Committees of the New Zealand House of Representatives are subsets of the New Zealand House of Representatives which deal with specific tasks delegated to them by the House. The functions of committees include scrutinising draft legislation (bills), conducting inquiries into subjects within their expertise, receiving public comment on matters before them, and overseeing the operation of the public service (including, for some committees, the operation of Parliament).[1]
Most parliamentary committees are composed of between five and twelve members of Parliament. These are known as select committees. In addition, a committee of the whole House, comprising all members, conducts detailed scrutiny of draft legislation. For more information, see New Zealand House of Representatives committees § Committee of the whole House.
Select committees
editSince the 1960s select committees have taken an increasingly powerful role, dealing with more bills. From the 1970s they became more open to the public and the media, and from 1979 they handled nearly all legislation.[2] The present system, with permanent committees for designated subject matters, was implemented in 1985, in order to promote accountability and a greater separation of Parliament from government.[2] The strengthening of the committee system was in response to concerns that legislation was being forced through, without receiving due examination and revision. Today, public meetings of select committees are livestreamed online.
Each new Parliament appoints a number of select committees, which remain largely unchanged between parliaments. Committees for the 54rd Parliament are established by Standing Order 185.[3] If a bill passes its first reading, it is referred to a select committee for scrutiny. Which committee receives the bill is determined by the member responsible for the bill, subject to the agreement of the House, and the referral motion is not a debatable motion in the House.[4] By default, committees have six months to consider legislation although this can be varied on a case-by-case basis.
Committees can call for submissions from the public, thereby meaning that there is a degree of public consultation before a parliamentary bill proceeds into law. They may recommend amendments to a bill and they may recommend bills are divided into two or more bills. Committees may ask other committees for their opinion on legislation. Committees' recommendations on bills are reported back to the House and voted on at the bill's second reading.[5] The version of the bill approved by the select committee is then scrutinised by the committee of the whole House.
Select committees are sometimes referred to as the "engine room" of Parliament.[6][7][8] Most (but not all) committees are chaired by MPs from government parties and have government majorities. There have been calls for increased independence of select committees from the likes of former Green MP Sue Kedgley in 2012 and ACT New Zealand leader David Seymour in 2021 by providing greater opportunities for opposition chairs and opposition majorities on committees.[7][9]
Types of select committees
editThere are two main types of select committees:
- Subject committees – established to oversee government actions and policy in a specified subject area, as well as examining bills in detail. Subject committees are empowered to hold the Government to account, with ministers presenting evidence and answering questions as necessary. The committees may recommend amendments to a bill when they report back to the House and such recommendations are voted on at the second reading.[10] There are currently twelve such committees.
- Specialist committees – established to oversee the procedures of the House itself. There are currently eight such committees.
The House may also create additional select committees to conduct investigations into specific matters.[3] This may be to consider specific legislation without adding to a subject select committee's work programme (for example, the Pae Ora Legislation Committee for the Pae Ora (Healthy Futures) Bill in 2021–22), to consider legislation that spans more than one subject select committee's remit (for example, the Abortion Legislation Committee for the Abortion Legislation Bill in 2019–20), or to undertake a particular review (for example, the Epidemic Response Committee in 2020).
Of the specialist committees, the Business Committee has an important role in relation to other committees because it decides the membership of subject select committees.
Composition
editEach committee consists of between five and twelve MPs. Political parties are generally represented approximately in similar proportions as they are represented in the House as a whole.[11] Membership of committees is determined by the Business Committee at the beginning of each parliament. Attempts are made to allocate MPs into committees for subject areas those MPs have experience in. Each committee has its own chairperson and deputy chairperson who are elected by the committee. MPs may be members of more than one select committee. Cabinet ministers do not sit on committees generally, though there are some exceptions (usually for specialist committees). Some ministers outside Cabinet are required to sit on subject committees to ensure that the governing parties can fill all their allocated places.
Membership of the Business Committee itself is determined by the Speaker (who chairs) and political party leaders.
List of committees in the 54th Parliament
edit| Committee | Subject(s) | Chairperson | Government–Opposition divide |
|---|---|---|---|
| Subject Committees | |||
| Economic Development, Science and Innovation Committee | Business development, tourism, Crown minerals, commerce, consumer protection and trading standards, research, science, innovation, intellectual property, broadcasting, communications, and information technology.[12] | Parmjeet Parmar (ACT) | 4–4 |
| Education and Workforce Committee | Education, training, employment, immigration, industrial relations, health and safety, and accident compensation.[13] | Katie Nimon (National) | 5–4 |
| Environment Committee | Conservation, environment, and climate change.[14] | Hon Scott Simpson (National) | 5–4 |
| Finance and Expenditure Committee | Economic and fiscal policy, taxation, revenue, banking and finance, superannuation, insurance, Government expenditure and financial performance, and public audit.[15] | Stuart Smith (National) | 6–5 |
| Foreign Affairs, Defence and Trade Committee | Customs, defence, disarmament and arms control, foreign affairs, trade and veterans’ affairs.[16] | Tim van de Molen (National) | 4–3 |
| Governance and Administration Committee | Parliamentary and legislative services, Prime Minister and Cabinet, State services, statistics, internal affairs, civil defence and emergency management, and local government.[17] | Rachel Boyack (Labour) | 4–3 |
| Health Committee | Health.[18] | Sam Uffindell (National) | 5–4 |
| Justice Committee | Constitutional and electoral matters, human rights, justice, courts, crime and criminal law, police, corrections, and Crown legal services.[19] | James Meager (National) | 6–5 |
| Māori Affairs Committee | Māori affairs and Treaty of Waitangi negotiations.[20] | Dan Bidois (National) | 4–4 |
| Primary Production Committee | Agriculture, biosecurity, racing, fisheries, productive forestry, lands, and land information.[21] | Mark Cameron (ACT) | 4–3 |
| Social Services and Community Committee | Social development, social housing, income support, women, children, young people, seniors, Pacific peoples, ethnic communities, arts, culture and heritage, sport and recreation, voluntary sector.[22] | Joseph Mooney (National) | 5–4 |
| Transport and Infrastructure Committee | Transport, transport safety, infrastructure, energy, building and construction.[23] | Andy Foster (NZ First) | 4–3 |
| Specialist Committees | |||
| Business Committee | Each year it recommends when Parliament meets and when matters are debated (the order of business). It decides who the members of select committees are. It also determines if Parliament meets for extended periods of time (extended settings).[24] | Speaker Rt Hon Gerry Brownlee (National) | 5–4 |
| Intelligence and Security Committee | Looks at business related to New Zealand’s intelligence and security networks.[25] | Prime Minister Rt Hon Christopher Luxon (National) | 4–3 |
| Officers of Parliament Committee | Oversees the officers of Parliament and recommends persons for appointment as officers of Parliament to the House.[26] | Speaker Rt Hon Gerry Brownlee (National) | 5–4 |
| Parliament Bill Committee | This committee was established by the House to consider and report on the Parliament Bill and any associated business that may be referred to it. The Parliament Bill would consolidate and modernise the four acts that currently relate to the operation of Parliament. | Rt Hon Adrian Rurawhe (Labour) | 4–4 |
| Petitions Committee | Reviews petitions presented to parliament and actions them or forwards them to the relevant committee. | Assistant Speaker Greg O'Connor (Labour) | 2–2 |
| Privileges Committee | Focuses on the rights and freedoms that allow the House of Representatives to do its work and make laws free from outside interference.[27] | Attorney-General Hon Judith Collins (National) | 5–4 |
| Regulations Review Committee | To keep New Zealand running efficiently, law making powers are often given to bodies that are not Parliament. These bodies make rules about common things like ACC fees, industry standards and civil defence responses that can have a nationwide impact. The Committee makes sure that all these rules have been made fairly and are used consistently.[28] | Hon David Parker (Labour) | 3–2 |
| Standing Orders Committee | Reviews or considers the rules that govern how the House operates.[29] | Speaker Rt Hon Gerry Brownlee (National) | 5–4 |
Historical composition of committees
editThe following table lists the select and specialist committees of the previous, and their respective chairs and membership breakdown.
53rd Parliament
editBolded and italicized denotes a temporary committee established uniquely during the 53rd Parliament.
52nd Parliament
editBolded and italicized denotes a temporary committee established uniquely during the 52nd Parliament.
| Committee | Chairperson | Government–Opposition divide |
|---|---|---|
| Select Committees | ||
| Abortion Legislation Committee | Hon Ruth Dyson (Labour) | 4–3 |
| Epidemic Response Committee | Leader of the Opposition Hon Simon Bridges (National) | 5–6 |
| Economic Development, Science and Innovation Committee | Jonathan Young (National) | 5–5 |
| Education and Workforce Committee | Parmjeet Parmar (National) | 6–5 |
| Environment Committee | Duncan Webb (Labour) | 5–4 |
| Finance and Expenditure Committee | Deborah Russell (Labour) | 7–6 |
| Foreign Affairs, Defence and Trade Committee | Simon O'Connor (National) | 4–4 |
| Governance and Administration Committee | Jian Yang (National) | 4–4 |
| Health Committee | Louisa Wall (Labour) | 4–4 |
| Justice Committee | Hon Meka Whaitiri (Labour) | 4–4 |
| Māori Affairs Committee | Rino Tirikatene (Labour) | 4–4 |
| Primary Production Committee | Barbara Kuriger (National) | 4–4 |
| Social Services and Community Committee | Gareth Hughes (Green Party) | 5–4 |
| Transport and Infrastructure Committee | Darroch Ball (NZ First) | 5–4 |
| Specialist Committees | ||
| Business Committee | Speaker Rt Hon Trevor Mallard (Labour) | 7–5 |
| Intelligence and Security Committee | Prime Minister Rt Hon Jacinda Ardern (Labour) | 4–3 |
| Officers of Parliament Committee | Speaker Rt Hon Trevor Mallard (Labour) | 4–2 |
| Privileges Committee | Hon David Parker (Labour) | 5–5 |
| Regulations Review Committee | Alastair Scott (National) | 3–3 |
| Standing Orders Committee | Speaker Rt Hon Trevor Mallard (Labour) | 5–5 |
Committee of the whole House
editThe procedure of legislation passing through Parliament requires the House to form itself into a "Committee of the whole House" following a second reading, allowing for the bill to be debated clause-by-clause or part-by-part by all Members. This committee sees the Deputy Speaker or Assistant Speakers presiding over it.[30]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ "About select committees". Parliament NZ. Retrieved 28 October 2017.
- ^ a b Martin, John E. (20 June 2012). "Parliament - Reform, 1980s onwards". Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Retrieved 6 May 2019.
- ^ a b Standing Orders of the New Zealand House of Representatives 2023, SO 185
- ^ Standing Orders of the New Zealand House of Representatives 2023, SO 295–298
- ^ Standing Orders of the New Zealand House of Representatives 2023, SO 299–304
- ^ "Hunt wary of reducing MPs - New Zealand News". NZ Herald. 14 December 2023. Retrieved 13 December 2023.
- ^ a b Kedgley, Sue (26 July 2012). "Select committees must be more autonomous". Stuff. Retrieved 13 December 2023.
- ^ "Extra scrutiny for Immigration". RNZ. 29 March 2023. Retrieved 13 December 2023.
- ^ Geddis, Andrew (24 May 2021). "Some thoughts on David Seymour's 'democracy policy'". The Spinoff. Retrieved 13 December 2023.
- ^ "Standing Orders 2017 by chapter: Chapter 5: Legislative procedures". New Zealand Parliament. 2017. Retrieved 2 September 2018.
- ^ Standing Orders of the New Zealand House of Representatives 2023, SO 186
- ^ "Economic Development, Science and Innovation". Parliament NZ. Retrieved 28 October 2017.
- ^ "Education and Workforce". Parliament NZ. Retrieved 28 October 2017.
- ^ "Environment". Parliament NZ. Retrieved 28 October 2017.
- ^ "Finance and Expenditure". Parliament NZ. Retrieved 28 October 2017.
- ^ "Foreign Affairs, Defence and Trade". Parliament NZ. Retrieved 28 October 2017.
- ^ "Governance and Administration". Parliament NZ. Retrieved 28 October 2017.
- ^ "Health - New Zealand Parliament". www.parliament.nz. Retrieved 13 December 2023.
- ^ "Justice". Parliament NZ. Retrieved 28 October 2017.
- ^ "Māori Affairs". Parliament NZ. Retrieved 28 October 2017.
- ^ "Primary Production". Parliament NZ. Retrieved 28 October 2017.
- ^ "Social Services and Community". Parliament NZ. Retrieved 28 October 2017.
- ^ "Transport and Infrastructure". Parliament NZ. Retrieved 28 October 2017.
- ^ "Business". Parliament NZ. Retrieved 28 October 2017.
- ^ "Intelligence and Security Committee". Parliament NZ. Retrieved 28 October 2017.
- ^ "Officers of Parliament". Parliament NZ. Retrieved 28 October 2017.
- ^ "Privileges". Parliament NZ. Retrieved 28 October 2017.
- ^ "Regulations Review". Parliament NZ. Retrieved 28 October 2017.
- ^ "Standing Orders". Parliament NZ. Retrieved 28 October 2017.
- ^ "Committee of the whole House". Parliament NZ. Retrieved 28 October 2017.
External links
edit- List of select committees – New Zealand Parliament