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Muthuswami Dikshitar

Muthuswami Dikshitar (Mudduswamy Dikshitar)[1] (IAST: muttusvāmi dīkṣitar, 24 March 1776 – 21 October 1835), mononymously Dikshitar,[a] was a South Indian poet, singer and veena player, and a composer of Indian classical music, who is considered one of the musical trinity of Carnatic music. Muthuswami Dikshitar was born on 24 March 1776 in Tiruvarur near Thanjavur, in what is now the state of Tamil Nadu in India, to a family that is traditionally traced back to Virinichipuram in the northern boundaries of the state.[3]

Muthuswami Dikshitar (Mudduswamy Dikshitar)[1]
Born(1776-03-24)24 March 1776
Thiruvarur,[2] Thanjavur Maratha kingdom
Died21 October 1835(1835-10-21) (aged 60)
Ettayapuram, India
Other namesGuruguha
Occupation(s)Carnatic music composer, Vainika
FatherRamaswami Dikshitar

His compositions, of which around 500 are known and are noted for their elaborate, poetic descriptions of Hindu gods / temples and for capturing the essence of the raga forms through the vainika (veena) style that emphasises gamakas. They are in a slower speed (chowka kala). He is also known by his signature name of Guruguha which is also his mudra (and can be found in each of his songs). His compositions are sung and played in classical concerts of Carnatic music.

The musical trinity consists of Dikshitar, Tyagaraja (1767–1847), and Syama Sastri (1762–1827). However, unlike the Telugu compositions of the others, his compositions are predominantly in Sanskrit. He also composed some of his kritis in Manipravalam (a combination of the Sanskrit and Tamil languages).

There are two schools of thought regarding the pronunciation of his name. The name is pronounced as 'Muthuswamy Dikshitar'. Muthuswami is a common Tamil name (Mutu translates to pearl in Tamil, cognate to Mutya in Sanskrit) and is derived from Selvamuthukumaraswamy, a deity of the famed Vaideeswaran temple in Myladuthurai. However, T K Govinda Rao explains in Compositions of Mudduswamy Dikshitar[1] that "the word Muddayya is an epithet of Kumaraswami or Guha. Further, in the original Telugu publication of Sangita Sampradaya Pradarshini (1904) Sri Subbarama Dikshitar mentions his name as Mudduswamy. Also, in the known composition of Dikshitar, "Bhajare re Chitha"[4] in raga Kalyani, the "mudra" or signature of the composer appears in the text as "Guruguha Roopa Muddu Kumara Jananeem".

Early life

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Muthuswami Dikshitar was born in a Brahmin family[5] on 24 March, 1776,[6] in Tiruvarur near Thanjavur in what is now the state of Tamil Nadu in India. He was the eldest son of the composer, Ramaswami Dikshitar who instructed in a number of subjects including the vedas, poetry, music, and astronomy.[7] Muthuswami had two brothers, Chinnaswami (Cinnasvāmi) and Balaswami (Bālāsvāmi),[b] and a sister, Balāmba.[8] Muthuswami's father, Ramaswami Dikshitar, born circa 1735, from an Auttara Vadama family in Virinchipuram, had moved South due to the politically troubled environment around Kanchipuram and Virinchipuram at that time. Ramaswamy Dikshithar trained in the veena under Venkata Vaidyanatha Dikshitar, who belonged to the lineage of Govinda Dikshitar and Venkatamakhin and this is evident in Muthuswami's works which follow the Venkatamakhin raga system.

Muthuswami moved to the town of Manali, near Madras (now Chennai) at the behest of Venkatakrishna Mudaliar, a local zamindar. The Dikshitar brothers accompanied the zamindar to Fort St. George nearby where they were introduced to Western orchestral music and the violin. An ascetic named Chidambaranatha Yogi then took Muthuswami under his wing and away to the city of Benares (now Varanasi in Uttar Pradesh). There he was instructed in music, esoterics, philosophy, and yoga. He was also exposed to Hindustani classical music, particularly the Dhrupad style, which, according to some scholars, would influence his later compositions.[c][7]

Upon the death of Chidamabaranatha Yogi, Dikshitar returned South from Benares and moved to the town of Tiruttani near Tirupati.[7]

Career

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According to legend, Murugan, the deity of the temple at Tirutani, placed a piece of sugar candy in Dikshitar's mouth and commanded him to sing. This marked the beginning of his career in music and also led to him adopting the mudra, Guruguha, one of the many names of Murugan.[9] His first composition was Śrināthādi guruguho jayati jayati in the raga Maya Malavagaula and Adi tala.[7]

The song addressed the Lord (and/or the guru) in the first declension (Vibhakthi) in Sanskrit. Dikshitar later composed kritis in all the eight declensions on the Lord. These are with epithets glorifying Muruga in the ascetic/preceptor form and have few references to the deity in the saguna form, as at Thiruthani.[10]

He then went on a pilgrimage visiting and composing at the temples at Kanchi, Tiruvannamalai, Chidambaram, Tirupathi and Kalahasthi, Srirangam, before returning to Tiruvarur.

Muthuswami Dikshitar attained proficiency over the veena, and the influence of veena playing is evident in his compositions, particularly the gamakas. In his kriti Balagopala, he introduces himself as a vainika ga¯yaka, "a player of the veena".[11] He experimented with the violin, and among his disciples, Vadivelu of the Thanjavur Quartet, and his brother Balaswami Dikshitar pioneered the use of violin in Carnatic music, now an integral part of most Carnatic ensembles.

On his return to Tiruvarur, he composed on every deity in the Tiruvarur temple complex including Tyagaraja (an amsham of Lord Shiva), the presiding deity, Nilotpalambal, his consort, and the Goddess Kamalambal an independent deity of high tantric significance in the same temple complex. This is when he composed the famous Kamalamba Navavarna kritis, filled with exemplary sahityas on the deities of the Sri Chakra which proved to be the showcase of his compositions. These navavaranams were in all the eight declensions of the Sanskrit language and are sung as a highlight of Guruguha Jayanti celebrated every year. He continued to display his prowess by composing the Navagraha Kritis in praise of the nine planets. The sahitya of the songs reflect a profound knowledge of the Mantra and Jyotisha sastras. The Nilotpalamba Kritis is another classic set of compositions which revived dying ragas like Narayanagaula, Purvagaula, and Chayagaula.[12]

Death and legacy

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Subbarama Dikshitar (1839–1906)[13]

Muthuswami Dikshitar died on 21 October 1835 at Ettayapuram. He had no children. A samadhi was erected at Ettayapuram in his memory and attracts musicians and admirers of his art.[7]

Muthuswami Dikshitar's brothers Chinnaswami (1778–c. 1823) and Balaswami Dikshitar (1786–1858) were also noted musicians. Chinnaswami composed some kritis[14] while Balaswami adapted and pioneered the use of the Western violin in Carnatic music. The two of them were primarily vocalists and performed together as a duo singing Muthuswami's compositions. Balaswami's grandson[d] was the composer and scholar, Subbarama Dikshitar (1839–1906).[8][15] In his Sangeeta Sampradaya Pradarshini (IAST: Saṅgīta sampradāya pradarśini), Subbarama records 229 of Muthuswami Dikshitar's kritis.[16]

Dikshitar's disciples included a number of artists who carried forward his tradition. They included the Tanjore quartet brothers, Ponnayya Pillai, Vadivelu, Chinnayya and Sivanandam, the mridangam player Tambiyappa, the veena player Venkatarama Ayyar of Avudayarkoil, Tiruvarur Kamalam, Vallalarkoil Ammani, Kornad Ramaswamy, Tirukkadeyur Bharati, Thevvoor Subrahmania Ayyar, and the son of his Shyama Shastri, Subbaraya Shastri.[7]

With the creativity and spiritual value embedded in his compositions, Dikshitar is considered one of the Trinity of Carnatic music alongside his two contemporaries from Tiruvarur, Tyagaraja and Shyama Shastri.[9][17] The Carnatic musician M Balamuralikrishna had composed a song in his honour in the raga Sucharitra, 'Cintayāmi Satatam Śrī Mudduswāmi Dīkṣitam'.[18]

Compositions

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Main article: List of compositions by Muthuswami Dikshitar

His total compositions are about 450 to 500, most of which are sung by musicians today in Carnatic music concerts. Most of his compositions are in Sanskrit and in the Krithi form, i.e., poetry set to music. Muthuswami Dikshitar travelled to many holy shrines throughout his life, and composed krithis on the deities and temples he visited. Dikshitar is considered to have composed on the wide range of deities for any composer.[citation needed]

Each of his compositions are well crafted. The compositions are known for the depth and soulfulness of the melody — his visions of some of the ragas are still the final word on their structure. His Sanskrit lyrics are in praise of the temple deity, but Muthuswami introduces the Advaita thought into his songs, resolving the inherent relationship between Advaita philosophy and polytheistic worship. His songs also contain information about the history of the temple, and its background, thus preserving many customs followed in these old shrines. Another feature in his compositions are the proficient rhyming of lines in the lyrics.

Muthuswami also undertook the project of composing in all the 72 Melakartha ragas, (in his Asampurna Mela scheme) thereby providing a musical example for many rare and lost ragas.[19] Also, he was the pioneer in composing samashti charanam krithis (songs in which the main stanza or pallavi is followed by only one stanza, unlike the conventional two).[20][unreliable source?] Dikshitar was a master of tala and is the only composer to have kritis in all the seven basic talas of the Carnatic scheme. Dikshitar shows his skill in Sanskrit by composing in all the eight declensions.

Muthuswami Dikshitar composed many kritis in groups. Vatapi Ganapatim is regarded his best-known work.[citation needed]

Shri Nilotpala Nayike, in the raga Reethigowlai. A composition by Muthuswamy Dikshitar. The rendition was part of the Smt Kalpakam Swaminathan memorial concert at Naada Inbam, Chennai.

Muthuswami Dikshitar composed one song (Shri Kantimatim Shankara Yuvatim Shri Guruguhajananim Vandeham. Samashti Charanam Hrîmkâra Bîjâkâra vadanâm Hiranya manimaya Shôbhâ Sadanâm) on the Nellaiappar Temple goddess Kanthimathi Amman. This song is considered to be a song set in the rare raga.[21] He is also said to have composed a Rama Ashtapathi along with Upanishad Brahmendral at Kanchipuram. This work has been lost.[citation needed]

At a young age, Dikshitar was also exposed to the music of the Western bands at Fort St. George. At a later stage, Dikshitar composed some forty songs to several (mostly western folk) tunes loosely adopted to ragas such as Shankarabharanam. This corpus is now known as nottusvara sahitya (etym. nottusvara = "notes" swara). The influence of Celtic and Baroque styles in these compositions is evident (e.g., Sakthi Sahitha Ganapatim,[22][unreliable source?] to the tune of voulez-vous dancer,[23] Varashiva Balam). There is an erroneous belief that these were composed at the behest of CP Brown, the Collector of Cuddappah. This is not possible as the two could have never met. Muthuswami Diskhitar had left Madras by 1799.[24][full citation needed] Brown came to Madras only in 1817, learned Telugu in 1820 and moved to Cuddappah the same year.


The Dikshitars Sri-vidyA upAsana and his many navAvaranas

No discussion of the Dikshitar can ignore his Sri-vidyA upAsana and his navAvarana pujA.

Indeed, the navAvarana structure is NOT confined to the kamalAmbA dEvi.

The Sri-vidyA upAsana is also not limited by grammar/vibhakti sets.

It has been found that the navAvarana structure exists for multiple other deities. See details in the references for the navAvarana sets listed/linked below.

In fact, the rAgas chosen are related by their word names to the Cakra and the rAga/Cakra mudra is embedded in direct or indirect form which is another mark of the Dikshitar.

In all cases, the complete set of 9 kritis form the composite navAvarana.

dhyAna and mangala kritis exist for some of the navAvarana sets such as tiruttani guruguha and kamalAmbA.

The tiruttani guruguha navAvarana (with dhyAna and mangala kritis)

Most importantly, the Dikshitar gives the words “bhupurAdi navAvaranasya” in the very first Cakra kriti in rAga purvi to this important deity of tiruttani kSEtra

The Cakra names are given (note there are 2 separate ways the Cakras are named, each of the 2 sets is shown)

1.     Sri guruguhasya dAsOham  – Cakra 1 purvi trailOkya mOhana - bhu-purA

2.     Sri nAthAdi guruguhO -Cakra 2 mAyAmAlavagaula sarvAshA paripura- SOdaSadala

3.     mAnasa guruguha - Cakra 3 Anandabhairavi  sarva-samkSObhana-aSta dala padma

4.     guruguhAya bhaktAnugrahAya – Cakra 4  sAma  sarva-saubhAgya dAyaka-CaturdaSa

5.     Sri guruguha murttE – Cakra 5 udaya-raviCandrika  sarva-Artha sAdhaka- bahir-daSa

6.     gurumurtE bahukirtE – Cakra 6 SankarAbharanam    sarva-rakSAkara -  antara-daSa

7.     Sri gurunA pAlitOsmi – Cakra 7 pAdi sarva-rOga harana-   aStara

8.     Sri guruguha swAmini  - Cakra 8 bhAnumati  sarva-siddhi pradAya -  trikOna

9.     guruguhAdanyam – Cakra 9 balahamsa  sarva-Anandamaya -   bindu

dhyAna kriti

Saravana bhava guruguham – rEvagupti

mangala kriti

Sri guruguha tArayASumAm – dEvakriya

The bAlAmbikA navAvarana at vaidyanAtha kSEtra = vaithiSwaran kOvil

1. bAlAmbikayA katAkSitOham Cakra 1 SrIranjani

2. gIticakrarathasthitAyai Cakra 2 kannada

3. gAnalOlE bAlE Cakra 3 nAgavarALi

4. bAlAmbikAyai namastE Cakra 4 nATakuraNji

5. bAlAmbikE pAhi Cakra 5 manOranjani

6. bAlAmbikAyAH: Cakra 6 kEdAragauLa

7. bAlAmbikAyAh param nahirE Cakra 7 kAnada

8. navaratnamAlinIm Cakra 8 gamakakriya

9. bhajarE rE citta bAlAmbikAm Cakra 9 kalyAni


The abhayAmbA navAvarana at mAyavaram kSEtra = mAyilAduturai

1.  abhayAmbikAyAh anyam na jAne     Cakra 1                kEdAra-gaulA

2. abhayAmbA jagadAmbA                        Cakra 2                kalyAni

3. girijayA ajayA abhayAmbikayA            Cakra 3                SankarAbharanam

4. abhayAmbikAyai aSwArudhAyai        Cakra 4                yadukula kAmbOji

5. Aryam AbhayAmbAm bhajare             Cakra 5                bhaIravi

6. dAkSAyani abhayAmbikE                      Cakra 6                tOdi

7. abhayAmbikAyAm bhaktim                  Cakra 7                SahAna

8. ambikAyAh abhayAmbikAyA               Cakra 8                kEdAram

9. sadASraye abhayAmbikE                      Cakra 9                Camaram

In tandem with the abhayAmbA navAvarana the Dikshitar propitiates the mayuranAtha (consort of abhayAmbA)  with a special set of 5 kritis.

The five kritis each carries the mudra (embedded signature) of a fundamental element = bhUta

The mayuranAtha panCa bhUta kritis at mAyavaram kSEtra

                                                                rAga                           bhUta

1. mAyUranAtham aniSam                    dhanyAsi                  prthvi

2. tArakESvara dayAnidhE                  SankarAbharana       jala

3. abhayAmbA nAyaka varadAyaka   kEdAragaula            vAyu

4. abhayAmbA nAyaka harisAyaka     Ananda Bhairavi    agni

5. gaurISAya namastE                        Arabhi                      AkASa

references

tiruttani guruguha navAvarana

rasikas.org/forums/Vaggeyakaras – 31 Aug. 2021

bAlAmbikA navAvarana

rasikas.org/forums/Vaggeyakaras – 6 Feb. 2023

abhayAmbA navAvarana

rasikas.org/forums/Vaggeyakaras – 13 Aug, 2021

mayuranAtha panCa bhUta set of 5 kritis

rasikas.org/forums/Vaggeyakaras – 19 Dec. 2022

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ The -r suffix is a Tamil honorific.
  2. ^ He is also named Baluswami in some sources.
  3. ^ Those holding this view list works such as Rangapura vihāra and Śri saundara rājam (both in Vrindāvani Sārang), Śri Satyanārāyaṇam and Paśupatīśwaram (Śubha Pantuvarāḷi), Jamboopaté pāhimām (Yamuna Kalyāṇi), etc. in support of their position.
  4. ^ Sources differ on their exact relationship. Balaswami is stated to have adopted Subbarama as his son. He is also named as his grandson presumably due to the difference in their ages.

References

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  1. ^ a b c Rao T K, Govinda (1997). Compositions of Mudduswamy Dikshitar (2nd ed.). Ganamandir Publication. p. Page VIII (Introduction). ISBN 0-965 1871-2-8.
  2. ^ "Thiruvaiyaru Thyagaraja Aradhana". Archived from the original on 14 January 2016. Retrieved 15 November 2015.
  3. ^ "Muttuswami Dikshitar and the British Raj". The Hindu.
  4. ^ "Carnatic Songs - bhajarE rE ciththa cittha chittha". www.karnatikaku.com. Retrieved 19 January 2023.
  5. ^ "Muthuswami Deekshitar Day at Ganabharathi on Nov. 25". Star of Mysore. 24 November 2017. Retrieved 22 January 2022.
  6. ^ "Sri Muthuswami Dikshitar: composer per excellence". INDIAN CULTURE. Retrieved 11 December 2021.
  7. ^ a b c d e f OEMI:MD.
  8. ^ a b OEMI:DMF.
  9. ^ a b Ramaswamy 2007, Muthusvami Dikshitar, p. 236.
  10. ^ "Songs, moving and intellectual". The Hindu. Chennai, India. 1 December 2007. Archived from the original on 4 December 2007.
  11. ^ Pesch 2006, Dīkshitar, Muttusvāmi, p. 337.
  12. ^ "A peek at Dikshitar's philosophy". The Hindu. 14 March 2013. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 19 January 2023.
  13. ^ "Sangita Sampradaya Pradarsini (PDF)". ibiblio.org. Retrieved 20 September 2018.
  14. ^ OEMI:CD.
  15. ^ OEMI:BD.
  16. ^ OEMI:SSP.
  17. ^ Peterson 1986, p. 184.
  18. ^ Ragde, Lakshman. "Carnatic Songs - cintayAmi satatam". karnATik. Retrieved 7 January 2023.
  19. ^ Gopal, Madan (1990). K.S. Gautam (ed.). India through the ages. Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India. pp. 218–9.
  20. ^ About Indian Music. Aboutindianmusic.blogspot.com (26 February 2004). Retrieved on 2018-12-13.
  21. ^ Rare kriti on a famous temple – Tirunelveli. The Hindu (26 December 2014). Retrieved on 2018-12-13.
  22. ^ Video on YouTube
  23. ^ Durga, S.A.K. "Homage to the Great Composer – SRI MUTHUSWAMI DIKSHITAR". Chennai Online. Archived from the original on 12 December 2009. Retrieved 4 July 2010.
  24. ^ Raghavan's monograph published by the NCPA.

Sources

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