Operation Roller Coaster[1] was a series of four nuclear tests conducted jointly by the United States and the United Kingdom in 1963, at the Nevada Test Site.[2] The tests did not involve the detonation of any nuclear weapons. Instead, their purpose was to evaluate the distribution of radioactive particles in a "dirty bomb" scenario, or an inadvertent, non-nuclear detonation of a nuclear weapon, as well as to evaluate the effectiveness of storage structures in containing the explosion and the particles released.[2] The tests followed the Operation Storax series and preceded the Operation Niblick series.
| Operation Roller Coaster | |
|---|---|
| Information | |
| Country | United Kingdom United States |
| Test site | Tonopah Test Range, Nevada |
| Period | 1963 |
| Number of tests | 4 |
| Test type | dry surface |
| Max. yield | 0 |
| Test series chronology | |
| Name [note 1] | Date time (UT) | Local time zone[note 2][3] | Location[note 3] | Elevation + height [note 4] | Delivery [note 5] Purpose [note 6] |
Device[note 7] | Yield[note 8] | Fallout[note 9] | References | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Double Tracks | May 15, 1963 09:55:?? | PST (–8 hrs) |
Tonopah Test Range, Nevada 37°42′19″N 116°59′14″W / 37.70527°N 116.98715°W | 1,518 m (4,980 ft) + 0 | dry surface, safety/transportation test |
no yield | [1][4][5][6][7] | Storage-transportation safety experiment, measured plutonium dispersal risk. | ||
| Clean Slate I | May 25, 1963 11:17:?? | PST (–8 hrs) |
Tonopah Test Range, Nevada 37°42′31″N 116°39′28″W / 37.70853°N 116.65786°W | 1,645 m (5,397 ft) + 0 | dry surface, safety/transportation test |
no yield | Venting detected off site | [1][4][5][6][7] | Storage-transportation safety experiment, measured plutonium dispersal risk. | |
| Clean Slate II | May 31, 1963 10:47:?? | PST (–8 hrs) |
Tonopah Test Range, Nevada 37°45′41″N 116°36′50″W / 37.7614°N 116.61378°W | 1,683 m (5,522 ft) + 0 | dry surface, safety/transportation test |
no yield | [1][4][5][6][7] | Storage-transportation safety experiment, measured plutonium dispersal risk. | ||
| Clean Slate III | June 9, 1963 10:30:?? | PST (–8 hrs) |
Tonopah Test Range, Nevada 37°45′33″N 116°40′52″W / 37.75914°N 116.68123°W | 1,645 m (5,397 ft) + 0 | dry surface, safety/transportation test |
no yield | Venting detected off site | [1][4][5][6][7] | Storage-transportation safety experiment, measured plutonium dispersal risk. |
- ^ The US, France and Great Britain have code-named their test events, while the USSR and China did not, and therefore have only test numbers (with some exceptions – Soviet peaceful explosions were named). Word translations into English in parentheses unless the name is a proper noun. A dash followed by a number indicates a member of a salvo event. The US also sometimes named the individual explosions in such a salvo test, which results in "name1 – 1(with name2)". If test is canceled or aborted, then the row data like date and location discloses the intended plans, where known.
- ^ To convert the UT time into standard local, add the number of hours in parentheses to the UT time; for local daylight saving time, add one additional hour. If the result is earlier than 00:00, add 24 hours and subtract 1 from the day; if it is 24:00 or later, subtract 24 hours and add 1 to the day. Historical time zone data obtained from the IANA time zone database.
- ^ Rough place name and a latitude/longitude reference; for rocket-carried tests, the launch location is specified before the detonation location, if known. Some locations are extremely accurate; others (like airdrops and space blasts) may be quite inaccurate. "~" indicates a likely pro-forma rough location, shared with other tests in that same area.
- ^ Elevation is the ground level at the point directly below the explosion relative to sea level; height is the additional distance added or subtracted by tower, balloon, shaft, tunnel, air drop or other contrivance. For rocket bursts the ground level is "N/A". In some cases it is not clear if the height is absolute or relative to ground, for example, Plumbbob/John. No number or units indicates the value is unknown, while "0" means zero. Sorting on this column is by elevation and height added together.
- ^ Atmospheric, airdrop, balloon, gun, cruise missile, rocket, surface, tower, and barge are all disallowed by the Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty. Sealed shaft and tunnel are underground, and remained useful under the PTBT. Intentional cratering tests are borderline; they occurred under the treaty, were sometimes protested, and generally overlooked if the test was declared to be a peaceful use.
- ^ Include weapons development, weapon effects, safety test, transport safety test, war, science, joint verification and industrial/peaceful, which may be further broken down.
- ^ Designations for test items where known, "?" indicates some uncertainty about the preceding value, nicknames for particular devices in quotes. This category of information is often not officially disclosed.
- ^ Estimated energy yield in tons, kilotons, and megatons. A ton of TNT equivalent is defined as 4.184 gigajoules (1 gigacalorie).
- ^ Radioactive emission to the atmosphere aside from prompt neutrons, where known. The measured species is only iodine-131 if mentioned, otherwise it is all species. No entry means unknown, probably none if underground and "all" if not; otherwise notation for whether measured on the site only or off the site, where known, and the measured amount of radioactivity released.
References
edit- ^ a b c d e Yang, Xiaoping; North, Robert; Romney, Carl (August 2000), CMR Nuclear Explosion Database (Revision 3), SMDC Monitoring Research
- ^ a b Dick, J. L.; Shreve, J. D.; Iveson, J. S. (September 1963), "Interim Summary Report" (PDF), Operation Roller Coaster, United States Department of Defense
- ^ "Time Zone Historical Database". iana.com. Retrieved March 8, 2014.
- ^ a b c d Estimated exposures and thyroid doses received by the American people from Iodine-131 in fallout following Nevada atmospheric nuclear bomb tests, Chapter 2 (PDF), National Cancer Institute, 1997, retrieved January 5, 2014
- ^ a b c d Radiological Effluents Released from U.S. Continental Tests 1961 Through 1992 (DOE/NV-317 Rev. 1) (PDF), DOE Nevada Operations Office, August 1996, archived from the original (PDF) on November 3, 2013, retrieved October 31, 2013
- ^ a b c d Norris, Robert Standish; Cochran, Thomas B. (February 1, 1994), "United States nuclear tests, July 1945 to 31 December 1992 (NWD 94-1)" (PDF), Nuclear Weapons Databook Working Paper, Washington, DC: Natural Resources Defense Council, archived from the original (PDF) on October 29, 2013, retrieved October 26, 2013
- ^ a b c d United States Nuclear Tests: July 1945 through September 1992 (PDF) (DOE/NV-209 REV15), Las Vegas, NV: Department of Energy, Nevada Operations Office, December 1, 2000, archived from the original (PDF) on October 12, 2006, retrieved December 18, 2013