Sheikh Mohammed bin Thani (Arabic: محمد بن ثاني; c. 1788 – 18 December 1878), also known as Mohammed bin Thani bin Mohammed Al Thamir (Arabic: محمد بن ثاني بن محمد آل ثامر), was the first Hakim (ruler) of the whole Qatari Peninsula,[1] officially being recognized by the British in September 1868 following a meeting with British representative Lewis Pelly.[2] He is known for being the father of Sheikh Jassim bin Mohammed Al Thani, the founder of Qatar and who fended off the Ottoman army in the late 19th century.[3]
| Mohammed bin Thani محمد بن ثاني | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Emir of Qatar | |||||
| Reign | 1851–18 December 1878 | ||||
| Successor | Jassim bin Mohammed Al Thani | ||||
| Born | 1788 Fuwayrit, First Saudi State | ||||
| Died | 18 December 1878 (aged 90) Doha, Qatar | ||||
| Burial | Doha, Qatar | ||||
| Spouse | Noura al-Kuwari
[...] of Al-Mansouri Family | ||||
| Issue | Jassim Ahmed Fahad Eid Thamir Jaber Sheikha Rowda bint Mohammed Al Thani Sheikha ... bint Mohammed Al Thani | ||||
| |||||
| Arabic | محمد بن ثاني | ||||
| Dynasty | Thani | ||||
| Father | Thani bin Mohammed | ||||
| Styles of The Emir of Qatar | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Reference style | His Highness |
| Spoken style | Your Highness |
| Alternative style | Sheikh |
Early life and governance
editSheikh Mohammed bin Thani was born in Fuwayrit, Qatar, by his father and predecessor to the throne, Sheikh Thani bin Mohammed Al Thamir (born in Zubarah),[4] with Sheikh Mohammed being the second eldest son of his father, along with his four siblings:[3]
- Sheikh Thamir bin Thani bin Mohammed Al Thamir
- Sheikh Eid bin Thani bin Mohammed Al Thamir
- Sheikh Ali bin Thani bin Mohammed Al Thamir
- Sheikh Ahmad bin Thani bin Mohammed Al Thamir
After living a lengthy life in Fuwayrit, the Al Thani family finally moved in 1848 from Fuwayrit to Doha, the capital city and state of Qatar, under the leadership of Sheikh Mohammed, who was 59 at the time.[3]
His father later died in 1860. By the early 1860s, Sheikh Mohammed emerged as the most important figure in Qatar and an important government official in the Persian Gulf. He abdicated, due to old age, as emir of Qatar in 1876, turning the throne over to his eldest son Sheikh Jassim bin Mohammed Al Thani.[3]
Events during his reign
editIt was not until Mohammed bin Thani moved from Fuwayrit to Al Bidda in 1848 that he began to exert influence over the peninsula. Prior to this migration, each tribe and settlement had its independent leader, and there was no documented instance of their unification in battle. The concept of a unified land or nation was not present. However, with Mohammed bin Thani's arrival, Qatar began to gain significant economic and political weight, albeit while still remaining under Bahrain's suzerainty.[5]
In 1851, Mohammed bin Thani found himself in the midst of a conflict between Faisal bin Turki, Imam of the Emirate of Najd, and Muhammad bin Khalifa Al Khalifa, ruler of Bahrain. Faisal had long sought to gain control of Bahrain and had previously attempted, and failed, to invade the island.[6] In May 1851, Faisal launched his third attempt to capture Bahrain, ordering his forces to proceed towards Al Bidda, Qatar, which was intended to be used as a staging area for an invasion of Bahrain. In response, Ali bin Khalifa, the Bahraini representative in Qatar, called on all men of fighting age to defend Al Bidda, as well as sending for help from Saeed bin Tahnun Al Nahyan of Abu Dhabi. Mohammed bin Thani served as one of the leaders of the Qatari forces, alongside his son.[7]
Qatari and allied forces were embroiled in three heavy days of fighting with Faisal's forces in the Battle of Mesaimeer from 2 June to 4 June, 1851. On the second day, Bahraini and Abu Dhabi forces to retreated to their ships, refusing to render further aid to the Qataris. Shortly after the battle ended, Mohammed bin Thani negotiated a separate peace agreement with Faisal in which he agreed to be under Wahhabi governance provided that he remains chief of Al Bidda, which Faisal agreed.[8] On 8 June, Qatari forces under the leadership of Mohammed bin Thani assumed control of Burj Al-Maah, a watchtower guarding Doha's main water source, close to Al Bidda Fort where the allied forces of Ali bin Khalifa and Saeed bin Tahnoun were stationed. Upon hearing the news, they fled to Bahrain without incident, much to the dismay of Faisal who admonished Mohammed bin Thani for not capturing them.[9]
On 25 July, 1851, Saeed bin Tahnun successfully negotiated a treaty between the Bahrainis and Wahhabis, in which the Bahrainis would pay an annual zakat to Faisal in exchange for his renouncement of any claims to Qatar and return of Al Bidda to the chieftainship of Ali bin Khalifa. Mohammed bin Thani, as party to this agreement, agreed to relinquish his position.[10]
The battle created political enmity between Qatar and Bahrain which contributed to the Qatari–Bahraini War in 1867 and Qatar's subsequent emergence as an independent political entity, which came to fruition on 12 September, 1868 with the signing of a treaty between Mohammad bin Thani and the British representative Lewis Pelly.[11]
In 1871, Sheikh Mohammed made a plea for protection against any external attack to the Ottomans at Al Hasa. However, the Ottomans were the ones who displayed hostility to the Qataris in the same decade of his plea.[3]
Children
editSheikh Mohammed had 8 children: six sons (listed below) and two daughters, both with unknown names.[citation needed]
| No. | Name | Government Position | Year of birth | Year of death |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Sheikh Jassim bin Mohammed Al Thani | Ruler of Qatar (1876–1913) | c. 1825 | 1913 |
| 2 | Sheikh Ahmed bin Mohammed Al Thani | Sheikh of Doha | 1853 | 1905 |
| 3 | Sheikh Fahad bin Mohammed Al Thani | None | Unknown | Died early |
| 4 | Sheikh Eid bin Mohammed Al Thani | None | Unknown | Died early |
| 5 | Sheikh Jabor bin Mohammed Al Thani | None | 1878 | 1934 |
| 6 | Sheikh Thamir bin Mohammed Al Thani | None | Unknown | Unknown |
| 7 | Sheikha Rowda bint Mohammed Al Thani | None | Unknown | Unknown |
| 8 | Sheikha Mouza bint Mohammed Al Thani | None | Unknown | Unknown |
Death
editSheikh Mohammed died two years after abdicating from his throne in 1876. He died a natural death on 18 December 1878. As remembrance, it is a national day in Qatar.[3]
References
edit- ^ "Sheikh Mohammed Bin Thani | The Amiri Diwan".
- ^ Al-Ali, Khalid bin Ghanem (2024). الُهَُوِّيَة الَوَطنّيّة الَقَطرّيّة [Qatari National Identity] (PDF) (in Arabic). Ministry of Culture (Qatar). pp. 64–65.
- ^ a b c d e f "Shaikh Mohamed Bin Thani - Amiri Diwan". Amiri Diwan. Retrieved 7 March 2018.
- ^ Abū Nāb, Ibrāhīm (1977). Qatar: A Story of State Building. p. 85.
- ^ Al-Ali, Khalid bin Ghanem (2024). الُهَُوِّيَة الَوَطنّيّة الَقَطرّيّة [Qatari National Identity] (PDF) (in Arabic). Ministry of Culture (Qatar). p. 50.
- ^ Al-Ali, Khalid bin Ghanem (2024). الُهَُوِّيَة الَوَطنّيّة الَقَطرّيّة [Qatari National Identity] (PDF) (in Arabic). Ministry of Culture (Qatar). p. 53.
- ^ Rahman, Habibur (2006). The Emergence Of Qatar. Routledge. p. 65. ISBN 978-0710312136.
- ^ Al-Ali, Khalid bin Ghanem (2024). الُهَُوِّيَة الَوَطنّيّة الَقَطرّيّة [Qatari National Identity] (PDF) (in Arabic). Ministry of Culture (Qatar). p. 60.
- ^ Rahman, Habibur (2006). The Emergence Of Qatar. Routledge. p. 66. ISBN 978-0710312136.
- ^ Rahman, Habibur (2006). The Emergence Of Qatar. Routledge. p. 69. ISBN 978-0710312136.
- ^ Al-Ali, Khalid bin Ghanem (2024). الُهَُوِّيَة الَوَطنّيّة الَقَطرّيّة [Qatari National Identity] (PDF) (in Arabic). Ministry of Culture (Qatar). pp. 64–65.