Ming conquest of Yunnan

Ming conquest of Yunnan
	Part of the military conquests of the Ming dynasty
	; Ming conquest of Yunnan 1381–1382
Date	1381–1382
Location	Yunnan
Result	Ming victory
Belligerents
Ming dynasty	Northern Yuan (Yuan remnants in Yunnan); House of Duan (Dali loyalists)
Commanders and leaders
Hongwu Emperor; Fu Youde; Lan Yu; Mu Ying	Basalawarmi (Prince of Liang); Duan Shi (Governor-general of Dali)
Strength
250,000	Thousands of Mongol and Chinese Muslim troops
Casualties and losses
heavy lost due to disease	Thousands killed, hundreds of castrations, 20,000 captured

The Ming conquest of Yunnan was the final phase in the Ming dynasty expulsion of Mongol-led Yuan dynasty rule from China proper in the 1380s.

Background

The Hongwu Emperor had sent envoys to Yunnan in 1369, 1370, 1372, 1374, and 1375 to request for its submission. Some of the envoys were killed and this was the pretext under which an invasion was launched against the regime in Yunnan, then still loyal to the Northern Yuan.^[3]

War

Some 250,000 to 300,000 Han and Hui Muslim troops were mobilized to crush the remaining Yuan-held territory in Yunnan in 1381.

The Ming General Fu Youde led the attack on the Mongol and Muslim forces of the Northern Yuan. Also fighting on the Ming side were Generals Mu Ying and Lan Yu, who led Ming loyalist Muslim troops against Yuan loyalist Muslims.^[4]

The Prince of Liang, Basalawarmi, committed suicide on January 6, 1382, as the Ming dynasty Muslim troops overwhelmed the Northern Yuan's Mongol and Muslim forces. Mu Ying and his Muslim troops were given hereditary status as military garrisons of the Ming dynasty and remained in the province.^[5]

Dali loyalists

Duan Shi, the 13th and the last hereditary Governor-General of Dali, whose ancestors were once the rulers of the Dali Kingdom prior to the Mongol conquest, and had administered the region under the Yuan dynasty, refused to accept Ming administration. He made it clear that Dali could only be a tributary to the Ming. In 1382 Lan Yu and Mu Ying's forces attacked and crushed Duan's realm after a fierce battle. The last Dali stronghold of Dengchuan (邓川) fell to the Ming in February 1383, the Duan family were taken captive and escorted to the Ming capital of Nanjing.^[6]

Aftermath

The Ming Generals Lan Yu and Fu Youde castrated 380 captured Mongol and Muslim captives after the war.^[7] This led to many of them becoming eunuchs and serving the Ming Emperor.^[8] One of the eunuchs was Zheng He.^[9]

In Luchuan (in modern-day Ruili and northern Myanmar), Möng Mao forces rebelled against the Ming from 1386 to 1389 and again from 1397 to 1398.

In western Yunnan and Guizhou, Ming soldiers also crushed local rebellions. The Ming soldiers then married local Han, Miao, and Yao women; their descendants are called "Tunbao", in contrast to newer Han colonists who moved to Yunnan in later centuries. The Tunbao still live in Yunnan today.^[10]

References

^ Frederick W. Mote; Denis Twitchett (26 February 1988). The Cambridge History of China: Volume 7, The Ming Dynasty, 1368-1644. Cambridge University Press. pp. 144–. ISBN 978-0-521-24332-2.
^ Dardess 2012, p. 6.
^ Yang 2008a.
^ Tan Ta Sen, Dasheng Chen (2009). Cheng Ho and Islam in Southeast Asia. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. p. 170. ISBN 978-981-230-837-5. Retrieved 2010-06-28.
^ Michael Dillon (1999). China's Muslim Hui community: migration, settlement and sects. Richmond: Curzon Press. p. 34. ISBN 0-7007-1026-4. Retrieved 2010-06-28.
^ Du Yuting; Chen Lufan. "Did Kublai Khan's conquest of the Dali Kingdom give rise to the mass migration of the Thai people to the south?" (PDF) (Institute for Asian Studies, Kunming ed.). Retrieved 2019-02-18. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
^ Journal of Asian history, Volume 25. O. Harrassowitz. 1991. p. 127. Retrieved 2011-06-06.
^ Shih-shan Henry Tsai (1996). The eunuchs in the Ming dynasty. SUNY Press. p. 14. ISBN 0-7914-2687-4. Retrieved 2010-06-28.
^ Shoujiang Mi, Jia You (2004). Islam in China. 五洲传播出版社. p. 37. ISBN 7-5085-0533-6. Retrieved 2010-06-28.
^ James Stuart Olson (1998). An ethnohistorical dictionary of China. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 340. ISBN 0-313-28853-4. Retrieved 2010-06-28.

Bibliography

Dardess, John (2012), Ming China 1368-1644 A Concise History of A Resilient Empire, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc.
Yang, Bin (2008a), "Chapter 3: Military Campaigns against Yunnan: A Cross-Regional Analysis", Between Winds and Clouds: The Making of Yunnan (Second Century BCE to Twentieth Century CE), Columbia University Press

[MoteTwitchett1988-1] Frederick W. Mote; Denis Twitchett (26 February 1988). The Cambridge History of China: Volume 7, The Ming Dynasty, 1368-1644. Cambridge University Press. pp. 144–. ISBN 978-0-521-24332-2.

[FOOTNOTEDardess20126-2] Dardess 2012, p. 6.

[FOOTNOTEYang2008a-3] Yang 2008a.

[4] Tan Ta Sen, Dasheng Chen (2009). Cheng Ho and Islam in Southeast Asia. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. p. 170. ISBN 978-981-230-837-5. Retrieved 2010-06-28.

[5] Michael Dillon (1999). China's Muslim Hui community: migration, settlement and sects. Richmond: Curzon Press. p. 34. ISBN 0-7007-1026-4. Retrieved 2010-06-28.

[6] Du Yuting; Chen Lufan. "Did Kublai Khan's conquest of the Dali Kingdom give rise to the mass migration of the Thai people to the south?" (PDF) (Institute for Asian Studies, Kunming ed.). Retrieved 2019-02-18. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)

[7] Journal of Asian history, Volume 25. O. Harrassowitz. 1991. p. 127. Retrieved 2011-06-06.

[8] Shih-shan Henry Tsai (1996). The eunuchs in the Ming dynasty. SUNY Press. p. 14. ISBN 0-7914-2687-4. Retrieved 2010-06-28.

[9] Shoujiang Mi, Jia You (2004). Islam in China. 五洲传播出版社. p. 37. ISBN 7-5085-0533-6. Retrieved 2010-06-28.

[10] James Stuart Olson (1998). An ethnohistorical dictionary of China. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 340. ISBN 0-313-28853-4. Retrieved 2010-06-28.

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