Nicotiana rustica, commonly known as Aztec tobacco[2] or strong tobacco,[3] is a rainforest plant in the family Solanaceae native to South America. It is a very potent variety of tobacco, containing up to nine times more nicotine than common species of Nicotiana such as Nicotiana tabacum (common tobacco).[4] More specifically, N. rustica leaves have a nicotine content as high as 9%, whereas N. tabacum leaves contain about 1 to 3%.[5] The high concentration of nicotine in its leaves makes it useful for producing pesticides,[6] and it has a wide variety of uses specific to cultures around the world. However, N. rustica is no longer cultivated in North America, (except in small quantities by certain Native American tribes) as N. tabacum has replaced it.[7]
| Nicotiana rustica | |
|---|---|
| |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Clade: | Asterids |
| Order: | Solanales |
| Family: | Solanaceae |
| Genus: | Nicotiana |
| Species: | N. rustica
|
| Binomial name | |
| Nicotiana rustica | |
Uses
editSouth America
editNicotiana rustica is called mapacho in South America. It is often used for entheogenic purposes by South American shamans,[8] because of its high nicotine content and comparatively high levels of beta-carbolines, including the harmala alkaloids harmane and norharmane.[9] There are many methods of administration in South American ethnobotanical preparations. In a preparation known as singado or singa, N. rustica is allowed to soak or be infused in water, and the water is then insufflated into the stomach. In Peru its known as "Mapacho" and smoked in pipes, the juice is also drunk. The plant is also smoked in cigars, used in enemas, and made into a lickable product known as ambil. Finally, N. rustica is a common ingredient in rapé, a smokeless tobacco product usually used as a nasal snuff. (See also Göteborgs Rapé.) Rapé is often a combination of N. rustica and a host of other herbs, depending on the intended use, including tonka beans, cinnamon, clove buds, alkaline ashes[4] (creating nu-nu), Anadenanthera, Erythroxylum, Virola, and more.[10]
Russia
editIn Russia, N. rustica is called makhorka (маxорка). Historically, makhorka was smoked mainly by the lower classes. N. rustica is a hardy plant and can be grown in most of Russia (as opposed to N. virginiana which requires a warm climate), it was more readily and cheaply available, and did not depend on transport in a country with an underdeveloped road network and climatic portage problems. This remained the case until ordinary tobacco became widely available in the 20th century. During Soviet times, rustic tobacco was an important industrial crop of agriculture. In those times, dozens of varieties were bred, some of them considered equal in quality to N. virginiana. In modern times, makhorka is still sometimes smoked by peasants and farmers due to its high availability and being almost free for them.[citation needed]
Vietnam
editThis section possibly contains original research. (October 2023) |
The plant is called Thuốc lào in Vietnam, and is most commonly smoked after a meal on a full stomach to "aid indigestion", or along with green tea or local beer (most commonly the cheap bia hơi). A "rít" of thuốc lào is followed by a flood of nicotine to the bloodstream inducing strong dizziness that lasts several seconds. Heavy cigarette smokers have had trouble with the intense volume of smoke and the high nicotine content; side effects include nausea and vomiting.
There are many "brands" of tobacco, most of which are specific to the region in which they are grown. Some of these "brands" are mellow in flavor and effect, some are more energizing, and some are known for their relaxing properties.
Water pipes can be found everywhere, and are a fixture of local tea booths, eateries, and cafes. It is common to find a table with a small box of tobacco at these establishments from which anyone can help themselves to a bowl during a tea or work break.
The main difference between smoking thuốc lào and the use of other tobaccos is in the method of consumption, in that thuốc lào is consumed with a water pipe. The smoker is presented with either a bamboo pipe called a điếu cày (English: "farmer's pipe") or a ceramic hookah called a điếu bát. It may also occasionally be smoked in a more uncommon pipe known as a điếu ống. The pipe is filled with an appropriate amount of water and a small amount of thuốc lào is pressed into the bowl.
One then ignites the tobacco and inhales to create a body of smoke inside the pipe, before exhaling the smoke, reversing the process of air in the pipe by blowing into it to pop out the tobacco. The smoker then sharply inhales, usually tilting the pipe upwards to an almost horizontal position (but not completely, as the water would drain into the mouth).
Turkey
editMaraş otu (English: Maraş weed) is a chewing variant of Nicotiana rustica commonly used by people who live in Maraş, Turkey and other areas of the country. Maraş Otu is a mixture of Oak tree ash and Nicotiana rustica that resembles henna. They use this by putting the mixture under their lips like Swedish snus or Afghan naswar. It is recognized as a drug by anti-drug activists.[11] It can contribute to mouth cancers.[12]
Sudan
editIn Sudan, this type of tobacco is called toombak (Arabic: توومباك). It has been used for over 400 years. Being smokeless tobacco, it is processed in the loose form and the ground powder is mixed with sodium bicarbonate. As such, it has a very strong pH and is highly addictive.[13]
Ecology
editNicotiana rustica serves as a larval host plant for Chrysodeixis includens[14] and Phthorimaea operculella.[15] Known pollinators of Nicotiana rustica include: Augochlorella aurata, Lasioglossum perpunctatum, Bombus impatiens, Lasioglossum tegulare, Augochlora pura, Lasioglossum michiganense, Lasioglossum versans, Bombus vagans, Halictus ligatus, Lasioglossum oblongum, Halictus rubicundus, Megachile frigida, and Sphecodes heraclei.[16]
References
edit
- ^ "Nicotiana rustica". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 2008-03-17.
- ^ NRCS. "Nicotiana rustica". PLANTS Database. United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Retrieved 20 July 2015.
- ^ BSBI List 2007 (xls). Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland. Archived from the original (xls) on 2015-06-26. Retrieved 2014-10-17.
- ^ a b Stanfill, Stephen B.; Oliveira da Silva, André Luiz; Lisko, Joseph G.; Lawler, Tameka S.; Kuklenyik, Peter; Tyx, Robert E.; Peuchen, Elizabeth H.; Richter, Patricia; Watson, Clifford H. (August 2015). "Comprehensive chemical characterization of Rapé tobacco products: Nicotine, un-ionized nicotine, tobacco-specific N′-nitrosamines, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and flavor constituents". Food and Chemical Toxicology. 82: 50–58. doi:10.1016/j.fct.2015.04.016. PMC 5704902. PMID 25934468.
- ^ Laszlo, Csaba; Kaminski, Kacper; Guan, Haifeng; Fatarova, Maria; Wei, Jianbing; Bergounioux, Alexandre; Schlage, Walter K.; Schorderet-Weber, Sandra; Guy, Philippe A.; Ivanov, Nikolai V.; Lamottke, Kai; Hoeng, Julia (2022). "Fractionation and Extraction Optimization of Potentially Valuable Compounds and Their Profiling in Six Varieties of Two Nicotiana Species". Molecules. 27 (22): 8105. doi:10.3390/molecules27228105. PMC 9694777. PMID 36432206.
- ^ Higgins, Maria (Nov 4, 2010). "Is Nicotine A Useful Pesticide?". Stanford Chemicals. Retrieved Sep 22, 2024.
- ^ Ley, Willy (December 1965). "The Healthfull Aromatick Herbe". For Your Information. Galaxy Science Fiction. pp. 88–98.
- ^ "Shamanic Tobaccos". Food of the Gods: The Search for the Original Tree of Knowledge - A Radical History of Plants, Drugs, and Human Evolution. Bantam. 1992. p. 196. ISBN 978-0-553-37130-7.
- ^ Oscar Janiger and Marlene Dobkin de Rios (1976). "Nicotiana an hallucinogen?". Economic Botany. 30 (3): 295–297. Bibcode:1976EcBot..30..295J. doi:10.1007/bf02909739. S2CID 774652.
- ^ Wilbert, J (1991). Effects of Nicotine on Biological Systems. Birkhauser Verlag. p. 11. ISBN 978-3-0348-7459-5.
- ^ "Uyuşturucu".
- ^ Idris, A.M.; Prokopczyk, B.; Hoffmann, D. (November 1994). "Toombak: A Major Risk Factor for Cancer of the Oral Cavity in Sudan". Preventive Medicine. 23 (6): 832–839. doi:10.1006/pmed.1994.1141. PMID 7855117.
- ^ Idris, A. M; Ibrahim, S. O; Vasstrand, E. N; Johannessen, A. C; Lillehaug, J. R; Magnusson, B; Wallström, M; Hirsch, J. -M; Nilsen, R (1 November 1998). "The Swedish Snus and the Sudanese Toombak: are they different?". Oral Oncology. 34 (6): 558–566. doi:10.1016/S1368-8375(98)00047-5. hdl:1956/2153. PMID 9930371.
- ^ Specht, Alexandre; de Paula-Moraes, Silvana V.; Sosa-Gómez, Daniel R. (2015). "Host plants of Chrysodeixis includens (Walker) (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae, Plusiinae)". Revista Brasileira de Entomologia. 59 (4): 343–345. Bibcode:2015RvBrE..59..343S. doi:10.1016/j.rbe.2015.09.002.
- ^ "Nicotiana rustica". www.illinoiswildflowers.info. Retrieved 7 February 2024.
- ^ Gibson, Shelby D.; Halvorson, Kennedy S.; Myers, Lisa; Colla, Sheila R. (22 December 2022). "Insect visitation and pollination of a culturally significant plant, Hopi tobacco (Nicotiana rustica)". iScience. 25 (12). Bibcode:2022iSci...25j5613G. doi:10.1016/j.isci.2022.105613. PMC 9709227. PMID 36465117.