Wikipedia

Pachira aquatica

Pachira aquatica is a tropical wetland tree in the mallow family Malvaceae, native to Central and South America where it grows in swamps. It is known by its common names Malabar chestnut, French peanut, Guiana chestnut, Provision tree, Saba nut, Monguba (Brazil), Pumpo (Guatemala) and Jelinjoche (Costa Rica) and is commercially sold under the names Money tree and Money plant. This tree is sometimes sold with a braided trunk and is commonly grown as a houseplant, although more commonly what is sold as a "Pachira aquatica" houseplant is in fact a similar species, P. glabra.[2]

Pachira aquatica
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Malvales
Family: Malvaceae
Genus: Pachira
Species:
P. aquatica
Binomial name
Pachira aquatica
Synonyms

Carolinea macrocarpa
Bombax macrocarpum
Pachira macrocarpa

Description

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A cultivated tree

Pachira aquatica can grow up to 23 meters (75 ft) tall with a diameter of 70 centimeters (2+1⁄2 ft) at breast height.[3] It has shiny green palmate leaves with lanceolate leaflets up to twelve inches (30 centimeters) in length, and smooth green bark. This species forms a slightly thickened root with smaller roots or roots, which also serves as a water reservoir. The relatively smooth bark is brown through gray and slightly cracked; young branches are green. Outdoors, P. aquatica produces a broad crown. The transitional and long-stalked, composite hand-shaped, slightly leathery leaves are arranged at the branch ends. The petiole is up to 24 cm (9+1⁄2 in) long. The leaves are bright green and shiny and consist of up to nine leaflets (fingers). The mostly glabrous, short-stalked leaflets are up through 28 cm long and rounded through round pointed, spiked, or pointed. They are lanceolate or obovate, with a light middle veins. There are sloping stipules present. The leaves and flowers are also often eaten.[4][5]

Its showy flowers, said to have the fragrance of lilacs,[6] have long, narrow petals that open like a banana peel to reveal hairlike yellowish orange stamens. The greenish-yellow or cream-colored, hermaphroditic and very large, short and thick-stalked flowers with double perianth resemble shaving brushes through the long stamens. The terminal, single, twofold, or threefold flowers suggest that bats are the pollinators. The outside fine-haired, green-brown and overgrown calyx is cup-shaped and about 2 cm long. The narrow, elongated petals can reach up to 30 cm long. The approximately 180–250 stamens, deep pink at the top and yellow at the base,[7]with elongated anthers are overgrown and tufted above. The five-chambered ovaries uppermost with a long stylus with divided, short lobed scar. The capsules are large, brown, woody, up to 20–30 cm long, rough, and egg-shaped, with a diameter of about 10–15 cm, weigh about 1–1.5 kg, and contain 10–25 nuts.[8][citation needed]

Etymology

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The genus name is derived from a language spoken in Guyana.[9]

The species name is Latin for "aquatic". It is classified in the subfamily Bombacoideae of the family Malvaceae. Previously it was assigned to Bombacaceae.[10][11]

The name "money tree" is believed to refer to a story of its origin, in which a poor man prayed for money, found this "odd" plant, took it home as an omen, and made money selling plants grown from its seeds.[12]

Cultivation

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Green fruit
 
 
P. aquatica fruit and flower

The tree grows well as a tropical ornamental in moist, frost-free areas, and can be started from seed or cutting. It is a durable plant and adapts well to different conditions. The plant requires bright light, but not direct sunlight. When grown indoors it requires a very gradual introduction to direct sunlight outdoors to reduce the chances of sunburning its leaves. This tree thrives in both common potting soil and water in a hydroponic system.

The plant grows well in bright light, but also tolerates partial shade at room temperatures from 12 °C through 25 °C. A plant's leaves may turn yellow and fall when days are shorter in autumn which is not a sign of disease, and the plant will restart its growth without problem the following spring. A tree is mature when 4–5 years old. It produces its first fruit in spring and fall. Furthermore, it can withstand temperatures as low as 5 °C without losing its leaves, although people recommended not growing it below 12 °C as an orangery tree, the ideal culture temperature being about 20 °C all year round with high humidity. An occasional weak frost can cause it to lose its leaves, and it grows new leaves in the following spring.[13]

The best performance and longevity in cultivation can be achieved if it is kept in rather dry soil, especially in the winter months. Dry indoor air is to be avoided. It is best sprayed or misted daily; otherwise it can shed all its leaves. In its first year as a house plant, a plant should not be fertilized. Thereafter, some fertilizer can be used during watering in summer. Under good growth conditions, this species grows quite rapidly. If it becomes too large, it can simply be cut back to a desired size. After about 1–2 weeks, new shoots will emerge. A variety from Hawaii is grown in lava stone as bonsai. Such a plant grows extremely slowly.[14]

This species is occasionally cultivated for its nuts, which grow in a large, woody capsule.[15] The nuts are light brown, striped with white, about 2–3 cm long, and embedded in a spongy and fibrous pericarp. The capsule is not eaten. The nuts develop within until the capsule bursts and releases them. The nuts are considered edible, with a flavor similar to a European chestnut. Some people grind the nuts and use them in a hot drink. They are toxic to rats in the raw state,[4] but are consumed by people raw or roasted.[16][5]

Potential health risks

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The presence of cyclopropenoid fatty acids (CPFAs) in the nuts has been used to state that the nuts are not edible and not suitable for human consumption, despite the nut being eaten or used in medicine. At least one review indicates that CPFAs are carcinogenic, co-carcinogenic, and have medical and other effects on animals;[17] according to this review, "CPFA in food is dangerous to human health." Out of six rats tested in a study of P. aquatica, five died after consuming the nuts. The surviving rat had enlarged organs including the stomach, liver, pancreas, kidneys, lungs and also had spleen atrophy.[4] Research on the health effects of eating the nuts on humans is lacking, but there are some studies regarding nutritional facts and food utilization.[18][19][20][5]

Phytoremediation

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Pachira aquatica has been shown to improve indoor air quality by the reduction of volatile organic compounds. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are organic compounds that have a low water solubility and a high vapor pressure.[21] VOCs can be released from many products such as building materials (paints, varnishes, caulks, adhesives, upholstery), home and personal care products (air fresheners, cleaning products, cosmetics, fuels), household activities (smoking, dry cleaning cooking), etc. Chronic exposure to high levels of VOCs can have adverse health effects such as cancer, central nervous system damage, liver damage and kidney damage.[22]

Pachira aquatica was shown to reduce VOCs when coupled with Ficus benjamina and Aglaonema commutatum. Increasing the volume of the plants also increases the VOCs being removed from the indoor environment.[23]

In culture

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Ornamental money tree

In East Asia, Pachira aquatica (Chinese: 馬拉巴栗; pinyin: Mǎlābā lì; lit. 'Malabar chestnut') is often referred to as the "shake money tree" (搖錢樹). This tree has long been popular as an ornamental in Japan. In 1986, a Taiwanese truck driver first cultivated five small trees in a single flowerpot with their trunks braided. The popularity of these ornamentals took off in Japan and later much of the rest of East Asia. They are symbolically associated with good financial fortune and are typically seen in businesses, sometimes with red ribbons or other ornamentation attached. The trees play an important role in Taiwan's agricultural export economy with exports of NT$250 million (US$7 million) in 2005.[24] However, many specimens in cultivation sold as Pachira aquatica are actually the similar species, P. glabra, which develops a thick base at a younger age and has a smaller growth habit, less showy flowers, and a 6" green seed capsule rather than 12" brown seed capsule.[citation needed]

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  •  
    Flower
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    Potted plant
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    Braided bark
  •  
    Leaf

References

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  1. ^ Botanic Gardens Conservation International (BGCI); IUCN SSC Global Tree Specialist Group (2019). "Pachira aquatica". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T146783390A146783392. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T146783390A146783392.en. Retrieved 13 December 2022.
  2. ^ "Pachira aquatica" Hawaiian Tropical Plants Nursery
  3. ^ Croat, Thomas B. (1978). Flora of Barro Colorado Island (First ed.). Stanford, California: Standford University Press. pp. 589–591. Retrieved 1 October 2024.
  4. ^ a b c Oliveira, J.T.A; Vasconcelos, I.M; Bezerra, L.C.N.M; Silveira, S.B; Monteiro, A.C.O; Moreira, R.A (August 2000). "Composition and nutritional properties of seeds from Pachira aquatica Aubl, Sterculia striata St Hil et Naud and Terminalia catappa Linn". Food Chemistry. 70 (2): 185–191. doi:10.1016/S0308-8146(00)00076-5.
  5. ^ a b c Rodrigues, Alexsandra Pereira; Pastore, Glaucia Maria (2021-06-01). "A review of the nutritional composition and current applications of monguba (Pachira aquatica Aubl.) plant". Journal of Food Composition and Analysis. 99: 103878. doi:10.1016/j.jfca.2021.103878. ISSN 0889-1575.
  6. ^ Zuchowski, Willow (2007). Tropical Plants of Costa Rica. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell Univ. Press. p. 252. ISBN 0-978-8014-1588-0. {{cite book}}: Check |isbn= value: invalid prefix (help)
  7. ^ Rohwer, Dr. Jens G. (2002). Tropical Plants of the World. New York: Sterling Pub. Co. Inc. pp. 80 plus photo p. 81. ISBN 0-8069-8387-6.
  8. ^ Croat, Thomas B. (1978). Flora of Barro Colorado Island. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford Univ. Press. pp. 589–591.
  9. ^ Helmut Genaust (1983): Etymologisches Wörterbuch der botanischen Pflanzennamen, 2. Auflage. Birkhäuser Verlag – ISBN 3-7643-1399-4
  10. ^ IABIN Archived 2012-07-01 at archive.today
  11. ^ John H. Wiersema. "GRIN". Ars-grin.gov. Archived from the original on 2012-10-10. Retrieved 2012-01-27.
  12. ^ "Money Tree Bonsai, Wedding Favors, Corporate Gifts, Plant Gifts". Natureperfect.com. Archived from the original on 2012-01-15. Retrieved 2012-01-27.
  13. ^ Jules Janick, Robert E. Paull: The Encyclopaedia of Fruit and Nuts. CABI, 2008, ISBN 978-0-85199-638-7, p. 182 et seq.
  14. ^ Halina Heitz: The big GU houseplant book. Publisher Gräfe u. Unzer Munich, 2003, ISBN 3-7742-5630-6
  15. ^ Food and fruit-bearing forest species. 3: Examples from Latin America, FAO Forestry Paper 44/3, FAO 1986, ISBN 92-5-102372-7, p. 213 et seq.
  16. ^ Duarte, Odilo; Robert E. Paull (2006). "Pachira aquatica: Malabar chestnut". In Jules Janick, Robert Paull (ed.). The Encyclopedia of Fruit and Nuts. Cambridge, MA: CABI. pp. 182–183. ISBN 978-0-85199-638-7.
  17. ^ Hanus, Lumir Ondrej; Goldshlag, Paulina; Dembitsky, Valery Mikhail (1 June 2008). "Identification of cyclopropyl fatty acids in walnut (Juglans regia L.) oil". Biomedical Papers. 152 (1): 41–45. doi:10.5507/bp.2008.006. PMID 18795073.
  18. ^ Jorge, Neuza; Luzia, Débora Maria Moreno (March 2012). "Caracterização do óleo das sementes de Pachira aquatica Aublet para aproveitamento alimentar". Acta Amazonica. 42 (1): 149–156. doi:10.1590/S0044-59672012000100017. hdl:11449/30867.
  19. ^ Silva, Bernadete De Lourdes De Araújo; Azevedo, Claudia Carneiro De; Azevedo, Fátima De Lourdes Assunção Araújo (March 2015). "Propriedades funcionais das proteínas de amêndoas da munguba (Pachira aquatica Aubl.)" [Functional properties of proteins from almonds of the guiana-chestnut (Pachira aquatica aubl.)]. Revista Brasileira de Fruticultura (in Portuguese). 37 (1): 193–200. doi:10.1590/0100-2945-065/14.
  20. ^ Silva, A. M. M.; Amaral, A. E. G.; Braga, E. V. S. C.; Figueiredo, P. H. M. Sousa R. W. (February 2015). "Compostos Bioativos nas Amêndoas de Monguba" [Bioactive Compounds in Monguba Almonds]. Anais do XX Congresso Brasileiro de Engenharia Química (in Portuguese): 3615–3620. doi:10.5151/chemeng-cobeq2014-0496-25223-164600.
  21. ^ "What are volatile organic compounds (VOCs)?". EPA United States Environmental Protection Agency. 15 March 2023. Retrieved 28 November 2023.
  22. ^ "Volatile Organic Compounds in Your Home". Minnesota Department of Health. 20 October 2022. Retrieved 28 November 2023.
  23. ^ Al Qassimi, Nahla; Jung, Chuloh (13 January 2022). "Impact of Air-Purifying Plants on the Reduction of Volatile Organic Compounds in the Indoor Hot Desert Climate". Frontiers in Built Environment. 7. doi:10.3389/fbuil.2021.803516.
  24. ^ "Fancy take on money trees puts Taiwan on the map." Archived 2007-09-29 at the Wayback Machine Taiwan Headlines reprint from Liberty Times. 23 March 2006. Accessed 10 February 2007.
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Further reading

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  • Van Wyk, Ben-Erik (2005). Food Plants of the World. Portland, Oregon: Timber Press, Inc. ISBN 0-88192-743-0
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