Moisture vapor transmission rate (MVTR), also water vapor transmission rate (WVTR), is a measure of the passage of water vapor through a substance. It is a measure of the permeability for vapor barriers.
There are many industries where moisture control is critical. Moisture sensitive foods and pharmaceuticals are put in packaging with controlled MVTR to achieve the required quality, safety, and shelf life. In clothing, MVTR as a measure of breathability has contributed to greater comfort for wearers of clothing for outdoor activity. The building materials industry also manages the moisture barrier properties in architectural components to ensure the correct moisture levels in the internal spaces of buildings. Optoelectronic devices based on organic material, generally named OLEDs, need an encapsulation with low values of WVTR to guarantee the same performances over the lifetime of the device.
MVTR generally decreases with increasing thickness of the film/barrier, and increases with increasing temperature.
Measurement
editThere are various techniques to measure MVTR, ranging from gravimetric techniques that measure the gain or loss of moisture by mass, to highly sophisticated instrumental techniques that in some designs can measure extremely low transmission rates. Special care has to be taken in measuring porous substances such as fabrics, as some techniques are not appropriate. For very low levels, many techniques do not have adequate resolution. Numerous standard methods are described in ISO, ASTM, BS, DIN etc.—these are quite often industry-specific. Instrument manufacturers are often able to provide test methods developed to fully exploit the specific design which they are selling. The search for the most appropriate instrument is a zealous task which is in itself part of the measurement.[1]
The conditions under which the measurement is made has a considerable influence on the result. Both the temperature and humidity gradients across the sample need to be measured, controlled and recorded with the result, and the thickness of the sample should be the same. An MVTR result without specifying these conditions is almost meaningless. Certainly no two results should be compared unless the conditions are known. For example, the effect of temperature on the permeability can be as high as 10% per °C, making it possible that MVTR results achieved at 23°C and 37°C can differ by a factor 4.
The most common international unit for the MVTR is g/m2/day. In the USA, g/100in2/day is also in use, which is 0.064516 (approximately 1/15) of the value of g/m2/day units. Typical rates in aluminium foil laminates may be as low as 0.001 g/m2/day, whereas the rate in fabrics can measure up to several thousand g/m2/day.[citation needed]
Often, barrier testing is conducted on a sheet of material. Calculations based on that can be useful when designing completed structures, clothing, and packages. Seams, creases, access points, and heat seals are critical to end-use performance. For example, the glass of a bottle may have an effective total barrier, but the screw cap closure and the closure liner might not. Performance verification and validation of complete containers, structures, or irregular objects is often recommended.
For the special case of OLEDs, where the levels of allowed permeation are in the 10−6 g/m2/day level [2] ,[3] the methods preferred exploit an oxidation of a metal upon the exposure to water [4] .[5]
See also
editFurther reading
edit- Bell, L.N., and Labuza, T.P. 2000. "Practical Aspects of Moisture Sorption Isotherm Measurement and Use". 2nd Edition AACC Egan Press, Egan, MN
- Yam, K.L., "Encyclopedia of Packaging Technology", John Wiley & Sons, 2009, ISBN 978-0-470-08704-6
- Massey, L K, "Permeability Properties of Plastics and Elastomers", 2003, Andrew Publishing, ISBN 978-1-884207-97-6
USP Regulatory Standards
editFor drugs sold in the United States, the U.S. Pharmacopeia (USP) defines standards for moisture transmission of drug packaging.
- USP <671>
ASTM Standards
edit- ASTM D1434 - Standard Test Method for Determining Gas Permeability Characteristics of Plastic Film and Sheeting
- ASTM D3079 - Standard Test Method for Water Vapor Transmission of Flexible Heat-Sealed Packages for Dry Products
- ASTM D4279 - Standard Test Methods for Water Vapor Transmission of Shipping Containers-Constant and Cycle Methods
- ASTM D7709[6] - Standard Test Methods for Measuring Water Vapor Transmission Rate (WVTR) of Pharmaceutical Bottles and Blisters
- ASTM E96 - Standard Test Methods for Water Vapor Transmission of Materials
- ASTM E398 - Standard Test Method for Water Vapor Transmission Rate of Sheet Materials Using Dynamic Relative Humidity Measurement
- ASTM F1249 - Standard Test Method for Water Vapor Transmission Rate Through Plastic Film and Sheeting Using a Modulated Infrared Sensor
- ASTM F2298- Standard Test Methods for Water Vapor Diffusion Resistance and Air Flow Resistance of Clothing Materials Using the Dynamic Moisture Permeation Cell
References
edit- ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-04-13. Retrieved 2014-04-10.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link), Water Vapor Permeation Testing of Ultra-Barriers: Limitations of Current Methods and Advancements Resulting in Increased Sensitivity, M. Stevens et Al. - ^ [1], "Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE) MEDIA RELEASE, 29 April 2008, Singapore research produces world's best protection from moisture and oxygen"
- ^ [2], Water Vapour Transmission Rate Measurements, 1 June 2011
- ^ [3][permanent dead link], G. Nisato, Permeation Methods, Deliverable D5b FLEXled-phr-0209-009/Public Report, September 2002, [dead link]
- ^ [4] Archived 2014-04-13 at the Wayback Machine, Electrical Calcium Test for Measuring Barrier Permeability, National Renewable Energy Laboratory
- ^ "ASTM D7709 - 12(2017) Standard Test Methods for Measuring Water Vapor Transmission Rate (WVTR) of Pharmaceutical Bottles and Blisters".