 10, 2012.
  65. ^ "1965 MAC Baseball Season". The Baseball Cube. Retrieved December 21, 2022.
  66. ^ "Greer Still Fond of Marshall, Field House :: Marshall Thundering Herd Athletic Site :: Men's Basketball". Herdzone.Com. February 9, 2012. Archived from the original on April 17, 2018. Retrieved April 17, 2018.
  67. ^ "War Room Value Board: Randy Moss". CNNSI. April 13, 1998. Archived from the original on May 2, 2008. Retrieved April 29, 2008.
  68. ^ Redd, Derek (August 1, 2018). "'When Randy played, nobody had to tell you that was Randy Moss'". The Herald-Dispatch. Retrieved May 31, 2024.
  69. ^ Long, Jim (March 1988). "Michael W. Smith Looks Back". Christianity Today. 46 (8): 56.
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