Neotantra

Neotantra, navatantra (Sanskrit: नव, nava 'new'), or tantric sexuality is a Western new religious movement influenced by the Eastern esoteric spiritual traditions of Tantra. Rooted in elements of Hindu and Buddhist tantras, neotantra blends New Age interpretations with modern Western perspectives, often emphasizing the sexual aspects of these ancient traditions. While some proponents reference traditional texts and principles,^[1]^[2] many utilize tantra as a broader term encompassing sacred sexuality, occasionally incorporating unconventional practices. However, neotantra does not always adhere to the complete range of Indian tantric practices, particularly the reliance on a guru.

The perception of Tantra in the West has evolved, deviating from its original traditions. Initially seen as a "cult of ecstasy",^[3] it has come to be associated with "spiritual sex" or "sacred sexuality",^[3] wherein sexual experiences are considered sacred acts capable of elevating participants spiritually. This shift in understanding has grown alongside the increased interest in Tantra in Western culture, often emphasizing its sexual components. Key figures such as Sir John George Woodroffe, Pierre Bernard, and Bhagwan Shree Rajneesh have played pivotal roles in popularizing these ideas. Criticisms and debates exist, with some scholars highlighting the potential for misinterpretation and the blending of Tantric principles with Western attitudes towards pleasure and spirituality. Despite these debates, neotantra continues to evolve, creatively integrating aspects of Buddhism, Hinduism, and Western culture.

History

Practitioners

Sir John George Woodroffe, also known by his pseudonym Arthur Avalon, was a British Orientalist whose work helped to unleash in the West a deep and wide interest in Hindu philosophy and Yogic practices. Alongside his judicial duties he studied Sanskrit and Hindu philosophy and was especially interested in Hindu Tantra. He translated some twenty original Sanskrit texts and published and lectured prolifically on Indian philosophy and a wide range of Yoga and Solo Tantra topics.^[4] Woodroffe's The Serpent Power – The Secrets of Tantric and Shaktic Yoga, is a source for many modern Western adaptations of Kundalini yoga practice. It is a philosophically sophisticated commentary on, and translation of, the Satcakra-nirupana ("Description of and Investigation into the Six Bodily Centres") of Purnananda (dated around AD 1550) and the Paduka-Pancaka ("Five-fold Footstool of the Guru"). The term "Serpent Power" refers to the kundalini, an energy said to be released within an individual by meditation techniques.^[5]

Pierre Bernard was a pioneering American yogi, scholar, occultist, philosopher, mystic, and businessman. He claimed to have traveled to Kashmir and Bengal before founding the Tantrik Order of America in 1905.^[6] He eventually expanded to a chain of tantric clinics in places such as Cleveland, Philadelphia, Chicago, and New York City. Bernard is widely credited with being the first American to introduce the philosophy and practices of yoga and tantra to the American people.^[6] Many teachers of this version of tantra believe that sex and sexual experiences are sacred acts, which are capable of elevating their participants to a higher spiritual plane.^[7] They often talk about raising Kundalini energy,^[8]^[9] worshiping the divine feminine and the divine masculine, activating the chakras.^[10]

Guru Bhagwan Shree Rajneesh, later known as Osho, used his version of tantra in combination with breathing techniques, bio-energy, yoga, and massage in some of the groups at his ashram. He is the author of many books on meditation, taoism, buddhism, and mysticism, and at least six on tantra. One of them is Tantra, The Supreme Understanding, in which he unpacks the verses of the "Song of Mahamudra", by Tilopa. In addition out of his discourses on the Vigyan Bhiarav (or Vijnaya-bhairava), the 112 practices for enlightenment resulted in the much longer The Book of Secrets.^[11]

Criticisms

Georg Feuerstein, a German Indologist who also trained in tantra, writes in the epilogue of his book Tantra: Path of Ecstasy:

Many are attracted to Neo-Tantrism because it promises sexual excitement or fulfillment while clothing purely genital impulses or neurotic emotional needs in an aura of spirituality. If we knew more about the history of Tantra in India, we would no doubt find a comparable situation for every generation." He goes on to say, "Today translations of several major Tantras are readily available in book form... This gives would-be Tantrics the opportunity to concoct their own idiosyncratic ceremonies and philosophies, which they can then promote as Tantra.^[12]

Responding to criticism of modern Western Tantra, Geoffrey Samuel, a historian of Indian and Tibetan Tantra writes:

'Tantra' as a modern Western sexual and spiritual practice, however complex and contested its origins in Asia, was and is more than a fringe phenomenon of the 1960s and 1970s counterculture. On the contrary, it took up themes of considerable depth and significance within Western culture, and synthesized them creatively with borrowings from Buddhist and Hindu sources. Its slow but steady growth since the 1970s suggests that its potential has not yet been exhausted, and I would contend that to dismiss it as an empty and superficial expression of the “spiritual logic of late capitalism” is to miss the possibility of a development of real value.^[13]

According to author and critic of religion and politics Hugh Urban:

Since at least the time of Agehananda Bharati, most Western scholars have been severely critical of these new forms of pop Tantra. This "California Tantra" as Georg Feuerstein calls it, is "based on a profound misunderstanding of the Tantric path. Their main error is to confuse Tantric bliss [...] with ordinary orgasmic pleasure".^[3]

Urban says he does not consider this wrong or false, but "simply a different interpretation for a specific historical situation."^[3]

References

Citations

^ Odier 2004, p. ^{[page needed]}.
^ Singh 1991, p. ^{[page needed]}.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Urban 2003, pp. 204–205.
^ Mahadevan 1974, p. iii.
^ Woodroffe 1974, p. 313.
^ ^a ^b Stirling 2006, p. 7.
^ Stubbs 1992, p. ^{[page needed]}.
^ White 1979, pp. 27–47.
^ Frost & Frost 1989, p. ^{[page needed]}.
^ Saraswati & Avinasha 1987, pp. 77–90.
^ Osho 1998, p. ^{[page needed]}.
^ Feuerstein 1998, p. 271.
^ Samuel 2017, p. 360.

Works cited

Feuerstein, Georg (1998). Tantra: The Path of Ecstasy. Boston: Shambhala.
Frost, Gavin; Frost, Yvonne (1989). Tantric Yoga: The Royal Path to Raising Kundalini Power. Samuel Weiser.
Mahadevan, T. M. P. (1974). "Foreword". In Avalon, Arthur (ed.). Garland of Letters (6th ed.). Ganesh and Company Madras.
Odier, Daniel (2004). Yoga Spandakarika: The Sacred Texts at the Origins of Tantra.
Osho (1998). The Book of Secrets: Keys to Love and Meditation. St. Martin's Press. ISBN 978-0312180584.
Samuel, Geoffrey (2017). Tantric Revisionings, New Understandings of Tibetan Buddhism and Indian Religion. Routledge. ISBN 978-1138264847.
Saraswati, Sunyata; Avinasha, Bodhi (1987). Jewel in the Lotus: The Sexual Path to Higher Consciousness. Kriya Jyoti Tantra Society.
Singh, Jaideva (1991). The Yoga of Delight, Wonder, and Astonishment, A Translation of the Vijnaya-bhairava. Motilal Banarsidass.
Stirling, Isabel (2006). Zen Pioneer: The Life & Works of Ruth Fuller Sasaki. Counterpoint. ISBN 978-1593761707.
Stubbs, Kenneth Ray (1992). Sacred Orgasms.
Urban, Hugh (2003). Tantra: Sex, Secrecy Politics, and Power in the Study of Religions. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-23062-0. OCLC 56028449.
White, John, ed. (1979). Kundalini: Evolution and Enlightenment. Paragon House.
Woodroffe, Sir John (1974). The Serets of Tantric and Shaktic Yoga. New York: Dover Publications.