Moderate Muslim and Moderate Islam are terms that are used within religious and political discourse to describe the obverse of Islamic extremism and imply that supporting Islamic terrorism is the characteristic of extremist groups within Islam, and the moderate groups of Muslims denounce extremist violence such as Islamic terrorism, Jihadism and radical Islamism.[1]
Moderation in Islam and moderate Islam are also terms that occur as interpretation of the Islamic concept of moderation as well as Iqtisad (Arabic: اقتصاد, lit. 'Frugality') and Wasat (Arabic: وسط, lit. 'Centre'). The Islamic concept of moderation are mentioned in the Quran, and is used to describe the Muslim community:[2][3][4]
And thus we have made you a moderate community that you will be witnesses over the people.
— Al-Baqara, 2: 143
Moderate views, in the first sense, are widespread according to opinion polls. A majority in eleven Sunni Muslim countries is very negative towards the Islamic State.[5] Moderate perceptions are especially common among Muslims in the Western world, such as Islam in Europe. Among American Muslims, 82 percent (2017) are concerned about Muslim global extremism,[6] 81 percent believe that suicide bombing can never be justified, and 48 percent believe Muslim leaders have not done enough to prevent extremism (2011).[7]
Moderate Islamism
editModerate Islam should not be confused with moderate Islamism. Before the 2008 Egypt election, the fundamentalist Muslim Brotherhood was described as moderate Islamists in comparison to the radical Islamists in the country's Salafist party.[8]
The Ennahdha Party of Tunisia has been described as a moderate Islamist party since the 1980s, when it advocated a "Tunisian" strain of Islamism recognizing democracy, political pluralism and a "dialogue" with the West.[9] In 2011, a spokesman for the party described it as moderate Islamic rather than Islamist, since it does not want a theocracy.[10]
Terminological objections
editSeveral Muslim scholars and leaders have made objections to the term "moderate Islam", and argued harm is caused by its usage.
The writer Shireen Younus explains, "The qualifier of “moderate” suggests that there is something innately violent about Islam. It leads to the false conclusion that a small group of “moderates” is standing in opposition to a giant swathe of violent, ISIS-supporting radicals and this is simply not true because the reality is the complete opposite.[11] When the media talks about “moderate Muslims”, they are perpetuating a dangerous narrative of Islam as a violent religion that is at odds with American society."[11]
The Doctor of Law Lorenzo G. Vidino describes the term as "inherently controversial, vague and subjective"[12] and Muslim scholars such as Dr Debbie Almontaser have argued that Muslim populations predictably find the "moderate Muslim" label offensive.[13]
Adrian Cherney and Kristina Murphy argue that the categorisations of moderate/extremist are not neutral, and that their widespread deployment "deprives Muslims of the agency to define the parameters of the debate around counterterrorism and also the terms of reference through which they are labelled as either for or against terrorism."[14] Although some Muslims do employ the use of such language, it is seen by others as further stigmatising Muslim communities and Islam.[15]
The Pakistani born journalist Sarfraz Manzoor also argues that the "moderate Muslim" label is offensive, as he believes that it implies ordinary Islam is not inherently peaceful.[16] Others believe that it implies that "moderate Muslims" are not "fully Muslim",[16] or that the term equivalates "progressive" or "secular" with "moderate".[16][11] Others, such as Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan (in response to the Saudi Crown Prince's ‘moderate Islam’ pledge[17]) reject the term as a Western notion stating that there is only one Islam.[18]
The general criticism of this term is that it implies that the "Islam" and "Muslim" refer to something inherently violent, giving the impression that they need an adjective ("moderate") to assure otherwise.
French researcher of religious extremism Olivier Roy also points out the difficulties of focusing on "moderate" Islam or Islamic reformation as a means of fighting terrorism. In an interview in with Qantara he stated:
Radicals are not "mainstream" Muslims who went astray after studying the Koran and Islamic theology. You donʹt become a terrorist because you listen to a Salafist preacher ... (radicalisation occurs less in mosques than in jail). They donʹt choose radicalism (either religious or political) because of their theological studies: they want radicalism. Even if other people succeed in reforming Islam, it wonʹt change the mind of the radicals.
... no revealed religion is moderate: all religions state that, as Pope Benedict said, there is a non-negotiable truth. And the idea that any reform is "liberal" is nonsense: Luther and Calvin were not liberal (indeed, the former showed anti-Semitic tendencies). Of course Protestantism provided the theological basis for political reform, but also for racism (apartheid is strongly entrenched in Calvinist theology).
Secularists tend to consider that a moderate believer is somebody who believes moderately: but that is not the definition of moderation for believers; moderation for them is not about beliefs, but about accepting life in a secular society, even if they stick to conservative values. That is exactly what Muslims are learning to do.[19]
See also
edit- Cultural Muslim
- Moderate
- Wasatiyya (Islamic term)
- Islam and modernity
- Islamic modernism
- Liberalism and progressivism within Islam
- Moderate, a middle position in a left/right political scale
- Islamic neo-traditionalism – Strand of Sunni Islam, also known as Wasatism
References
edit- ^ Khan, M. A. Muqtedar, ed. (2007). Debating Moderate Islam: The Geopolitics of Islam and the West. Salt Lake City, UT: University of Utah Press.
- ^ Kamali, Mohammad Hashim (2015). The Middle Path of Moderation in Islam: The Qurʼānic Principle of Wasaṭiyyah. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-022683-1.
- ^ Moderation in Islam: In the Contex[t] of Muslim Community in Singapore : a Compilation of Working Papers Presented in the PERGAS Ulama Convention 2003, Held on 13th and 14th September 2003, which Carried the Theme of Moderation in Islam. PERGAS. 2004. ISBN 9789810510329.
- ^ Hashem, Ahmad Omar (1999). Moderation in Islam. United Printing Publishing and Distributing. p. 177.
- ^ "Views of ISIS Topline". Pew Research Center's Global Attitudes Project. 17 November 2015. Retrieved 22 August 2019.
- ^ "U.S. Muslims are concerned about extremism in name of Islam". Pew Research Center. Retrieved 22 August 2019.
- ^ "Muslim Americans: No Signs of Growth in Alienation or Support for Extremism". Pew Research Center for the People and the Press. 30 August 2011. Retrieved 22 August 2019.
- ^ Robert S. Leiken, Steven Brooke, The moderate muslim brotherhood, Archived 15 February 2015 at the Wayback Machine, the thinktank Council on Foreign Relations March/April 2007
- ^ Merley, Steven (13 October 2014). "Tunisian Muslim Brotherhood Leader Speaks In Washington; Rachid Ghannouchi Has Long History Of Extremism And Support For Terrorism". Global Muslim Brotherhood Daily Watch. Retrieved 18 October 2016.
- ^ ""We do not want a theocracy" (Wir wollen keinen Gottesstaat)". Deutschlandradio Kultur (in German). 18 May 2011. Retrieved 21 June 2011.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^ a b c Younus, Shireen. "I Am Not a Moderate Muslim". The Harvard Crimson. Retrieved 12 September 2017.
- ^ Vidino, Lorenzo (2010). The New Muslim Brotherhood in the West. p. 12.
- ^ Why Dr. Debbie Almontaser finds being called a "moderate Muslim" offensive, retrieved 22 August 2019
- ^ Cherney, Adrian; Murphy, Kristina (3 May 2016). "What does it mean to be a moderate Muslim in the war on terror? Muslim interpretations and reactions". Critical Studies on Terrorism. 9 (2): 159–181. doi:10.1080/17539153.2015.1120105. ISSN 1753-9153. S2CID 147276791.
- ^ Corbett, Rosemary R. (2016). Making Moderate Islam: Sufism, Service, and the "Ground Zero Mosque" Controversy. Stanford University Press. ISBN 9780804791281.
- ^ a b c Manzoor, Sarfraz (16 March 2015). "Can we drop the term 'moderate Muslim'? It's meaningless". The Guardian. Retrieved 12 September 2017.
- ^ Chulov, Martin (24 October 2017). "I will return Saudi Arabia to moderate Islam, says crown prince". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 22 August 2019.
- ^ Erdoğan criticizes Saudi Crown Prince’s ‘moderate Islam’ pledge, Hurriyet, 10 Nov 2017
- ^ Roy, Olivier; Güvercin, Eren (19 July 2018). "They love death as we love life: jihad and the roots of terror". qantara.de. Retrieved 11 April 2022.
External links
edit
- The Plight of the Hypocrites
- The Mix of Disbelieving People
- Cherney, Adrian; Murphy, Kristina (11 January 2016). "What does it mean to be a moderate Muslim in the war on terror? Muslim interpretations and reactions". Critical Studies on Terrorism. 9 (2): 159–181. doi:10.1080/17539153.2015.1120105. S2CID 147276791.
- Corbett, Rosemary R. Making Moderate Islam: Sufism, Service, and the "Ground Zero Mosque" Controversy. Stanford University Press, 2016.