Wikipedia

Non-consensual condom removal

Non-consensual condom removal, or "stealthing",[1] is the practice of a person removing a condom during sexual intercourse without consent, when their sex partner has only consented to condom-protected sex.[2][3] Purposefully damaging a condom before or during intercourse may also be referred to as stealthing,[4] regardless of who damaged the condom.

Victims are exposed to potential sexually transmitted infections (STIs) such as HIV/AIDS, or unwanted pregnancies.[5] Such behaviour may be therefore regarded as sexual assault or rape, and sometimes as a form of reproductive coercion.[6] As of 2020, stealthing is punishable as a form of sexual violence in some countries, such as Germany and the United Kingdom.[5]

History and practice

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In an article published in the Columbia Journal of Gender and Law, Alexandra Brodsky described victims' experiences, legal implications, and legal avenues to address non-consensual condom removal.[3][4][7] The term stealthing has been in use in the gay community to describe the criminal transmission of HIV since at least 2014.[8]

Brodsky described how the practice of stealthing is discussed, described, and advocated for on various websites and forums.[3][4][7] These forums are sometimes used to brag about committing stealthing and to share tips on how to do it.[4][9] How-to guides have been posted to social media platforms like Experience Project.[10] The practice has also been described as "a threat to [a victim's] bodily agency and as a dignitary harm", and men who do this "justify their actions as a natural male instinct".[3] Columbia Law School professor Suzanne Goldberg says that the practice of stealthing is likely not new, but its promotion on the internet among men is new.[11] Belgian journalist Heleen Debruyne emphasised in 2017 that the media should not refer to stealthing as a 'new sex trend' as if it were a harmless fad, but make clear that it is a 'form of abuse'.[12]

Teitelman et al. (2011) found that condom negotiation is often silenced by male partners in adolescent relationships, partially due to the woman's fear of her partner's response, a feeling of obligation, and a lack of knowledge or skills in negotiating condom use. To prevent this, it is important that male partners are reached with the information as to why condoms are beneficial for them as well. Forums for this outreach could include community-wide interventions fostering discussion of healthy and unhealthy relationship practices and prevention programs for HIV/AIDS and STIs. Schools can provide a safe site for prevention interventions, but high-risk adolescents who are not in school must be reached through additional means, such as in community centers or detention centers.[13]

Statistics on the prevalence of stealthing are limited.[4] However, a 2014 study by Kelly Cue Davis and colleagues reported that 9.0% of participants in their sample of young men reported having engaged in condom sabotage, which included non-consensual condom removal.[14] The National Sexual Assault Hotline reports receiving calls about stealthing.[4] A recent study from a Melbourne-based sexual health clinic asked women and men who have sex with men (MSM) attending the clinic whether they had experienced non-consensual condom removal, and analysed situational factors associated with the event. 32% of women and 19% of MSM reported having been a victim of non-consensual condom removal. Female victims of non-consensual condom removal were more likely to be a current sex worker and MSM who had experienced non-consensual condom removal were more likely to report anxiety or depression. Both female and male participants who had experienced it were three times less likely to consider it to be sexual assault than participants who had not experienced it.[15] Two other studies were recently published with U.S. samples. One study found that almost 10% of young male non-problem drinkers reported having engaged in nonconsensual condom removal since the age of 14. Men who had engaged in this behavior reported higher rates of STI diagnoses and partners with unplanned pregnancies than men who had not engaged in nonconsensual condom removal.[16] In another study of young adult women, 12% reported that they had experienced nonconsensual condom removal by a male partner, while none of the participants reported engaging in nonconsensual condom removal themselves.[17]

Brianna Chesser and April Zahra (2019) stated in Current Issues in Criminal Justice: "While the majority of complainant accounts indicate that this crime is perpetrated by men, it is also possible for a female to 'stealth' her partner and remove the condom without her partner's consent. It follows that both men and women can both be victims and perpetrators of stealthing."[2] A 2013 article in The Week speculated: "Both men and women can be perpetrators of birth control sabotage. In fact, women have often been stereotyped as purposefully trying to get pregnant against their partner's desires as a way to 'trap' a man. But the issues of reproductive coercion and birth control sabotage have recently gained more attention because of a Canadian case [R v Hutchinson[10]], in which a man poked holes in a pack of condoms so his girlfriend would get pregnant and stay with him."[18]

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In her review, Brodsky called for non-consensual condom removal to be legally considered as a kind of sexual assault, but also reviewed the difficulties in doing so: In all legal areas, breaking an agreement usually is not considered a crime, and that misrepresenting one's true intentions does not make a sexual act illegal. Thus, the most successful argument for making non-consensual condom removal punishable would be the inherent pregnancy and infection risk of unprotected intercourse.[3]

Court verdicts and laws by country

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See also: Sexual consent in law and Assange v Swedish Prosecution Authority
 
  Court decision declaring stealthing as rape or sexual assault
  Law prohibiting stealthing

Australia

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In May 2017, an Australian court case was underway regarding stealthing.[19] The president of the Law Society of New South Wales has described stealthing as sexual assault because it changes the terms of consent.[20][6]

  • Australian Capital Territory: In October 2021, the Australian Capital Territory criminalized stealthing by amending current consent provisions under the territory's Crimes Act to state that a person's consent is negated if it is caused by the intentional misrepresentation by the other person about the use of a condom.[21] This was the result of an April 2020 proposal by assembly member Elizabeth Lee.[22][23]
  • On 6 September 2022, a law received royal assent in state of Victoria outlawing non-consensual condom removal.[24] The law entered into effect in 2023.[25]
  • On 6 June 2022, a law went into effect in state of Tasmania outlawing non-consensual condom removal.[26]
  • In June 2022, a law went into effect in state of New South Wales outlawing non-consensual condom removal.[25]
  • In March 2023, a law banning non-consensual condom removal went into effect in South Australia.[27]
  • In March 2024, Queensland passed a law criminalizing stealthing.[28]

Canada

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A 2014 Supreme Court of Canada ruling (R v. Hutchinson) upheld a sexual assault conviction of a man who poked holes in his condom.[10] Eight years later, the same court ruled that people who don't wear a condom despite being asked to by a sexual partner may also be convicted of sexual assault.[29]

Germany

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In 2018, a man was found guilty of sexual assault in Germany's first conviction for stealthing.[30] In a 2022 German case, a woman was sentenced for sexual assault after she intentionally rendered the condoms defective (through perforation) in order to get pregnant by a man who did not seek a committed, serious relationship.[31]

The Netherlands

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In March 2023, a 28-year-old man in The Netherlands was convicted of coercion for secretly removing his condom despite his victim explicitly stating she would not have intercourse without one. The man could not be convicted for rape, because the law in The Netherlands does not cover penetration without a condom while there was consent for penetration in itself. The man was sentenced to three years of probation and to pay a €1000 fine.[32][33]

New Zealand

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In April 2021, a man in New Zealand was convicted of rape for performing stealthing during a consensual act with a sex worker (the event took place in 2018). The man was sentenced to three years and nine months in prison.[34]

Switzerland

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In 2017, a court in Lausanne convicted a man for rape[a] for removing a condom during sex against the expectations of the woman he was having sex with,[35][36] but in another case in 2019, the cantonal supreme court of Zürich disagreed. It held that such conduct was not illegal, albeit with regret.[37] In May 2022, the Federal Supreme Court decided that stealthing was not punishable as Schändung (sexual act with a person incapable of proper judgment or resistance, Article 191 of the penal code) because the victim was still capable of defending herself. The incapability to do so is a necessary requirement to punish an act under Article 191. Not knowing about the state of the condom only impinges the decision to initiate defensive action, but does not diminish the victim's ability to defend herself, as the court noted. As the previous instances did not try the two men for sexual harassment (Article 198), the Federal Court did not determine whether stealthing would constitute sexual harassment.[38]

United Kingdom

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In the UK, although no specific legislation has been enacted, there has been one conviction and thus case law has established that non consensual condom removal is rape.[39][40][41]

United States

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Outside of California, Maine, and Washington, laws in the United States do not specifically cover stealthing, and as of 2017, there were no known legal cases about it.[3][7]

  • California: In September 2021, the California State Legislature passed a bill sponsored by Assembly member Cristina Garcia which would make it illegal to "[cause] contact between a penis, from which a condom has been removed, and the intimate part of another who did not verbally consent to the condom being removed" during sex. Such an act would then be punishable as "sexual battery". Previously, Garcia introduced similar bills in 2017 and 2018 for the Californian criminal code, but they didn't receive a hearing or died in committee, so Garcia sought to add the provision to the state's civil code this time. In October 2021 Governor Gavin Newsom signed a bill which made the practice a civil offense, which makes it not a crime, but an act that allows victims to sue perpetrators over the act.[42][43][44]
  • Maine: In June 2023, a law creating civil remedies for victims of non-consensual condom removal was enacted in Maine.[45]
  • Washington: In December 2023, the Washington State Legislature passed HB 1958 to make it a civil offense to not only remove or tamper with condoms but also involves other sexually protected devices, making it more inclusive than any other state.[46] The law went into effect on July 1, 2024.[47][48]

Impact and risks

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Removing or damaging a condom during sex increases the risks of unintended pregnancy and the transmission of sexually transmitted infections (STIs).[3][4][7] Victims may feel betrayal and many victims see it as a "grave violation of dignity and autonomy". Many may also experience emotional and psychological distress, especially those who have experienced sexual violence in the past.[4]

Alcohol

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A history of sexual aggression and alcohol intoxication are factors associated with an increased risk of men employing non-consensual condom removal and engaging in sexually aggressive behavior with female partners.[49][50]

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The Law and Order SVU Episode Bang is about a wealthy man who secretly pokes holes in his condoms before sleeping with the various women he has sex with and impregnates 43 women as a result.[51]

The phrase "rape-adjacent" appears in Michaela Coel's 2020 television miniseries I May Destroy You, which includes a scene depicting non-consensual condom removal. In episode five, Arabella (played by Coel) publicly describes how Zain (played by Karan Gill) removed a condom during sex without her consent or knowledge and identifies him as rapist under U.K. law: "not rape-adjacent or a bit rapey, he's a rapist under U.K. law."[52][53] She goes on to distinguish U.K. law from that of the United States and Australia, explaining "if you're in the States, he's rape-adjacent and if you're in Australia, he's a bit rapey."[54]

Notes

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  1. ^ Swiss law differentiates between Vergewaltigung (rape), sexuelle Nötigung (sexual assault), Schändung (defilement) and others. Foreign journalists usually conflate them with rape, a term with a much wider meaning in US and UK usage.

References

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  1. ^ Hatch, Jenavieve (21 April 2017). "Inside The Online Community Of Men Who Preach Removing Condoms Without Consent". Huffington Post. Retrieved 23 April 2017.
  2. ^ a b Chesser, Brianna; Zahra, April (22 May 2019). "Stealthing: a criminal offence?". Current Issues in Criminal Justice. 31 (2). Sydney Law School: 217–235. doi:10.1080/10345329.2019.1604474. S2CID 182850828. Retrieved 18 February 2021.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g Brodsky, Alexandra (2017). "'Rape-Adjacent': Imagining Legal Responses to Nonconsensual Condom Removal". Columbia Journal of Gender and Law. 32 (2). SSRN 2954726.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h Nedelman, Michael (27 April 2017). "Some call it 'stealthing,' others call it sexual assault". CNN.
  5. ^ a b Alexandra Stanic & Rose Donohoe (10 February 2020). "'He Secretly Took the Condom Off' – People Talk About the Times They Were 'Stealthed'". Vice. Retrieved 17 February 2021.
  6. ^ a b Melissa Cunningham (3 June 2019). "One in three women victim to 'stealth' condom removal". The Age. Retrieved 18 February 2021.
  7. ^ a b c d Kelly, Laura (30 April 2017). "Law paper condemns 'stealthing' assailants removing condoms during intercourse without consent". The Washington Times.
  8. ^ Klein, Hugh (22 October 2014). "Generationing, Stealthing, and Gift Giving: The Intentional Transmission of HIV by HIV-Positive Men to their HIV-Negative Sex Partners". Health Psychology Research. 2 (3): 1582. doi:10.4081/hpr.2014.1582. ISSN 2420-8124. PMC 4768590. PMID 26973945.
  9. ^ Glasser, Eric (25 April 2017). "Should it be a crime to remove a condom during sex?". St. Petersburg, Florida: WTSP.
  10. ^ a b c Mullin, Malone (3 May 2017). "'I felt like I had been raped': Stealth removal of condom during sex raises legal, ethical concerns". CBC.
  11. ^ Rosenblatt, Kalhan (29 April 2017). "What is 'stealthing'?: Disturbing sexual practice detailed in new report". NBC News.
  12. ^ Heleen Debruyne (19 August 2017). "'Stealthing' is géén nieuwe sekstrend. Het is een vorm van misbruik". De Morgen (in Dutch). Retrieved 18 February 2021.
  13. ^ Teitelman, Anne M.; Tennille, Julie; Bohinski, Julia M.; Jemmott, Loretta S.; Jemmott, John B. 3rd (2011). "Unwanted unprotected sex: Condom coercion by male partners and self-silencing of condom negotiation among adolescent girls". Advances in Nursing Science. 34 (3): 243–259. doi:10.1097/ANS.0b013e31822723a3. PMID 21822072. S2CID 33741565. Retrieved 6 May 2018.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  14. ^ Davis, Kelly Cue; Stappenbeck, Cynthia A.; Norris, Jeanette; George, William H.; Jacques-Tiura, Angela J.; Schraufnagel, Trevor J.; Kajumulo, Kelly F. (1 May 2014). "Young Men's Condom Use Resistance Tactics: A Latent Profile Analysis". The Journal of Sex Research. 51 (4): 454–465. doi:10.1080/00224499.2013.776660. ISSN 0022-4499. PMC 3723757. PMID 23548069.
  15. ^ Bradshaw, Catriona S.; Read, Tim R. H.; Chow, Eric P. F.; Cornelisse, Vincent J.; Fairley, Christopher K.; Vodstrcil, Lenka A.; Latimer, Rosie L. (26 December 2018). "Non-consensual condom removal, reported by patients at a sexual health clinic in Melbourne, Australia". PLOS ONE. 13 (12): e0209779. Bibcode:2018PLoSO..1309779L. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0209779. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 6306234. PMID 30586420.
  16. ^ Davis, Kelly Cue (1 July 2019). ""Stealthing": Factors associated with young men's nonconsensual condom removal". Health Psychology. 38 (11): 997–1000. doi:10.1037/hea0000779. ISSN 1930-7810. PMC 6800753. PMID 31259595.
  17. ^ Davis, Kelly Cue; Stappenbeck, Cynthia A.; Masters, N. Tatiana; George, William H. (May 2019). "Young Women's Experiences with Coercive and Noncoercive Condom Use Resistance: Examination of an Understudied Sexual Risk Behavior". Women's Health Issues. 29 (3): 231–237. doi:10.1016/j.whi.2019.01.005. PMC 6578870. PMID 30826133.
  18. ^ Emily Shire (18 December 2013). "Why sabotaging condoms should be illegal". The Week. Retrieved 18 February 2021.
  19. ^ McVeigh, Sarah (19 May 2017). "Could this be Australia's first stealthing court case?". triple j. Retrieved 21 May 2017.
  20. ^ ""Is this rape?" The legal grey-area around prosecuting 'stealthing' in Australia". triple j. 2 May 2017. Retrieved 21 May 2017.
  21. ^ peachy92, Flickr (7 October 2021). "Consent law overhaul: ACT criminalises 'stealthing' in Australian first". ABC News. Retrieved 8 October 2021.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  22. ^ Touma, Rafqa (30 April 2021). "'Stealthing is rape': the Australian push to criminalise the removal of a condom during sex without consent". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 30 April 2021.
  23. ^ Frost, Harry (24 April 2021). "Stealthing, reportedly committed against 1 in 3 women, may become a crime in the ACT". ABC News.
  24. ^ Justice Legislation Amendment (Sexual Offences and Other Matters) Bill 2022
  25. ^ a b Australia Is (Finally) Turning The Tide On Stealthing Laws—Here's What That Means, 1 September 2022
  26. ^ Australia: Tasmania Outlaws Stealthing, Adds New Strangulation Offense to Criminal Code
  27. ^ Stealthing criminalised under law reforms, 8 March 2023
  28. ^ Queensland passes laws criminalising coercive control, stealthing
  29. ^ Raycraft, Richard (29 July 2022). "Supreme Court rules not wearing condom against partner's wishes could lead to sexual assault conviction". CBC.
  30. ^ "Police officer found guilty of condom 'stealthing' in landmark trial". CNN. 20 December 2018. Retrieved 18 February 2019.
  31. ^ Sinico, Sean (5 May 2022). "Germany: Woman sentenced for poking holes in partner's condoms". Deutsche Welle. Retrieved 6 May 2022.
  32. ^ "Stealthing zaak: geen sprake van verkrachting, wel van dwang". Rechtspraak. 14 March 2023. Retrieved 14 March 2023.
  33. ^ "Man gets probation in NL's first ever stealthing conviction; 2nd suspect acquitted". NL Times. 14 March 2023. Retrieved 14 March 2023.
  34. ^ Chesser, Brianna (28 April 2021). "New Zealand's first successful 'stealthing' prosecution leads the way for law changes in Australia and elsewhere". The Conversation. Archived from the original on 28 April 2021.
  35. ^ "Man convicted of rape for taking off condom during sex". The Independent. 11 January 2017. Archived from the original on 21 June 2022. Retrieved 23 April 2017.
  36. ^ Williams, Zoe (16 January 2017). "Is removing a condom without permission rape?". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 24 April 2017.
  37. ^ Felber, Tom (28 November 2019). ""Stealthing", das heimliche Abziehen des Kondoms, ist moralisch "unterste Schublade", aber derzeit nicht strafbar". Neue Zürcher Zeitung (in German). Retrieved 28 November 2019.
  38. ^ ""Stealthing" fällt nicht unter den Tatbestand der "Schändung"" (PDF) (in German). Swiss Federal Court. 9 June 2022. Retrieved 9 June 2022. The press release refers to the two separate cases 6B_34/2020 and 6B_265/2020.
  39. ^ "Man Convicted of Rape After Removing Condom During Sex Without Consent". Broadly. Retrieved 23 April 2017.
  40. ^ "A British Man Has Been Convicted of Rape After Removing a Condom During Sex". 25 April 2019. Retrieved 22 August 2021.
  41. ^ "CPS Legal Guidance". www.cps.gov.uk. Crown Prosecution Service. Archived from the original on 9 May 2017. Retrieved 24 April 2017.
  42. ^ Paulina Firozi (10 February 2021). "California could become first state to make it illegal to remove a condom without consent". The Washington Post. Retrieved 14 February 2021.
  43. ^ Paz, Isabella Grullón (10 September 2021). "California Moves to Outlaw 'Stealthing,' or Removing Condom Without Consent". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 10 September 2021.
  44. ^ Hernandez, Joe (7 October 2021). "California is the first state to ban 'stealthing,' nonconsensual condom removal". NPR. Retrieved 8 October 2021.
  45. ^ An Act to Provide for Civil Recovery Based on Nonconsensual Removal of or Tampering with a Condom and Considering Sexual Assault in Evaluating Parental Rights
  46. ^ "WA House Bill 1958 looks to address 'stealthing' during sexual activity". 15 January 2024.
  47. ^ Slauson, Tyler (19 June 2024). "These new Washington laws go into effect July 1". FOX13 News. Retrieved 20 June 2024.
  48. ^ "WA becomes third state to allow punishment for 'stealthing'". July 2024.
  49. ^ Davis, KC; Danube, CL; Neilson, EC; Stappenbeck, CA; Norris, J; George, WH; Kajumulo, KF (January 2016). "Distal and Proximal Influences on Men's Intentions to Resist Condoms: Alcohol, Sexual Aggression History, Impulsivity, and Social-Cognitive Factors". AIDS and Behavior. 20 Suppl 1 (1): S147-57. doi:10.1007/s10461-015-1132-9. PMC 4706816. PMID 26156881.
  50. ^ Davis, KC (October 2010). "The influence of alcohol expectancies and intoxication on men's aggressive unprotected sexual intentions". Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology. 18 (5): 418–28. doi:10.1037/a0020510. PMC 3000798. PMID 20939645.
  51. ^ "SVU: John Stamos gets killed with an explosive knife". 12 July 2023.
  52. ^ Castillo, Monica (6 July 2020). "I May Destroy You Recap: Mic Drop". Vulture. Retrieved 13 July 2020.
  53. ^ St. Félix, Doreen. "Michaela Coel's Chaos and Charisma in "I May Destroy You"". The New Yorker. Retrieved 13 July 2020.
  54. ^ Episode 5, I May Destroy You (June 22, 2020). BBC/HBO.
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