North Iwo Jima (Japanese: 北硫黄島, Kita Iwōjima, "North Sulfur Island"),[1] now officially North or Kita Iōtō (written with the same characters) and previously known as Santo[2] or San Alessandro,[3] Hooge Meeuwen Island (Dutch: t'Hooge Meuwen Eylandt, "High Seagull Island"),[4] and North Sulfur Island, is the northernmost member of Japan's Volcano Islands. Together with the Bonin Islands, the Volcanos form the Ogasawara Archipelago and Subprefecture. Together with the Bonins and Izu Islands, they form the Nanpo Islands, all formally organized as part of the Tokyo Metropolitan Government. North Iwo Jima is located 80 kilometers (50 mi) north of Iwo Jima, 207 kilometers (129 mi) SSW of Chichijima in the Bonins, and 1,170 kilometers (730 mi) south of Tokyo on Honshu. Previously inhabited by two Japanese villages from 1898 to 1944, it is currently a desert island.
Native name: Japanese: 北硫黄島 | |
|---|---|
 Kita-Ioto Island seen from the east | |
  North Iwo Jima | |
| Geography | |
| Location | Pacific Ocean |
| Coordinates | 25°26′05″N 141°16′51″E / 25.43472°N 141.28083°E |
| Archipelago | Volcano Islands |
| Area | 5.57 km2 (2.15 sq mi) |
| Coastline | 8.0 km (4.97 mi) |
| Highest elevation | 792 m (2598 ft) |
| Highest point | Sakagi-ga-mine |
| Administration | |
Japan | |
| Prefecture | Tokyo |
| Subprefecture | Ogasawara Subprefecture |
| Village | Ogasawara |
| Demographics | |
| Population | 0 |
| Pop. density | 0/km2 (0/sq mi) |
Geography
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The island consists of the heavily eroded peak of an active stratovolcano, which rises 792 meters (2,598 ft) above sea level (804 meters (2,638 ft) according to other sources). Having a volume of 3,338 cubic kilometers (801 cubic miles),[5] it is the largest volcano in Japan by volume.[6] The peak is called Sakagi-ga-mine (榊ヶ峰), with another 665-meter-tall (2,182 ft) peak at Shimizu-ga-mine (清水峰). It has an area of 5.57 square kilometers (2.15 sq mi), and it has a shore length of 8.0 kilometers (5.0 mi). It is an uninhabited part of the municipality of Ogasawara. Its Japanese name was changed to Kita-Iōtō on 18 June 2007. The island forms part of the Kazan-retto islands Important Bird Area (IBA), designated by BirdLife International.[7]
History
editMicronesian altars, graves, tools, and pottery were discovered on North Iwo Jima by a Tokyo research group in 1991. They are believed to date from sometime between the 8th and 16th century.[8]
Commanding the carrack San Juan de Letrán, the Spanish explorer Bernardo de la Torre almost certainly sighted the Volcano Islands[9] at some point between 25 September and 2 October 1543 while making another failed attempt to sail east across the Pacific from the Philippines to New Spain.[10] (No attempt would be successful until 1565.)[11] Attempting to secure reinforcements for Ruy López de Villalobos when Filipino resistance proved unexpectedly strong,[11] De la Torre apparently passed the islands during an eruption on South Iwo Jima,[12] realized his supply of water would be insufficient for completing his mission, and returned south to rendezvous with López de Villalobos in the Moluccas.[13] Over the next century, other Spanish sailors passed the islands—particularly once Alonso de Arellano found a safe northeastern route back to Mexico from the Philippines—without settling or formally claiming them.
It was similarly ignored by the Dutch, British, and Japanese until a relatively late date. The Japanese eventually colonized the island, with fisherman from the Bonins settling in 1898. They lived in two villages, Ishino or Ishinomura on the east and Nishi or Nishimura on the west,[14] which were unincorporated until they were formally added to Iōtō in 1940. The population was around 103 people when all civilians were forcibly evacuated to Honshu in 1944 near the end of World War II.[15] Following the Japanese surrender, the US military occupied North Iwo Jima along with the other Nanpo Islands and the Ryukyus. North Iwo Jima was returned to Japan with the Bonins in 1968. The island is notionally organized as part of Tokyo's Ogasawara Village and Subprefecture but remains unpopulated.
Four US Navy aviators—Scott Zellem, Patrick Myrick, James Pupplo, and Joshua Showalter—from the John C. Stennis died when their S-3B Viking crashed into North Iwo Jima on 10 August 2004 during a naval exercise.[16][17]
The Japanese pronunciation of the characters in the name was officially reverted to Kita-Iōtō in 2007.
2009 total solar eclipse
editDuring the solar eclipse of 22 July 2009, the island had nearly six and a half minutes of totality, longer than any other land mass.[18]
Gallery
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Kita-Ioto Island seen from the NW -
Kita-Ioto Island seen from the south -
Kita-Ioto Island seen from the SSE -
Kita-Ioto Island seen from the SW -
NW side of Kita-Iwojima -
Top down view of Kita-Ioto Island
See also
edit
References
edit- ^ Teikoku's Complete Atlas of Japan, Teikoku-Shoin Co., Ltd., Tokyo, ISBN 4-8071-0004-1
- ^ "Volcano Islands - Encyclopedia".
- ^ "Iwo-to Kaitaku no Hi (Iwo-to Cultivation Monument)", Official site, Chichijima: Ogasawara Village, 2023.
- ^ Von Siebold, Philipp Franz Bathasar (1852), Nippon..., Vol. I: Mathematische und Physische Geographie vom Reiche Japan (in German), Leiden, p. 148
{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link). - ^ "北硫黄島" [North Iwo Jima]. Retrieved 23 June 2020.
- ^ "富士山はなぜ日本一高いのか：巨大火山が並ぶ富士火山帯" [Why Mount Fuji is so large. The Fuji Volcanic Zone's giant volcanoes] (in Japanese). Yahoo! Japan. 30 January 2020. Retrieved 23 June 2020.
- ^ "Kazan-retto islands". BirdLife Data Zone. BirdLife International. 2021. Retrieved 28 January 2021.
- ^ "Kita Iwo-to", Official site, Chichijima: Ogasawara Village, 2023.
- ^ Welsch (2004), pp. 114–115.
- ^ Welsch (2004), p. 111.
- ^ a b Welsch (2004), p. 110.
- ^ Welsch (2004), p. 115.
- ^ Welsch, Bernhard (June 2004), "Was Marcus Island Discovered by Bernardo de la Torre in 1543?", Journal of Pacific History, vol. 39, Milton Park: Taylor & Francis, pp. 109–122, doi:10.1080/00223340410001684886, JSTOR 25169675, S2CID 219627973.
- ^ "Map".
- ^ Neal M. Bowers (1951). "The Mariana, Volcano and Bonin Islands". In Otis W. Freeman (ed.). Geography of the Pacific. p. 229.
- ^ "4 Navy Crew Members Dead in Warplane Crash". LA Times. August 14, 2004. Retrieved April 8, 2024.
- ^ Colin McDonald (August 15, 2004). "UW grad killed in training mission with three others". Seattle Post-Intelligencer. Retrieved April 8, 2024.
- ^ Eclipse Predictions by Fred Espenak, NASA's GSFC - map of Iwo Jima region
External links
edit- (in Japanese) N. Iwo Jima page Archived 2019-04-26 at the Wayback Machine