Ojo de Liebre Lagoon (also known as Scammon's Lagoon[2]), translated into English as "hare eye lagoon", is a coastal lagoon located in Mulegé Municipality near the town of Guerrero Negro in the northwestern Baja California Sur state of Mexico. It lies approximately halfway between the southern tip of the Baja California Peninsula and the U.S.-Mexico border, opening onto the Pacific Ocean.
| Designations | |
|---|---|
| Official name | Laguna Ojo de Liebre |
| Designated | 2 February 2004 |
| Reference no. | 1339[1] |
The lagoon is within the Vizcaíno Biosphere Reserve UNESCO World Heritage Site, and is a Ramsar wetlands site. It also is the site of the biggest commercial saltworks plant in the world.[3] It is an important habitat for the reproduction and wintering of the gray whale and harbor seal, as well as other marine mammals including the California sea lion, northern elephant seal and blue whale. Four species of endangered marine turtles reproduce there. It is an important refuge for waterfowl in the winter.[4][5]
Encompassing both a UNESCO World Heritage Site and a major salt plant, Laguna Ojo de Liebre embodies the diverse worlds of natural habitat and industrialization.[3]
Tourism, now closely controlled, was formerly a threat to the gray whales.[4]
Geography
edit
Laguna Ojo de Liebre is a large, shallow salty watery habitat that is 9 kilometres (5.6 mi) wide, 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) long and from 5–12 metres (16–39 ft) in depth. Relatively deep channels cut through the lagoon between its broad intertidal flats.[6] The climate is dry and warm; the annual temperature ranges from 18 °C and 22 °C. Annual rainfall can vary from none to 200 mm. The lagoon is surrounded by coastal dunes ranging from 12–15 metres (39–49 ft) in height, which support an unstable community of vegetation, and sandy beaches, some of them with shoals.[3][7]
Geology
editGeological studies indicated that Laguna Ojo de Liebre began as a pocket beach on the coastal plain of Baja California at a time when the ocean was some 12 meters lower than today's level. Tidal changes resulted in the formation of inlets and sediment from nearby river gradually built a barrier to form the lagoon.[3]
Salt works
editIndustrialization is leaving its mark on the lagoon and surrounding area. There is a rectangular evaporation pond for the harvesting of salt, some large salt flats, and other barriers and channels built to enclose and flood shallow brine pans on the eastern side of the lagoon (yellow-greenish in color in the picture at right ).[3][6]
The Ojo de Liebre lagoon has the biggest saltworks plant in the world – Exportadora de Sal S.A. (ESSA). The company makes salt from seawater which is pumped into concentration ponds measuring 33,000 hectares. The salt plant creates an effluent called bittern (a liquor remaining after salt-boiling) that is discharged into the lagoon. In December 1997, 94 green turtles were found dead weeks after the company discharged bitterns into the lagoon. The bitterns were investigated for fluoride content and were found to contain over 100 mg per liter. ESSA had earlier claimed that the bitterns contained the same salts present as seawater, only more concentrated (20-fold). F− was found to be 60.5 times higher than F− in sea water. [8]
History
editIn December 1857, Charles Melville Scammon, in the brig Boston, accompanied by the schooner-tender Marin, under Lefft, first entered Laguna Ojo de Liebre to hunt the gray whales breeding there. They caught twenty.[9] Scammon returned to the lagoon the next winter (1858–59), this time with the bark Ocean Bird and the schooner-tenders A.M. Simpson and Kate, under Easton and Hale. He caught forty-seven cows, which produced 1,700 barrels (270 m3) of oil.[10] He was accompanied by six other vessels (five barks and one schooner), which obtained an additional 5,300 barrels (840 m3) of oil (about 150 whales). A high of eleven vessels visited the lagoon in the winter of 1859-60, but they obtained considerably less oil—4,970 barrels (790 m3) (c. 140 whales). Eight vessels (all sent by U.S. merchants, except one: the Russian brig Constantine, under Otto Wilhelm Lindholm) the next season got even less: a little over 3,300 barrels (520 m3) from about 90 whales. Only a few ships visited the lagoon the following three seasons—in the first season they obtained 1,900 barrels (300 m3); the second 1,200 barrels (190 m3); and in the third only about 250 barrels (40 m3). When the bark Louisa visited the lagoon in the winter of 1872-73 she only obtained 70 barrels (11 m3) of oil. It was abandoned after that.[9]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ "Laguna Ojo de Liebre". Ramsar Sites Information Service. Retrieved 25 April 2018.
- ^ "Unnamed Resolution Concerning Gray Whales in Scammon's Lagoon". American Society of Mammalogists. Retrieved 2022-09-08.
- ^ a b c d e "Laguna Ojo de Liebre, Mexico : Image of the Day". earthobservatory.nasa.gov. 2009-09-27. Retrieved 2009-11-01.
- ^ a b "World Heritage Nomination - Reserva del Vizcaino (Mexico)" (PDF). PDF. WCMC/UCN. 1993. Retrieved 2009-11-01.
- ^ "Whale Sanctuary of El Vizcaino - UNESCO World Heritage Centre". whc.unesco.org. Retrieved 2009-11-01.
- ^ a b "Sedimentology and Oceanography of Coastal Lagoons in Baja California, Mexico — Geological Society of America Bulletin". gsabulletin.gsapubs.org. Retrieved 2009-11-01.
- ^ Fred B. Phleger, Clifford C. Ewing. "Protected Areas Programme - Whale Sanctuary of El Vizcaino". www.unep-wcmc.org. Archived from the original on 2008-10-12. Retrieved 2009-11-01.
- ^ Tovar, LR; Gutiérrez, ME; Cruz, G (2002). "Fluoride content by ion chromatography using a suppressed conductivity detector and osmolality of bitterns discharged into the Pacific Ocean from a saltworks: feasible causal agents in the mortality of green turtles (Chelonia mydas) in the Ojo de Liebre lagoon, Baja California Sur, Mexico". Anal Sci. 18 (9): 1003–7. doi:10.2116/analsci.18.1003. PMID 12243394.
- ^ a b Henderson, David A. (1972). Men & Whales at Scammon's Lagoon. Los Angeles: Dawson’s Book Shop.
- ^ Scammon, Charles Melville, and David A. Henderson (1972). Journal aboard the bark Ocean Bird on a whaling voyage to Scammon's Lagoon, winter of 1858-59. Los Angeles: Dawson’s Book Shop.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
External links
edit- "Grey Whales' Mexican Sanctuary to be Preserved". Press release. www.unesco.org. Retrieved 2009-11-03.
- "El Vizcaino Biosphere Reserve - Park Profile - Management". www.parkswatch.org. Retrieved 2009-11-03.
- "ET 4/99: Complaint against Mexican government and Mitsubishi for salt plant damage to gray whale nursery". www.sdearthtimes.com. Retrieved 2009-11-03.
- UNESCO World Heritage Sites: Whale Sanctuary of El Vazcaino, Mexico[permanent dead link]
- Spalding, Mark. "Environmental Groups formally accuse Exportadora de Sal, S.A. (ESSA) of Environmental Criminal Violations at its Guerrero Negro Saltworks". www.planeta.com. Archived from the original on 2008-08-30. Retrieved 2009-11-03.
