Mohammed Haydar Zammar (Arabic: محمد حيدر زمار Muḥammad Ḥaydar Zammār) (born 1961) [1] is a Syrian-German militant who served as an important al-Qaida recruiter,[2][3] and is currently a member of the Islamic State. He claims to have recruited many of the organizers of the September 11, 2001, attacks. He was detained in Far'Falastin.
| Mohammed Haydar Zammar محمد حيدر زمار | |
|---|---|
| Born | 1961 (age 62–63) Aleppo, Syria |
| Arrested | October 2001 Morocco Moroccan police |
| Citizenship | German |
| Detained at | Far' Falastin prison, Damascus, Syria |
| Alleged to be a member of | Formerly Al-Qaeda, now Islamic State |
| Status | Under custody of the YPG as of April 2018 |
Early history
editZammar was born in Syria to a religious Muslim family.[2] At ten he moved to Germany. He trained in metalworking and planned to work for Mercedes-Benz. Instead he worked as a translator in Saudi Arabia, and a truck-driver in Hamburg. In 1991, he flew to Afghanistan by way of Pakistan and underwent a training program for mujahideen fighters. His training included weapons knowledge, use of explosives, and advanced tactics. He was moved to an elite training camp near Jalalabad and after a year, returned to Hamburg.
Zammar travelled extensively over the next few years. While working as a mechanic, he took long trips to Syria, Jordan, Turkey, and Sweden. In 1995, he traveled to Bosnia to fight there. And in 1996, Zammar visited Afghanistan for a second time, this time to become a formal member of the group called al-Qaeda. He was reported to have been personally invited by Osama bin Laden.
Recruiter for al-Qaida
editWhen Zammar returned to Hamburg he became an Islamic preacher. Der Spiegel described him, in 2002, as an imposing figure who frequently gave enthusiastic speeches on behalf of bin Laden and other Islamists.[4] German police began to investigate him at this time, long before al-Qaeda's attacks on 9-11. Zammar made frequent short trips to Afghanistan throughout this period.
Mohamed Atta became friends with Zammar around 1998.[5] Zammar reportedly boasted that he personally recruited Atta and other hijackers into al-Qaida. Zammar also met frequently with Mounir El Motassadeq around this time.
In 1998 Germany intensified their surveillance of Zammar. He was trailed, his phone was tapped and his calls were recorded. German authorities shared this information with the CIA, including Zammar's phone conversations with hijackers Marwan al-Shehhi, Mohamed Atta, Ramzi bin al-Shibh, and Said Bahaji.[6]
Atta, Shehhi, and bin al-Shibh formed the Hamburg cell in November 1998, and Zammar is reported to have been a frequent visitor.[7] Atta became the group leader, and Zammar was seen as a valuable conduit for international contacts.
In the Summer of 1999, U.S. intelligence discovered that Zammar was in direct contact with one of bin Laden's senior operational coordinators. The U.S. apparently did not share this information with German intelligence. Zammar is also known to have met frequently with Said Bahaji in Germany in 2000.
Capture
editThis section of a biography of a living person does not include any references or sources. (May 2016) |
On October 27, 2001, Zammar traveled to Morocco. Not long afterwards, he was arrested by Moroccan police with the assistance of the U.S. Although he was a German citizen and under investigation by Germany, German intelligence only learned about the arrest from the newspapers in June 2002.
Instead of being deported to the U.S. or Germany, Zammar was secretly sent to Syria for indefinite detention in the notorious Far'Falastin detention center in Damascus. Time Magazine reported: "U.S. officials in Damascus submit written questions to the Syrians, who relay Zammar's answers back. . . State Department officials like the arrangement because it insulates the U.S. government from any torture the Syrians may be applying to Zammar."[8]
On December 15, 2005, it was officially confirmed that German Bundeskriminalamt federal police officers had on at least one occasion participated in Zammar's interrogation in Syria; it was claimed that these officers were unaware of the conditions at the prison. This seems doubtful given that it was widespread knowledge in the intelligence/international politics community, but if referring specifically to the treatment of Zammar, it may or may not be true; it is not known whether Zammar's interrogation by Syria or other parties did or does involve torture and if so, to which extent.
According to Amnesty International, Muhammad Haydar Zammar was a victim of the US-led renditions programme who was convicted in February 2007 after an unfair trial before the Syrian Supreme State Security Court. Amnesty also alleged that he was held in pre-trial detention for almost five years, much of it in incommunicado and solitary confinement, at the notorious Palestine Branch of Military Intelligence in Damascus. During his detention he was tortured and otherwise ill-treated. In June 2007 the UN Working Group on Arbitrary Detention stated that Muhammad Haydar Zammar was detained arbitrarily and called upon the Syrian authorities to "remedy the situation". Amnesty International was not aware of the authorities having taken any steps to do so.
Release
editZammar was released as part of a prisoner exchange between the Islamist Syrian rebel group Ahrar al-Sham and the Syrian Government in September 2013.[9] A member of the negotiating team told Der Spiegel that days after being released, Zammar travelled to the Syrian city of Raqqa and joined the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL). He reportedly organised for funds to be sent to the Sinai-based militant group Ansar Bayt al-Maqdis, and negotiated for the group to swear allegiance to ISIL.[10]
Recapture
editZammar was recaptured by members of the Kurdish People's Protection Units in March 2018 near the village of Darnij in Deir al-Zour.[11][12] As of November 2018[update], he is being held in a prison in Qamishli, Northern Syria, from where he gave an interview to the Washington Post.[13][12]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Liz Sly (2018-11-30). "This is the man who recruited the 9/11 hijackers". The Washington Post. Washington, D.C. ISSN 0190-8286. OCLC 1330888409.
- ^ a b Elias Davidsson (January 2014). "The case of Muhammad Haidar Zammar: How German leaders conspired with the U.S. and Syria in covering-up a secret operation" (PDF). Counter Currents. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-01-23. Retrieved 2014-01-23.
- ^ Jean-Charles Brisard, Damien Martinez (2005). "Al-Zarqawi: The New Face of Al-Qaeda". Polity Press. ISBN 9780745635729. Retrieved 2014-01-23.
- ^
"Atta's Armee" [Atta's Army] (in German). Der Spiegel. 2002-09-02. Retrieved 2014-01-23.
"Wer hat die Atombombe erfunden? Die Amerikaner", rief Zammar. Und: "Wer sind die größten Terroristen? Die so genannte zivilisierte Welt." Zammar, 195 Zentimeter groß und knapp drei Zentner schwer, stand in den Moscheen am Rand und trank Tee, und wer etwas brauchte, bat ihn um ein paar Minuten Gehör. Zammar war glaubwürdig für die anderen, weil er den Heiligen Krieg bereits hinter sich hatte, von dem die Jungen noch träumten.
- ^ Fouda, Y.; Fielding, N. (2004). Masterminds of Terror: The Truth Behind the Most Devastating Terrorist Attack the World Has Ever Seen. Arcade Publishing. pp. 1–174. ISBN 9781559707176. Retrieved 2017-01-08.
- ^ Thompson, P. (2004). The Terror Timeline: Year by Year, Day by Day, Minute by Minute: A Comprehensive Chronicle of the Road to 9/11--and America's Response. HarperCollins. p. 141. ISBN 9780060783389. Retrieved 2017-01-08.
- ^ National Commission on Terrorist Attacks upon the United States (2004). The 9/11 Commission Report: Final Report of the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States. Authorized Edition. W.W. Norton. p. 164. ISBN 9780393060416. Retrieved 2017-01-08.
- ^ "Help from an Unlikely Ally". Time Magazine. 23 June 2008. Retrieved 19 April 2018.
- ^ "9/11 plotter released in Syria prisoner exchange".
- ^
"The 'Caliphate's' Colonies". Der Spiegel. 2014-11-18. Retrieved 2015-05-04.
He immediately went to the IS in Raqqa. He had likely planned it beforehand. Zammar is thought to have organized money transfers to Sinai and he is presumed to be in the region as well, say sources close to him
- ^ "Man linked to 9/11 attacks on U.S. Captured in Syria: Pentagon". Reuters. 20 April 2018.
- ^ a b Sly, Liz (30 November 2018). "This is the man who recruited the 9/11 hijackers". The Washington Post. Retrieved 4 December 2018.
- ^ "An organizer of September 11 attacks captured by YPG".
External links
edit- Finn, Peter (2002-09-11). "Hamburg's cauldron of terror". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 2017-12-23. Retrieved 2017-12-23.
- Stark, Holger (2005-11-21). "Der vergessene Gefangene". Der Spiegel (in German). Archived from the original on 2017-12-23. Retrieved 2017-12-23.
- The Kidnapping of Muhammad Al-Zammar – A Document Archive Archived 2009-05-06 at the Wayback Machine